In order to better understand the flow dynamics of the Kaoping Submarine Canyon (KSC), this study conducted a series of field experiments to monitor the current, temperature, salinity and tide near the KSC by using shipboard ADCP, CTD and moorings of RCM-8 and workhorse ADCP. Three cruises of Sb-ADCP and CTD have been carried out in September and December of 1999 and May 2000, each lasting two days, while mooring experiment was conducted in June and July, 2000. Least-square fit was applied to the time series Sb-ADCP data of each grid to derive the amplitude and phase of M2 tidal current and the residual flow in the KSC. Our results revealed that a string baroclinic flow field was present in the KSC. Tidal ellipse of the bottom current is dominated by M2 component, with higher M2 percentage in deeper layers. The major axis of the tidal ellipse is parallel to the direction of the canyon axis. In floods, the bottom layer flows down-canyon and the surface layer flows southeastward along the coastline. In ebbs, the situation is reversed. Variations of the temperature and salinity in the bottom layer also exhibit periodic oscillation of the M2 frequency. Daily temperature fluctuation in summer can reach 8 oC, indicating the existence of internal tide in the KSC. The surface residual current flows toward the south east in September and May, with a maximum speed of approximately 30 and 50 cm/s, respectively; the result is probably due to the bifurcation of the summer monsoon flows by the southwestern coastline of Taiwan. In December the surface residual current is northwestward, the maximum speed can reach 80 cm/s. Such a northward mean flow is probably originated from branching of the Kuroshio through Bashi Channel in the winter monsoon season. To summarize, mechanisms for the upwelling event in the KSC consist of surface flow direction, tidal range, and the stratification. The upwelling event occurs more often in the KSC between May and September with the surface mean current flows southeastward or left-bounded. In December when the surface mean current flows northwestward or right-bounded, the upwelling event is rare. An eddy structure of 7 ~ 9 km length scale was observed north of Liu-Chiu Yu, a result possibly produced by Karman vortex street for strong geophysical flows behind an island.

This study aims to better understand the characteristics of the tidal- current profiles and the near-bed boundary layer structures off the southwestern coast of Taiwan. The velocity profile is measured by a bottom-mounted ADCP. Six experiments were conducted, each lasted 10~20 days and the water depth ranging 12~18 m. Twenty-minute averaged velocity profiles have been fitted to a logarithmic form with 4% accuracy. The friction velocity (u*) and roughness length (z0) are then derived from the slope and intercept of the best-fitted straight lines. Our results show that the profile shape and friction velocity vary tidally, the latter reaches O(0.06)ms-1 during peak current flow. The magnitude of z0 is large and scattered, but it shows a general trend of decrease with increasing flow speed. The observed log-layer height increases, and the bottom drag coefficient (CD) decrease, respectively with increasing flow speed. Measurements also show that water turbidity increases with rainfall, as a result the z0 and CD also increase. Finally, harmonic analysis of the tidal currents indicate significant changes between winter (homogeneous) and summer (stratified) conditions. In winter the vertical variation of orientation and phase is small, whereas in summer there was a 150 orientation and 250 phase difference (the bottom currents lead the surface currents) between the near surface and near bed regions.

In order to better understand the flow dynamics of the Kaoping Submarine Canyon (KSC), this study conducted a series of field experiments to monitor the current, temperature, salinity and tide near the KSC by using shipboard ADCP, CTD and moorings of RCM-8 and workhorse ADCP. Three cruises of Sb-ADCP and CTD have been carried out in September and December of 1999 and May 2000, each lasting two days, while mooring experiment was conducted in June and July, 2000. Least-square fit was applied to the time series Sb-ADCP data of each grid to derive the amplitude and phase of M2 tidal current and the residual flow in the KSC. Our results revealed that a string baroclinic flow field was present in the KSC. Tidal ellipse of the bottom current is dominated by M2 component, with higher M2 percentage in deeper layers. The major axis of the tidal ellipse is parallel to the direction of the canyon axis. In floods, the bottom layer flows down-canyon and the surface layer flows southeastward along the coastline. In ebbs, the situation is reversed. Variations of the temperature and salinity in the bottom layer also exhibit periodic oscillation of the M2 frequency. Daily temperature fluctuation in summer can reach 8 oC, indicating the existence of internal tide in the KSC. The surface residual current flows toward the south east in September and May, with a maximum speed of approximately 30 and 50 cm/s, respectively; the result is probably due to the bifurcation of the summer monsoon flows by the southwestern coastline of Taiwan. In December the surface residual current is northwestward, the maximum speed can reach 80 cm/s. Such a northward mean flow is probably originated from branching of the Kuroshio through Bashi Channel in the winter monsoon season. To summarize, mechanisms for the upwelling event in the KSC consist of surface flow direction, tidal range, and the stratification. The upwelling event occurs more often in the KSC between May and September with the surface mean current flows southeastward or left-bounded. In December when the surface mean current flows northwestward or right-bounded, the upwelling event is rare. An eddy structure of 7 ~ 9 km length scale was observed north of Liu-Chiu Yu, a result possibly produced by Karman vortex street for strong geophysical flows behind an island.

The study site, Ta-pon Bay, is located in southwestern Taiwan that has the total volume of 9.92 x 106 m3, surface area of 4.46 x 106 m2, and an average depth of 2.19 m. The Ta-pon Bay is a shallow and semi-enclosed lagoon. The tidal regime at the Ta-pon Bay inlet is mixed, with diurnal dominance. There is noticeable amount of land-derived freshwater inflow in Ta-pon Bay and the mixing between the sea water and freshwater is largely determined by the tide. In order to understand the tidal exchange process between Ta-pon Bay and the coastal sea, the observation focused on the physiographic and hydrographic characteristics of this lagoon. The bathymetry of the study area was also surveyed. From the spatial sediment grain-size distribution pattern, the high energy region is at the inlet and the low energy region is in the interior of the lagoon. Our observation results indicate that freshwater outflow from the Kao-ping River was not transported into Ta-pon Bay. Tides are also the dominant cause for the water level fluctuations in the lagoon. In our winter observation, the local wind effects and atmospheric forcing dominated the subtidal sea surface fluctuations. In summer observation, the subtidal variability was strongly influenced by freshwater inflow. In Ta-pon Bay, the spatial salinity distribution was controlled by the flood and ebb tides, and the spatial temperature distribution was controlled by the different seasons. The tidal prism model can help us understand the tidal exchange between a shallow coastal lagoon and the open sea, and estimate the volume of freshwater inflow, return flow factor, and the turn-over time. Furthermore, we used a one-dimensional model to simulate the hydrodynamics of tidal inlet. The model results show good agreement with observations. We found that the superelevation of the lagoon was 20 cm. This mean sea level difference was caused by freshwater inflow and accumulation of lagoonward tidal transport of water.

The increasing demand for energy and the increased depletion rate of nonrenewable energy resources call for research on renewable alternatives. Mapping the availability of these resources is an important step for development of energy conversion projects. For this purpose, the wave power potential along the Atlantic coast of the southeastern USA, and the tidal stream power along the coast of Georgia are investigated in this study. Wave power potential is studied in an area bounded by latitudes 27 N and 38 N and longitudes 82 W and 72 W (i.e. North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and northern Florida). The available data from National Data Buoy Center wave stations in the given area are examined. Power calculated from hourly significant wave heights and average wave periods is compared to power calculated using spectral wave energy density. The mean power within 50 km of the shore is determined to be low, whereas higher power is available further offshore beyond the 3500 m contour line. The tidal stream power potential along the coast of the state of Georgia is evaluated based on the NOAA tidal predictions for maximum tidal currents and three dimensional numerical modeling of the currents with Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS). The modeling results are validated against the available measurements. This region has low to moderate average tidal currents along most of the coast, but with the possibility of very strong local currents within its complex network of tidal rivers and inlets between barrier islands. Tidal stream power extraction is simulated with a momentum sink in the numerical models at the estuary scale to investigate effect of power extraction on the estuarine hydrodynamics. It is found that different power extraction schemes might have counterintuitive effects on the estuarial hydrodynamics and the extraction efficiency. A multi-criteria method that accounts for the physical, environmental and socioeconomic constraints for tidal power conversion schemes is proposed to select favorable locations and to rank them according to their suitability. For this purpose, the model results are incorporated into a Geographical Information System (GIS) database together with other geospatial datasets relevant to the site selection methodology. The methodology is applied to the Georgia coast and the candidate areas with potential are marked.

Bakgrund: Depression ses som en del av ett bipolärt syndrom med depressiva och maniska eller hypomana sjukdomsepisoder eller som ett unipolärt syndrom endast med depressionsepisoder. Fysisk aktivitet definieras som kroppens rörelse skapad av skelettmuskulaturens sammandragning. Den leder till att kroppen gör sig av med energi och har kopplats till att minska depressionsrisken, öka välbefinnandet och bryta isoleringen. Att motivera äldre med depressionssjukdom till fysisk aktivitet är inte helt okomplicerat. Sjuksköterskan har en viktig roll i att integrera fysisk aktivitet i omvårdnaden för denna patientgrupp. Det ingår i sjuksköterskeprofessionen att se till att patienten får det stöd som behövs för att främja dennes återhämtning. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att beskriva sjuksköterskors uppfattningar av fysisk aktivitet som en del av omvårdnaden av äldre patienter med depressionssjukdom och som vårdas inom psykiatrisk vård. Metod: Det har genomförts sex semistrukturerade intervjuer med sjuksköterskor verksamma på en avdelning med inriktning på att vårda äldre personer med psykiska sjukdomar. Induktiv kvalitativ innehållsanalys inspirerad utifrån Graneheim och Lundman (2012) har tillämpats för att analysera intervjuerna. Resultat: Två kategorier resulterade utifrån analysen: stöd riktat på att främja fysisk aktivitet och inverkan på hälsan. Tre subkategorier ingår i kategorin ”stöd riktat på att främja fysisk aktivitet”: praktiskt, emotionellt och socialt stöd. Subkategorierna ”fysisk inverkan”, ”psykisk inverkan” och ”social inverkan” innefattar kategorin ”inverkan på hälsan”. Diskussion: Resultatet har diskuterats i relation till Barkers tidvattenmodell (2005) med betoning på hans tre begrepp (självdomänen, andradomänen och världendomänen). Psykiatrisjuksköterskan har möjlighet att främja fysisk aktivitet hos denna patientgrupp genom att erbjuda praktiskt, emotionellt och socialt stöd till dem. / Background: Depression is seen as part of bipolar disorder when the individ suffers from both depressive and manic or hypomanic episodes or as a unipolar syndrome only with depressive episodes. Physical activity is defined as a body movement resulted from the muscles´ activity. It leads to increased energy consumtion. It has been linked to reducing the risk of depression, of isolation and to improving the feeling of well-being. It is not an easy task to motivate elderly to practise physical activity. The nurse has an important role in implementing physical activity in this patientgroup´s care. The psychiatric nurse´s responsiblity is to ensure that patients are offered the support that can help to their recovery. Aim: The purpose of this study is to describe the nurses´ perceptions of physical activity as part of the care of the elderly depressed patients who are treated within psychiatric care. Method: Six semi - structured interviews were done with nurses working on a ward specialized on taking care of elderly suffering from mental illnesses. Inductive content analysis inspired from Granheim och Lundman (2012) has been used to analyse the interviews. Results: Two categories resulted from the analysis: "support based on promoting physical activity" and "health impact". Three subcategories (practical, emotional and social support) are included in the category "support based on promoting physical activity". Subcategories "physical impact", "psychological impact" and "social impact" belong to the category "health impact". Discussions: The results were discussed in relation to Barker´s tidal model (2005) with emphasis on three of his concepts (self-domain, others´ domain and the world domain). The psychiatric nurse has the opportunity to promote physical activity for these patients by offering them practical, emotional and social support.

Bakgrund: Utmattningssyndrom är slutskedet av en lång process som börjar med stress och stressrelaterade symtom. Patienter drabbade av utmattningssyndrom är svårbehandlade i avsaknad av tydliga råd och evidensbaserad kunskap kring återhämtning. Otaliga behandlingsprinciper har växt fram främst som bygger på stressyndromets uppkomst. Samhället står inför en problematik där allt fler individer insjuknar i syndromet med följdsjukdomar som depression och ångest, samtidigt som ingen renodlad metod garanterar tillfrisknande för dessa patienter. Detta gör det intressant och viktigt att undersöka vad som upplevs vara av vikt för att återta hälsan för dessa individer. Syfte: Att belysa patientens upplevelse av betydande faktorer vid återhämtning av utmattningssyndrom. Metod: Litteraturöversikten grundas sökning i databaserna CINAHL, PubMed och PsycINFO med forskning inom medicin och omvårdnad. Tio vårdvetenskapliga artiklar inkluderades för resultatet, vilka var publicerade mellan 2005 och 2015, varav åtta med kvalitativ metod och två med mixad metod.”Middle Range” teoretikern Phil Barkers Tidvattensmodell har använts som referensram till att föra en diskussion avseende vårt resultat. Sökord som burnout, recovery, rehabilitation, stress och MeSH termer kombinerades i sökningsprocessen. Resultat: Tre huvudteman framkom efter data hade analyserats. I det första huvudtemat Insikt och reflektion skapar självkännedom så visar resultatet att med ett nytt fokus från vara andra till lags, till att istället reflektera och värdesätta sig mer än tidigare skapar förutsättning för att patienten skulle må bättre och ta hand om sig själv. I det andra huvudtemat Att bli sedd som människa och inte bli ignorerad i sitt lidande som utmattad patient sågs minska skuld och skamkänslor. Patientens återhämtning i naturen gav perspektiv till något utanför smärta och lidande. Tredje temat Att ta kontroll över sitt liv” innebar att erhålla en känsla av meningsfullhet, i samband med lära sig strategier att hantera stressiga situationer, som gav ökat självförtroendet samt gav möjlighet att återta kontroll över sin vardag. Diskussion: Återhämtning från utmattningssyndrom är en förändringsprocess som kan stärka patientens egenmakt, empowerment. Patientens delaktighet i vårdandet bidrar till en förstärkt läkningsprocess genom en medvetenhet om vad som fungerar som återhämtning. Patientens lidande kan utgöra en plattform för att hitta en ny livsförståelse, en mening, där patienten i vårdarens hjälp kan bidra till att förstå varför hon blivit utmattad. Vila och återhämtning skapar avbrott i lidandet med mottaglighet för nya perspektiv. Att bli accepterad i andras närvaro gynnar återhämtningen, eftersom självkänslan bibehålls eller stärks i en sådan miljö. / Background: Burnout is the final stage of a long process that begins with stress and stressrelated disorders. Patients suffering from burnout are difficult to treat, in the absence of clear advice and evidence-based knowledge about recovery. Countless treatment principles have been put forward mainly based on the emergence of the stress syndrome. Society is facing problems since this syndrome causes more and more people to fall ill with sequel diseases such as depression and anxiety in a situation where there is no straightforward method guaranteeing recovery for these patients. This makes it interesting and important to explore what patients suffering from burnout consider to be of importance to regain health. Aim: To illuminate patients’ experiences of significant factors in the burnout recovery process. Method: The literature review is based on searches in the databases CINAHL, PubMed and PsycINFO, including research in the fields of medicine and nursing. Ten articles about nursing science were included in the results. They were published between 2005 and 2015, eight of them using a qualitative method and two a mixed method. The "Middle Range" theoretician Phil Barker’s Tide Model was used as a frame of reference for a discussion concerning our results. Keywords such as burnout, recovery, rehabilitation, stress and MeSH terms were combined in the search process. Results: Three main themes emerged after data had been analyzed. In the first main theme Insight and reflection created self-awareness the result shows that a shift of the patients’ focus, from pleasing others to instead reflecting and valuing themselves more than before. It created conditions for them to feel better and to take care of themselves. In the second main theme To be seen as a person the feeling of not being ignored when suffering from exhaustion was found to reduce guilt and shame. The patients’ recovery when spending time in nature gave them a perspective of a life without pain and suffering. The third theme Taking control of your life involved obtaining a sense of meaningfulness in connection with learning strategies to manage stressful situations, thus increasing the patients’ self-confidence, making it possible for them to regain control of their lives. Discussion: Recovery from burnout is a process of change that can enhance patient empowerment. Patient involvement in the care contributes to an improved healing process through awareness of useful recovery. The patients’ suffering can be a platform for finding a new understanding of life, a meaningfulness, where the help given by the patients’ carers can contribute to their understanding why their earlier lifestyle resulted in burnout. Rest and recovery create an interruption in their suffering that makes them receptive to new perspectives. Acceptance of others people's presence favors recovery since self-esteem is maintained or strengthened in such environment.

A detailed study of modern washover fan (fan) morphologies will clarify common fan geometries, lead to a better model for a “typical” fan, identify the preservation potential and probable geometries of fan facies in subsurface datasets and outcrops, and ultimately improve hydrocarbon recovery in barrier island reservoir systems. This study uses satellite imagery to conduct a spatial analysis of 118 modern fans to quantify geomorphologic attributes of fans. A new classification scheme for fans is proposed that refines the current fan model, dividing fans into channelized and non-channelized fans. Channelized fans are subdivided according to the location of primary deposition: barrier depo-center or lagoonal depo-center. Non-channelized fans are subdivided based on morphology: dissipative, lobate, or apron-sourced. Quantitative cross-plots of morphologic relationships are analyzed to define trends in fan morphologies. The most common type of fan encountered in our study is a non-channelized, line-sourced, lobate washover fan with an area of less than 1 km2 that is fully contained on a barrier and exhibits no subaqueous deposition in back-barrier waters. The Lower Cretaceous McMurray Formation is the primary reservoir of the Athabasca Oil Sands in Alberta, Canada. The upper McMurray is commonly interpreted as deposits of embayed coastal systems. Our location is in an under-studied area located 80 km northwest of Fort McMurray. Lateral and vertical facies changes, sedimentary structures, key surfaces, trace fossils, and bitumen saturation were documented in eight cores located along a 20 km transect situated paleo-landward of a Devonian paleo-high acting as a bedrock-barrier. Our data indicate that a flood tidal delta complex prograded landward into a back-barrier embayment through the stable, bedrock-controlled inlet. This system overlies middle McMurray fluvial sands and Devonian basement and was transgressed by marine waters prior to deposition of the overlying Wabiskaw Formation. Flood tidal delta sandbodies are bitumen saturated and therefore make good reservoirs; however, heavily bioturbated tidal flats can act as a barrier to flow where they encase flood tidal deltas, as encased sands were devoid of bitumen. This complex coastal paleogeography produced back-barrier deposits that contain a slightly more diverse, marine trace fossil assemblage than might otherwise be expected. / text

This thesis presents theoretical results on the tidal disruption of stars by supermassive black holes (SMBHs). The multiwavelength ares produced by tidal disruption events (TDEs) have supernova-like luminosities, and associated relativistic jets can be visible to cosmological distances. TDEs probe the demography of quiescent SMBHs, and are natural laboratories for jet launching mechanisms and super-Eddington accretion. The first chapter broadly surveys TDE physics. The second and third chapters estimate the TDE rate following gravitational wave (GW) recoil of a SMBH (after a SMBH binary merger). Immediately after GW recoil, the TDE rate increases, sometimes to \(~10^{-1}\) TDEs per year. This "burst" of TDE flares can provide an electromagnetic counterpart to low frequency GW signals, localizing sources and measuring cosmological parameters. Millions of years later, recoiled SMBHs wandering through their host galaxies will produce spatially offset TDEs at a rate which is likely detectable with the LSST. In the fourth chapter, we show that standard estimates for \(\Delta\epsilon\), the energy spread of TDE debris, are wrong, sometimes by orders of magnitude. Correcting this error reduces the observability of many TDEs. We introduce a new analytic model for tidal disruption, calculate \(\Delta\epsilon\)'s dependence on stellar spin, estimate general relativistic corrections to \(\Delta\epsilon\), and quantify the GW signal generated from tidal compression. The fifth chapter presents hydrodynamical simulations of TDE debris circularization, focusing on eccentric, rather than parabolic, orbits. General relativistic precession drives debris circularization, in contrast to past simulations using smaller black holes. In the sixth chapter, we show that TDE light curves can constrain or measure SMBH spins, as Lense-Thirring torques produce quasiperiodic variability in disk emission. Precession of a relativistic jet could also measure SMBH spin, and we apply our model to the relativistic Swift 1644+57 TDE. The seventh chapter considers the disruption of neutron stars (NSs) by stellar mass black holes (BHs) or other NSs. Jet precession in associated short-hard gamma ray bursts is uniquely possible for NS-BH (not NS-NS) mergers. We quantify typical precession amplitudes and periods, and calculate their time evolution. If disk viscosities are relatively low, electromagnetic observations alone could distinguish NS-BH from NS-NS mergers. / Astronomy

The upper Baronia Fm. of the Ager Basin, Spain, is composed of a hierarchy of prominently stacked sets of primarily unidirectional cross-strata in units up to 40m thick. These large sets of cross-strata are interpreted as deposits of migrating subaqueous tidal simple dunes, compound dunes, and compound dune complexes within an approximately 10km wide north-east to south-west oriented seaway with water depths of a calculated 60-90m. These interpretations are opposed to prior interpretations of the upper Baronia Fm. which suggests deposits were formed by tidal bars within a deltaic environment (Mutti et al., 1985). Dunes developed due to dominantly north-east directed tidal currents driven through the strait by tidal phase differences between the two bodies of water (Mediterranean and Atlantic basins) connected by the seaway. Evidence for syn-tectonic deposition further constrains timing of movement of the northern basin bounding Montsec thrust to the early Eocene. Indicators for movement on the Montsec thrust include the development of the Ager Basin elongate to the thrust front, and syn-tectonic signals in the fill of the basin such as local conglomerate wedges and emplacement of olistoliths. Individual cross-stratified successions are interpreted to have formed with variable flow velocity and orientation, resulting in a basin wide stacking of compound dune complexes. These compound dune complexes form cross stratified successions which are distributed throughout the basin according to the variable current speeds, dune size which impacts migration, and sediment availability during deposition. This results in the observed distributions of muddy and sandy sediments, where finer grained materials accumulate preferentially in the low energy troughs of the hierarchy of compound dunes. / text