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There is little doubt that moisture is a very important factor in relation to material durability. The need for tools to assist in the better understanding and systematic evaluation of moisture movement with the view of incorporating the results within the overall framework of the defect investigation, quality control, and long-term monitoring of moisture, have led to the development of various moisture monitoring and predicting techniques. With the purpose of helping to harmonise the interests in this field, this thesis addresses three major issues in the area of wood moisture. Various studies carried out have been shown that there are substantial discrepancies between specific timber species and published charts for equilibrium moisture content. One of the main objectives of this research was to focus on establishing the equilibrium moisture content for a range of relative humidity and temperature on an individual basis, for twenty commercially important species used in the United Kingdom. The rationale for carrying out the project, the results from the initial trial and the mainstream experiment, the hardware and methodology developed are provided. To meet the requirements of long term accurate and reliable moisture monitoring and to provide comprehensive moisture information, a new type of moisture sensor and related measurement system were developed. The methodology of system design and test procedures are described, emphasising the anti-polarisation method, noise rejection and contact resistance reduction techniques employed. Other aspects of the electrical performance of timber were also investigated. Results from a case study showed that the sensor developed can operate in the critical range of relative humidity with sensitive and accuracy. In the final part of the project, two moisture transport models were developed. Mathematical prediction models in both one dimension and three dimensions are presented for simulating the adsorption and desorption processes in wood. Comparisons are made against long-term experimental data for the one dimensional model. The finite differential method was employed to solve the mathematical expressions developed, resulting in accurate prediction of concentration-driven moisture flows. Investigations were also carried out into the moisture diffusion coefficient and moisture behaviour in the three principal wood directions by using the sensor developed which provided isothermal real-time continuous data.

In this study, a method is proposed for decision making for multiobjective recreational areas, by using multi attribute decision making rules within GIS. The method provides integration of ecological, sociocultural and economic considerations of an ecologically valuable area in a systematic way. The first stage of the methodology includes determination of suitable areas for three usages of forest area / outdoor recreation, timber production and protection needed areas. The second stage comprises decision making analyses. In this stage, two of multi attribute decision rule methods / simple additive weighting method and ideal point method, are used. As a result of these analyses alternative proposal maps for study area and ideal areas for recreation and timber production are acquired. Finally, in the third stage these alternative proposal maps and ideal area are compared with each other and with defined protection zone in the study area. Ideal areas for recreation and timber production are defined by also considering the protection needed areas. The methodology is applied on Eastern Black Sea Region. As a result of the study, ideal areas both for recreational usage and timber production are defined. According to these ideal areas, best fitting alternative map is selected. Finally recreation and timber production proposals are compared with protection needed areas. Results of this study provide a general decision for multipurposed areas in regional scale. The suggested protection zones and suitable areas for recreation and timber production should provide a primary information for forest management studies which must be done in more detailed scales.

O desmatamento da floresta amazônica tem causado preocupação na sociedade civil e científica mundial demandando pesquisas que busquem mitigar os impactos ambientais provocados por esse fenômeno. Esta tese tem como objetivo central analisar o uso dos sistemas agroflorestais à base de cacau como alternativa para recuperação de áreas degradadas pelo desmatamento da floresta Amazônica brasileira. Portanto, são aprestados três trabalhos que abordam essa temática. O primeiro estudo realiza uma pesquisa documental da produção científica na Amazônia brasileira sobre os sistemas agroflorestais com cacau (Theobroma cacao L.) buscando identificar os principais escopos nos quais essas pesquisas estão inseridas, assim como, subsidiar a prospecção de escopos complementares para futuras pesquisas. O segundo estudo analisa a utilização de sistemas agroflorestais à base de cacau como alternativa de cobertura vegetal sustentável para recuperação das áreas degradadas na Amazônia brasileira, assim como, compara os rendimentos de dois sistemas agroflorestais, um indicado pela pesquisa agropecuária e outro alternativo, implantado em área de produtor rural. Finalmente, o terceiro estudo analisa o crescimento e rendimento de madeira das plantas de mogno (Swietenia macrophylla King) utilizadas como sombreamento definitivo em sistemas agroflorestais à base de cacau implantadas em uma propriedade rural localizada no Estado do Pará, na Amazônia brasileira, em solos do tipo Terra Rocha Estruturada e Podzólico Vermelho Amarelo. Os resultados mostram que mais de 47 espécies vegetais de valor comercial nativas da região ou exóticas são contempladas nos diferentes sistemas agroflorestais à base de cacau cultivados na região. Os indicadores de rentabilidade obtidos dos dois sistemas analisados indicam que esses sistemas são viáveis financeiramente e podem ser financiados pelo programa oficial de crédito rural destinado a implantação de sistemas agroflorestais na Amazônia, o FNO-Biodiversidade, assim como, que as quantidades de carbono atmosférico sequestrada por esses sistemas se aproximam as das florestas nativas. E finalmente, que as plantas de mogno utilizadas como sombreamento nesses sistemas tiveram bom desenvolvimento em altura e diâmetro e o rendimento de madeira foi superior ao encontrado em condições naturais nas florestas da região. Esses resultados sugerem que os sistemas agroflorestais à base de cacau são uma alternativa econômica e ecologicamente sustentáveis para recompor a cobertura vegetal das áreas degradadas pelo desmatamento na Amazônia brasileira, além de proporcionar a mitigação dos danos ambientais provocados pelo desmatamento. / The deforestation of the Amazon rainforest has caused concern in civil society and global scientific research in fact demanding mitigate environmental impacts caused by this phenomenon. This thesis aims to analyze use of central agroforestry to cocoa as an alternative for recovery of degraded areas by deforestation of the Amazon rainforest in Brazil. So are three works that discuss this dressed. The first study performs a documentary research of the scientific production in the Brazilian Amazon on agroforestry systems with Cacao (Theobroma cacao l.) seeking to identify the main scopes in which these searches are included, as well as subsidizing the prospect for additional scopes for further research. The second study examines the use of agroforestry systems based on cocoa as an alternative sustainable vegetation cover for recovery of degraded areas in the Brazilian Amazon, as well as, compares the income of two agroforestry systems, an agricultural research and indicated another alternative, deployed in the area of rural producer. Finally, the third study examines the growth and yield of wood plants of mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King) used as final shading in agroforestry cocoa base deployed in a country estate in the Pará State, in the Brazilian Amazon, in soils of the Earth type Structured Rock and Red Yellow Podzolic. The results show that over 47 species of plants native to the region or business value are considered exotic in different agroforestry systems based on cacao grown in the region. The profitability indicators obtained from two systems analyzed indicate that these systems are financially viable and can be financed by the program officer rural credit aimed at implementation of agroforestry systems in the Amazon, the FNO-biodiversity, as well as the amounts of atmospheric carbon sequestered by these systems approach the native forests. And finally, the plants of mahogany used as shading on these systems have had good development in height and diameter, and yield of wood was superior to that found in natural conditions in the forests of the region. These results suggest that the cocoa-based agroforestry systems are an economically and ecologically sustainable alternative to recompose the vegetal covering of areas degraded by deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon, in addition to providing the mitigation of environmental damage caused by deforestation.

O desmatamento da floresta amazônica tem causado preocupação na sociedade civil e científica mundial demandando pesquisas que busquem mitigar os impactos ambientais provocados por esse fenômeno. Esta tese tem como objetivo central analisar o uso dos sistemas agroflorestais à base de cacau como alternativa para recuperação de áreas degradadas pelo desmatamento da floresta Amazônica brasileira. Portanto, são aprestados três trabalhos que abordam essa temática. O primeiro estudo realiza uma pesquisa documental da produção científica na Amazônia brasileira sobre os sistemas agroflorestais com cacau (Theobroma cacao L.) buscando identificar os principais escopos nos quais essas pesquisas estão inseridas, assim como, subsidiar a prospecção de escopos complementares para futuras pesquisas. O segundo estudo analisa a utilização de sistemas agroflorestais à base de cacau como alternativa de cobertura vegetal sustentável para recuperação das áreas degradadas na Amazônia brasileira, assim como, compara os rendimentos de dois sistemas agroflorestais, um indicado pela pesquisa agropecuária e outro alternativo, implantado em área de produtor rural. Finalmente, o terceiro estudo analisa o crescimento e rendimento de madeira das plantas de mogno (Swietenia macrophylla King) utilizadas como sombreamento definitivo em sistemas agroflorestais à base de cacau implantadas em uma propriedade rural localizada no Estado do Pará, na Amazônia brasileira, em solos do tipo Terra Rocha Estruturada e Podzólico Vermelho Amarelo. Os resultados mostram que mais de 47 espécies vegetais de valor comercial nativas da região ou exóticas são contempladas nos diferentes sistemas agroflorestais à base de cacau cultivados na região. Os indicadores de rentabilidade obtidos dos dois sistemas analisados indicam que esses sistemas são viáveis financeiramente e podem ser financiados pelo programa oficial de crédito rural destinado a implantação de sistemas agroflorestais na Amazônia, o FNO-Biodiversidade, assim como, que as quantidades de carbono atmosférico sequestrada por esses sistemas se aproximam as das florestas nativas. E finalmente, que as plantas de mogno utilizadas como sombreamento nesses sistemas tiveram bom desenvolvimento em altura e diâmetro e o rendimento de madeira foi superior ao encontrado em condições naturais nas florestas da região. Esses resultados sugerem que os sistemas agroflorestais à base de cacau são uma alternativa econômica e ecologicamente sustentáveis para recompor a cobertura vegetal das áreas degradadas pelo desmatamento na Amazônia brasileira, além de proporcionar a mitigação dos danos ambientais provocados pelo desmatamento. / The deforestation of the Amazon rainforest has caused concern in civil society and global scientific research in fact demanding mitigate environmental impacts caused by this phenomenon. This thesis aims to analyze use of central agroforestry to cocoa as an alternative for recovery of degraded areas by deforestation of the Amazon rainforest in Brazil. So are three works that discuss this dressed. The first study performs a documentary research of the scientific production in the Brazilian Amazon on agroforestry systems with Cacao (Theobroma cacao l.) seeking to identify the main scopes in which these searches are included, as well as subsidizing the prospect for additional scopes for further research. The second study examines the use of agroforestry systems based on cocoa as an alternative sustainable vegetation cover for recovery of degraded areas in the Brazilian Amazon, as well as, compares the income of two agroforestry systems, an agricultural research and indicated another alternative, deployed in the area of rural producer. Finally, the third study examines the growth and yield of wood plants of mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King) used as final shading in agroforestry cocoa base deployed in a country estate in the Pará State, in the Brazilian Amazon, in soils of the Earth type Structured Rock and Red Yellow Podzolic. The results show that over 47 species of plants native to the region or business value are considered exotic in different agroforestry systems based on cacao grown in the region. The profitability indicators obtained from two systems analyzed indicate that these systems are financially viable and can be financed by the program officer rural credit aimed at implementation of agroforestry systems in the Amazon, the FNO-biodiversity, as well as the amounts of atmospheric carbon sequestered by these systems approach the native forests. And finally, the plants of mahogany used as shading on these systems have had good development in height and diameter, and yield of wood was superior to that found in natural conditions in the forests of the region. These results suggest that the cocoa-based agroforestry systems are an economically and ecologically sustainable alternative to recompose the vegetal covering of areas degraded by deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon, in addition to providing the mitigation of environmental damage caused by deforestation.

O desmatamento da floresta amazônica tem causado preocupação na sociedade civil e científica mundial demandando pesquisas que busquem mitigar os impactos ambientais provocados por esse fenômeno. Esta tese tem como objetivo central analisar o uso dos sistemas agroflorestais à base de cacau como alternativa para recuperação de áreas degradadas pelo desmatamento da floresta Amazônica brasileira. Portanto, são aprestados três trabalhos que abordam essa temática. O primeiro estudo realiza uma pesquisa documental da produção científica na Amazônia brasileira sobre os sistemas agroflorestais com cacau (Theobroma cacao L.) buscando identificar os principais escopos nos quais essas pesquisas estão inseridas, assim como, subsidiar a prospecção de escopos complementares para futuras pesquisas. O segundo estudo analisa a utilização de sistemas agroflorestais à base de cacau como alternativa de cobertura vegetal sustentável para recuperação das áreas degradadas na Amazônia brasileira, assim como, compara os rendimentos de dois sistemas agroflorestais, um indicado pela pesquisa agropecuária e outro alternativo, implantado em área de produtor rural. Finalmente, o terceiro estudo analisa o crescimento e rendimento de madeira das plantas de mogno (Swietenia macrophylla King) utilizadas como sombreamento definitivo em sistemas agroflorestais à base de cacau implantadas em uma propriedade rural localizada no Estado do Pará, na Amazônia brasileira, em solos do tipo Terra Rocha Estruturada e Podzólico Vermelho Amarelo. Os resultados mostram que mais de 47 espécies vegetais de valor comercial nativas da região ou exóticas são contempladas nos diferentes sistemas agroflorestais à base de cacau cultivados na região. Os indicadores de rentabilidade obtidos dos dois sistemas analisados indicam que esses sistemas são viáveis financeiramente e podem ser financiados pelo programa oficial de crédito rural destinado a implantação de sistemas agroflorestais na Amazônia, o FNO-Biodiversidade, assim como, que as quantidades de carbono atmosférico sequestrada por esses sistemas se aproximam as das florestas nativas. E finalmente, que as plantas de mogno utilizadas como sombreamento nesses sistemas tiveram bom desenvolvimento em altura e diâmetro e o rendimento de madeira foi superior ao encontrado em condições naturais nas florestas da região. Esses resultados sugerem que os sistemas agroflorestais à base de cacau são uma alternativa econômica e ecologicamente sustentáveis para recompor a cobertura vegetal das áreas degradadas pelo desmatamento na Amazônia brasileira, além de proporcionar a mitigação dos danos ambientais provocados pelo desmatamento. / The deforestation of the Amazon rainforest has caused concern in civil society and global scientific research in fact demanding mitigate environmental impacts caused by this phenomenon. This thesis aims to analyze use of central agroforestry to cocoa as an alternative for recovery of degraded areas by deforestation of the Amazon rainforest in Brazil. So are three works that discuss this dressed. The first study performs a documentary research of the scientific production in the Brazilian Amazon on agroforestry systems with Cacao (Theobroma cacao l.) seeking to identify the main scopes in which these searches are included, as well as subsidizing the prospect for additional scopes for further research. The second study examines the use of agroforestry systems based on cocoa as an alternative sustainable vegetation cover for recovery of degraded areas in the Brazilian Amazon, as well as, compares the income of two agroforestry systems, an agricultural research and indicated another alternative, deployed in the area of rural producer. Finally, the third study examines the growth and yield of wood plants of mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King) used as final shading in agroforestry cocoa base deployed in a country estate in the Pará State, in the Brazilian Amazon, in soils of the Earth type Structured Rock and Red Yellow Podzolic. The results show that over 47 species of plants native to the region or business value are considered exotic in different agroforestry systems based on cacao grown in the region. The profitability indicators obtained from two systems analyzed indicate that these systems are financially viable and can be financed by the program officer rural credit aimed at implementation of agroforestry systems in the Amazon, the FNO-biodiversity, as well as the amounts of atmospheric carbon sequestered by these systems approach the native forests. And finally, the plants of mahogany used as shading on these systems have had good development in height and diameter, and yield of wood was superior to that found in natural conditions in the forests of the region. These results suggest that the cocoa-based agroforestry systems are an economically and ecologically sustainable alternative to recompose the vegetal covering of areas degraded by deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon, in addition to providing the mitigation of environmental damage caused by deforestation.

Magistro darbe tiriami brandžių medynų tūrio nustatymo metodai. Medynų tūris nustatomas pagal : 1) atrankinio medžių matavimo metodo duomenis (miškotvarkos metu nustatytas medyno tūris), 2) ištisinio medžių matavimo nustatytą tūrį, 3) tūris nustatytas pagal pagamintą medienos produkciją (pridedant biologinės įvairovės bei sėklinių medžių tūrius, taip pat pridedant atliekas pagal „Medžių tūrio struktūros“ lenteles ). Darbo objektas - Tytuvėnų miškų urėdijos, Kelmės krašto IV miškų grupės brandūs medynai. Tikslas – įvertinti kertamų medynų likvidinės medienos tūrio nustatymo tikslumą ir pasitaikančių skirtumų priežastis. Darbo metodai – medienos tūrio paklaidų, gautų lyginant ištisinio medienos matavimo duomenis su miškotvarkos metu nustatytu tūriu ir pagamintos produkcijos duomenimis, analizė. Palyginti skirtingais metodais apskaičiuotą medienos tūrį. Darbo rezultatai: Įvertinus kertamų eglynų tūrį, pagal ištisinį medžių matavimo metodą, gauti rezultatai parodė, kad vidutinis medienos tūris yra 0,7 % didesnis lyginant su miškotvarkos duomenimis (atrankinis medžių matavimo metodas). Medynuose, pagal atskiras medžių rūšis, didžiausi skirtumai pušies 8,7 % ir liepos 8,2 % medžių tūriuose. Įvertinus Tytuvėnų miškų urėdijos brandžius medynus pagal ištisinį medžių matavimo metodą (etalonas) ir pagamintą medienos produkciją (pridedant biologinės įvairovės ir sėklinius medžius, pridedant atliekų tūrį) nustatyta, kad biržėse prikertama daugiau nei planuota, vidutiniškai 0,2 %... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / In Master thesis investigate mature stand volume determination. Stands must be determined by: a) a selective method for measuring tree data (at the forest stand volume), 2) continuous measurement of the volume of trees, 3) the volume of manufactured wood products (by adding bio-diversity and tree seed volumes, as well as the addition of waste under "Medienos tūrio struktūros” tables.) Object of research - Tytuvėnai forest enterprises Kelmė region IV group mature trees. Aim of research - to assess crossed stand merchantable timber volume and accuracy in common reasons for the differences. Methods of research - the timber volume errors, obtained by comparing the continuous measurement of wood in the forest data set in the volume and output data analysis. Compare the different methods produce timber volume. Results of the research: The assessment of the spruce volume crossed by a continuous method of measuring the trees, the results showed that the average wood volume is 0.7 % higher compared with the forest data (selective tree method). Stands under different tree species, the largest differences between pine 8,7 % and lime 8,2 % tree volumes. The assessment of forest enterprises Tytuvėnai mature stands of trees under the continuous measurement method (standard) and made of wood products (by adding bio-diversity and tree seedling, plus the volume of waste) finds that cut down more than expected, on average 0.2% increase.

No Brasil, o setor de produtos de madeira maciça de maior valor agregado é composto por um grande número de micro e pequenas empresas familiares, de capital nacional e que fabricam esquadrias, móveis, pisos e outros produtos sob encomenda. Essas empresas são geradoras de grande quantidade e diversidade de resíduos madeireiros com gerenciamento inadequado que resultam em impactos negativos para o ambiente e para a saúde pública, prejudicando a imagem da empresa. Este trabalho teve por objetivo, através de um estudo de caso realizado em uma pequena indústria de produtos de madeira de maior valor agregado (PMVA) localizada no município de Piracicaba - SP, identificar as não conformidades e principais desafios enfrentados pelo setor no gerenciamento dos resíduos madeireiros, visando obter informações necessárias para elaboração de um modelo de Plano de Gerenciamento de Resíduos Sólidos (PGRS), atendendo às diretrizes da Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos (PNRS) com base no Produção Mais Limpa. Através de observações \"in loco\", entrevistas com funcionários, análise de documentações e quantificação dos resíduos em cada operação da fabricação, foi realizado um diagnóstico da geração de resíduos. Após caracterização, os resíduos foram classificados quanto a origem e periculosidade com base na PNRS e na NBR 10.004:2004. Foram identificados, ainda, as causas de geração e os pontos críticos de geração de cada tipo de resíduo madeireiro. Para avaliação do sistema produtivo e de gerenciamento de resíduos em operação na empresa, foi utilizado o método \"Diagrama de Árvore\". Posteriormente, elaborado o modelo de PGRS. Os resíduos madeireiros da empresa foram classificados como de origem industrial e Classe II A, pois não recebem nenhum tipo de produto químico nos processos produtivos. Os produtos com menores rendimentos foram decks e guarnições com 52,66% e 52,85% e com maiores geração de resíduos foram batentes, com 11,04%, resíduos grossos; assoalhos 34,69% de finos; e guarnições, 22,18,12% sendo material de aproveitamento. As principais causas de geração de resíduos foram relacionados à falta de modulação entre a matéria prima e o desenho do produto e elevada incidência de defeitos na madeira. Os pontos mais críticos de geração foram: (i) a secagem da madeira, cujos problemas ocasionando descartes; (ii) na fabricação de portas, os cortes na largura (serra circular) e desengrossamento; (iii) para guarnições, em corte na largura (serra circular); (iv) para deck, no fresamento (moldureira); (v) para assoalho, a utilização de respigadeira ao invés da moldureira para o fresamento; e (vi) para batentes, desengrossadeira e destopadeira. As ações prioritárias indicadas foram: melhoria da qualidade da matéria prima; manutenção de equipamentos e capacitação dos funcionários. Verificou-se que o modelo atual de gerenciamento de resíduos da empresa era de destinação adequada e valorização dos resíduos, porém faltavam ações para redução de geração. Foi elaborado um modelo de PGRS com ações prioritárias para a redução de geração e maior valorização dos resíduos, que poderá ser aplicado em empresas do setor de produtos acabados de madeira maciça de porte de características semelhantes, contribuindo para o atendimento à legislação e maior sustentabilidade na cadeia produtiva. / In Brazil, the solid wood products sector with higher added value consists of a large number of micro and small family businesses, national capital that manufacture frames, furniture, flooring and other products on request. These companies are generating large and diverse amounts of wood waste, together with inadequate management of this waste, resulting in negative impacts to the environment and to public health, damaging the company. This study aims, through a case study of a small higher value-added wood products industry located in Piracicaba - SP, to identify non-compliance and major challenges facing the sector in the management of wood waste in order to obtain information necessary for the preparation of a model of Solid Waste Management Plan, following the guidelines of the National Solid Waste Policy based on Cleaner Production. Through observations \"in loco\", interviews with employees, review of documentation and quantification of residues at each manufacturing operation, we arrived at a diagnosis of waste generation. After characterization, the waste were classified according to origin and danger based on PNRS and NBR 10004: 2004. We have identified the operative factors and critical points of generation of each type of wood waste. To evaluate the productive system and operating waste management of the company, we used the \"tree diagram\" method. Subsequently developed the model of Solid Waste Management Plan. The wood waste of the company were classified as industrial and Class II \"A\" source because they does not receive any chemicals during the production processes. Products with lower incomes were decks and frames with 52.66% and 52.85%; with higher waste generation were jambs, with 11.04% of thick waste; in the floor 34.69% of fine waste; and frames, 22.18% of use material. The major factors generating residues were related to the lack of modulation between the raw material and product design, high incidence of defects in the wood before and after drying, defects in the wood and inappropriate moisture content. The most critical points of the generation were: (i) the drying of wood, whose disposal problems subsequently appeared during the wood processing; (ii) the manufacture of doors, the cuts in width (circular saw) and thicknesser; (iii) frames, in cutting width (circular saw); (iv) on the deck, in milling (molding); (v) in the floor, use of a tenoning machine instead of molding for milling; and (vi) form jambs, in thicknesser and cross-cut. The priority actions recommended were better quality raw material; maintenance of equipment and training of employees. It was found that the current model of waste management of the Company was appropriate disposal and recovery of waste, but lacked actions to generate savings. A model of SWMP with priority actions to reduce generation and greater recovery of waste was produced and can be applied in companies of the finished products of solid wood sector size and similar characteristics, contributing to compliance with legislation and greater sustainability in productive chain.

This case study investigated profitability of a small stand of fast-grown Eucalyptus nitens in Canterbury for sawn timber production. This stand was pruned and thinned and then harvested at 15 years old. An estimate of per-hectare log yields and diameters was made from the stand. Sample logs were sawn, dried and profiled, then products quantified. Log prices were estimated using the residual value method. Prices were summed for sawn products from each log, from which processing expenses and sawmill profit were deducted for an estimate of log value. In the absence of market prices for sawn E. nitens products empirical estimates of price were derived from market survey data. Predictive models were produced from estimated stand log yields along with predicted product revenues and processing costs from sample logs. These were used for estimating per-hectare log residual values from the case study stand trees. Financial returns to the grower were then calculated as discounted cash flows from the estimated log residual values per hectare, taking into account grower costs along with harvesting and transport costs. Best-practice processing methods were identified from the literature and applied as a productivity benchmark. Methods were developed with the view to standardising data across research efforts that seek to improve grade recoveries for E. nitens. A range of factors were investigated that potentially influenced E. nitens log residual value in this case study, including log diameter and log position. Outcomes included a reasonably favourable return on investment for the grower. However, this depended on a number of factors such as land price, distance from processor, product prices, grading methods, drying methods and level of sawmill profit. The application of contemporary best practice small-scale processing methods indicates that E. nitens has potential as a profitable plantation species for solid timber production.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 DissRAA.pdf: 2243702 bytes, checksum: 470cad0026ded91bc0e57998aa2b45b5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Community forest management (CFM), the planned and rational use of forest resources by traditional communities and family farmers, is regarded as one of the strategies to tackle deforestation in the Amazon region. Even with challenges, community associations in the region seek to approve "Sustainable Forest Management Plans" (SFMP), a document required in the first stage of CFM. Assuming that the process of obtaining the SFMP occurs in a "strategic action field" (SAF) (FLIGSTEIN; McADAM, 2011), this work performed two study cases (YIN, 2001) from processes conducted by community associations in the municipality of Lábrea in the State of Amazonas. A strategic action field (SAF) is a “socially constructed arena in which actors with varying resources endowments vie for advantages to achieve their objectives” (FLIGSTEIN, McADAM, 2011). Through the "theoretical lens" of the SAF approach, we sought to understand the elements that influenced the contrasting results obtained in the action: a successful one, with the approval of a SFMP; and an unsuccessful one. Our main objective was to analyze and compare these two processes and, specifically, we proposed to: (a) analyze the influence of other fields and the State; (b) identify incumbent and challengers actors; (c) identify resources and social skill. The case studies had an exploratory and longitudinal orientation. Data were collected through participatory observation; document analysis, and semi-structured interviews, the latter being the main data source. Twenty six people among governmental, nongovernmental and actors from the associations aforementioned were interviewed between 2015 and 2017. The theoretical approach of SAF was used as a guideline for data analysis. We argue that the field under analysis is the subfield of timber production in Lábrea, part of an economic field in transformation, and influenced by an emerging environmental field. Thus, we understand that the processes were influenced by three main elements: the presence of internal governance structures; socially skilled actors; and networks. We understand that the situation of the field and the presence of governance structures enabled the action of socially skilled actors in the successful case; and the absence of governance structures in the unsuccessful one left the process vulnerable to the performance of socially skilled actors in the opposite direction of timber production legalization. We suggest the analysis of the genesis of CFM and a network study as a complementary analysis. / O manejo florestal comunitário e familiar (MFCF), isto é, a exploração planejada e racional dos recursos florestais por comunidades tradicionais e agricultores familiares, é tido como uma das estratégias contra o desmatamento na Amazônia. Mesmo apresentando uma série de desafios, diversas associações comunitárias da região vêm buscando a aprovação de “Planos de Manejo Florestal Sustentável” (PMFS), documento exigido na primeira etapa do MFCF. Assumindo a ocorrência dos processos de obtenção de um PMFS em um campo de ação estratégica (CAE), no presente trabalho desenvolvemos dois estudos de caso (YIN, 2001), a partir dos processos conduzidos por associações comunitárias de Lábrea (AM). Um CAE é “uma arena socialmente construída onde os atores, dotados de diferentes recursos, disputam por vantagens para alcançar os seus objetivos” (FLIGSTEIN; McADAM, 2011). Através das “lentes teóricas” dessa abordagem, buscamos compreender os elementos que influenciaram os resultados contrastantes obtidos na ação: uma exitosa, com um PMFS aprovado; e outra não exitosa. Assim, nosso objetivo foi analisar e comparar os processos e, especificamente, nos propusemos a: (a) analisar a influência de outros campos e do Estado; (b) identificar os atores incumbentes e desafiantes; (c) identificar os recursos e a habilidade social. Os estudos de caso tiveram caráter exploratório e orientação longitudinal. Coletamos os dados através de observação participante; análise documental, e entrevistas semiestruturadas, sendo esta última a principal fonte de dados. Entrevistamos 26 pessoas, dentre atores governamentais, não governamentais e das associações em questão, entre 2015 e 2017. Utilizamos a abordagem teórica de CAEs como orientadora da análise dos dados, relacionando-os aos seus principais conceitos. Argumentamos que o campo em análise trata-se do sub-campo da produção madeireira em Lábrea, parte de um campo econômico em transformação, e influenciado por um campo ambiental emergente. Argumentamos que os processos foram influenciados por três elementos principais: a presença de estruturas de governança; de atores socialmente hábeis; e as redes. Entendemos que a situação do campo e a presença de estruturas de governança, possibilitou a ação de atores socialmente hábeis no caso exitoso; e a inexistência de estruturas de governança, no caso não exitoso, deixou a iniciativa vulnerável à atuação de atores socialmente hábeis de forma oposta à legalização da produção madeireira. Sugerimos a análise da gênese do MFCF e um estudo de redes como análises complementares.