Many skilled flutists place a high priority on "good" tone quality, or timbre. Timbre can be defined as the audible difference in character that a listener perceives for two notes played at the same pitch. Different timbres are determined by the combination and balance of harmonics that comprise a note. Unlike pitch and rhythm, timbre is difficult to objectively quantify. This project explores (1) how tone quality is described by skilled flutists, (2) whether the harmonic spectrum has some correlation with tone quality, (3) whether certain harmonic spectra are preferred, or considered "good". Thirty-one flutists ranging from high school students to professionals were recorded. A set of samples was used in surveys and interviews to capture descriptors and ratings of tone quality. All of the recorded samples were analyzed using application programs, Harmonic Analysis Tools (HAT), created for this study. HAT uses digital signal processing techniques to produce "spectral signatures". The signatures consist of the harmonic content, pitch, and amplitude of a sample. In the future, with further development, HAT may be a useful tool for musicians for tone development in the practice room. The outcome of this research is a baseline set of some often used descriptors. In addition, results showed some correlation between harmonic spectra and descriptors. There were also trends in preferences with respect to certain spectral characteristics. An unexpected finding was that University students showed divergent timbre preferences compared to highly experienced flutists.

Background: A review of literature shows that cochlear implant (CI) users face difficulties in terms of music interpretation when compared to regular hearing (RH) counterparts. The electrically pulsing nature of the CI acts differently than sound waves in a normally functioning ear, leading to different interpretations of musical concepts such as pitch or timbre. An exceptional case however has been observed in a university-level violinist with bimodal hearing (congenitally deaf in the right ear, and with very minimal residual hearing in the left; they use one CI and one hearing aid) at the University of Ottawa. Objective: This study will compare the pitch recognition, timbre preference and audiation (linked to pitch and rhythmic perception) abilities between an exceptional CI user and case-control RH violinists. Data has previously been collected on CI users not playing the violin due to CI technology's limitations in pitch processing. Since the violin is considered a pitch-heavy instrument to play, it is expected that the study participant has exceptional pitch recognition skills when compared to other CI users (and perhaps RH peers), while still demonstrating comparable timbre preference and rhythmic audiation abilities to an RH comparison group. Method: Three tests were administered relating to pitch recognition on a violin-like interface, timbre preference between two heard tones, and an Advanced Measures of Music Audiation (AMMA) test for general musical knowledge in pitch and rhythm-based melodic discrimination. Results were compared between the critical case-study with CIs and RH control participants to quantify a basis in pitch perception, timbre preference and melodic audiation (applied to pitch and rhythm) skills. Implications: The study participant demonstrated comparable timbre preference and rhythmic discrimination skills to an RH comparison group. The study participant demonstrated pitch perception skills higher than previously tested CI users, despite being lower than the RH comparison group. The CI-using study participant would have developed these higher-than- average pitch perception skills through rigorous early-age training, and passion and persistence of music training on a pitch-heavy instrument despite known recommendations. This sheds light on the CI's technology not necessarily limiting users' choice of instrument due to its pitch processing, despite previous recommendations.

No description available.

No description available.

La voix humaine constitue la partie dominante de notre environnement auditif. Non seulement les humains utilisent-ils la voix pour la parole, mais ils sont tout aussi habiles pour en extraire une multitude d’informations pertinentes sur le locuteur. Cette expertise universelle pour la voix humaine se reflète dans la présence d’aires préférentielles à celle-ci le long des sillons temporaux supérieurs. À ce jour, peu de données nous informent sur la nature et le développement de cette réponse sélective à la voix. Dans le domaine visuel, une vaste littérature aborde une problématique semblable en ce qui a trait à la perception des visages. L’étude d’experts visuels a permis de dégager les processus et régions impliqués dans leur expertise et a démontré une forte ressemblance avec ceux utilisés pour les visages. Dans le domaine auditif, très peu d’études se sont penchées sur la comparaison entre l’expertise pour la voix et d’autres catégories auditives, alors que ces comparaisons pourraient contribuer à une meilleure compréhension de la perception vocale et auditive. La présente thèse a pour dessein de préciser la spécificité des processus et régions impliqués dans le traitement de la voix. Pour ce faire, le recrutement de différents types d’experts ainsi que l’utilisation de différentes méthodes expérimentales ont été préconisés. La première étude a évalué l’influence d’une expertise musicale sur le traitement de la voix humaine, à l’aide de tâches comportementales de discrimination de voix et d’instruments de musique. Les résultats ont démontré que les musiciens amateurs étaient meilleurs que les non-musiciens pour discriminer des timbres d’instruments de musique mais aussi les voix humaines, suggérant une généralisation des apprentissages perceptifs causés par la pratique musicale. La seconde étude avait pour but de comparer les potentiels évoqués auditifs liés aux chants d’oiseaux entre des ornithologues amateurs et des participants novices. L’observation d’une distribution topographique différente chez les ornithologues à la présentation des trois catégories sonores (voix, chants d’oiseaux, sons de l’environnement) a rendu les résultats difficiles à interpréter. Dans la troisième étude, il était question de préciser le rôle des aires temporales de la voix dans le traitement de catégories d’expertise chez deux groupes d’experts auditifs, soit des ornithologues amateurs et des luthiers. Les données comportementales ont démontré une interaction entre les deux groupes d’experts et leur catégorie d’expertise respective pour des tâches de discrimination et de mémorisation. Les résultats obtenus en imagerie par résonance magnétique fonctionnelle ont démontré une interaction du même type dans le sillon temporal supérieur gauche et le gyrus cingulaire postérieur gauche. Ainsi, les aires de la voix sont impliquées dans le traitement de stimuli d’expertise dans deux groupes d’experts auditifs différents. Ce résultat suggère que la sélectivité à la voix humaine, telle que retrouvée dans les sillons temporaux supérieurs, pourrait être expliquée par une exposition prolongée à ces stimuli. Les données présentées démontrent plusieurs similitudes comportementales et anatomo-fonctionnelles entre le traitement de la voix et d’autres catégories d’expertise. Ces aspects communs sont explicables par une organisation à la fois fonctionnelle et économique du cerveau. Par conséquent, le traitement de la voix et d’autres catégories sonores se baserait sur les mêmes réseaux neuronaux, sauf en cas de traitement plus poussé. Cette interprétation s’avère particulièrement importante pour proposer une approche intégrative quant à la spécificité du traitement de la voix. / The human voice is the most meaningful sound category of our auditory environment. Not only is the human voice the carrier of speech, but it is also used to extract a wealth of relevant information on the speaker. Voice-sensitive areas have been identified along the superior temporal sulci of normal adult listeners. Yet little data is available on the nature and development of this selective response to voice. In the visual domain, a vast literature focuses on a similar problem regarding face perception. Several studies have identified processes and regions involved in visual expertise, demonstrating a strong resemblance to those used for faces. In the auditory domain, very few studies have compared voice expertise to expertise for other sound categories. Such comparisons could contribute to a better understanding of voice perception and hearing. This thesis aims to clarify the nature of the processes and regions involved in voice perception. Different types of experts and different experimental methods were used in three separate studies. The first study assessed the influence of musical expertise on timbre voice processing, by using using behavioral voice and musical instrument discrimination tasks. The results showed that amateur musicians performed better than non-musicians in both tasks, suggesting a generalization of auditory abilities associated with musical practice. The second study compared event related potentials evoked by birdsongs in bird experts and non-expert participants. Because a different topographical distribution was observed among bird experts in all sound categories, a definitive interpretation was difficult to make. In the third study, we asked whether the voice-sensitive areas would be recruited by different categories of sounds of expertise in guitar makers, bird experts and non-experts. The behavioral data showed an interaction between the two groups of experts and their respective category of expertise for memory and discrimination tasks. The functional magnetic resonance imaging results showed an interaction of the same type in the left superior temporal sulcus and the left posterior cingulate gyrus. The results show that the voice selective areas do not exclusively process voice stimuli but could also contribute to expert-level processing of other sound categories. Therefore, cortical selectivity to human voice could be due to a prolonged exposure to voice. The data presented demonstrate several behavioral and anatomo-functional similarities between cerebral voice processing and other types of auditory expertise. These common aspects can be explained by a functional and economical brain organization. Consequently, sound processing would rely on shared neural networks unless necessary. This interpretation is particularly important to suggest an integrative approach for studying voice processing specificity.

Este trabalho tem como principal objetivo realizar um estudo das práticas de reelaboração musical relacionadas aqui como: transcrição, orquestração, redução, arranjo, adaptação e paráfrase, promovendo um resgate de sua valorização e estimulando sua expansão. Para isso, serão abordadas questões teóricas, históricas e estéticas acerca dessas práticas discutindo sua importância e utilização, buscando também um suporte teórico em outras áreas como a literatura. Além disso, serão feitas observações no sentido de perceber como se procedem estas práticas que são abordadas teoricamente, de maneira geral, como sinônimas, mas que na prática apontam para a possibilidade de existir procedimentos diferentes classificando os diversos termos em categorias distintas. O trabalho ainda traz como proposta, a realização de uma reelaboração, (orquestração do Choros 5 de H. Villa-Lobos) observando de que forma poderiam ser aplicados na prática os procedimentos observados anteriormente. / The main goal of this Doctoral Thesis is to carry out a study of different musical practices listed here as re-elaboration: Transcription, orchestration, reduction, arrangement, adaptation and paraphrase. As a secondary goal we aim at promoting the recovery of these practices and at encouraging their expansion. For this, we shall raise theoretical, histhorical and aesthetic issues about re-elaboration in music, discussing their importance and usage, seeking for theoretical support in other areas such as literature. Although such practices are often treated as synonyms, our research points to different procedures that can lead to their classification in specific categories. This work also bring the realization of re-elaboration, (the orchestration of, Heitor Villa-Lobos, Choros 5)in which we apply the theoretical procedures previously investigated.

La voix humaine constitue la partie dominante de notre environnement auditif. Non seulement les humains utilisent-ils la voix pour la parole, mais ils sont tout aussi habiles pour en extraire une multitude d’informations pertinentes sur le locuteur. Cette expertise universelle pour la voix humaine se reflète dans la présence d’aires préférentielles à celle-ci le long des sillons temporaux supérieurs. À ce jour, peu de données nous informent sur la nature et le développement de cette réponse sélective à la voix. Dans le domaine visuel, une vaste littérature aborde une problématique semblable en ce qui a trait à la perception des visages. L’étude d’experts visuels a permis de dégager les processus et régions impliqués dans leur expertise et a démontré une forte ressemblance avec ceux utilisés pour les visages. Dans le domaine auditif, très peu d’études se sont penchées sur la comparaison entre l’expertise pour la voix et d’autres catégories auditives, alors que ces comparaisons pourraient contribuer à une meilleure compréhension de la perception vocale et auditive. La présente thèse a pour dessein de préciser la spécificité des processus et régions impliqués dans le traitement de la voix. Pour ce faire, le recrutement de différents types d’experts ainsi que l’utilisation de différentes méthodes expérimentales ont été préconisés. La première étude a évalué l’influence d’une expertise musicale sur le traitement de la voix humaine, à l’aide de tâches comportementales de discrimination de voix et d’instruments de musique. Les résultats ont démontré que les musiciens amateurs étaient meilleurs que les non-musiciens pour discriminer des timbres d’instruments de musique mais aussi les voix humaines, suggérant une généralisation des apprentissages perceptifs causés par la pratique musicale. La seconde étude avait pour but de comparer les potentiels évoqués auditifs liés aux chants d’oiseaux entre des ornithologues amateurs et des participants novices. L’observation d’une distribution topographique différente chez les ornithologues à la présentation des trois catégories sonores (voix, chants d’oiseaux, sons de l’environnement) a rendu les résultats difficiles à interpréter. Dans la troisième étude, il était question de préciser le rôle des aires temporales de la voix dans le traitement de catégories d’expertise chez deux groupes d’experts auditifs, soit des ornithologues amateurs et des luthiers. Les données comportementales ont démontré une interaction entre les deux groupes d’experts et leur catégorie d’expertise respective pour des tâches de discrimination et de mémorisation. Les résultats obtenus en imagerie par résonance magnétique fonctionnelle ont démontré une interaction du même type dans le sillon temporal supérieur gauche et le gyrus cingulaire postérieur gauche. Ainsi, les aires de la voix sont impliquées dans le traitement de stimuli d’expertise dans deux groupes d’experts auditifs différents. Ce résultat suggère que la sélectivité à la voix humaine, telle que retrouvée dans les sillons temporaux supérieurs, pourrait être expliquée par une exposition prolongée à ces stimuli. Les données présentées démontrent plusieurs similitudes comportementales et anatomo-fonctionnelles entre le traitement de la voix et d’autres catégories d’expertise. Ces aspects communs sont explicables par une organisation à la fois fonctionnelle et économique du cerveau. Par conséquent, le traitement de la voix et d’autres catégories sonores se baserait sur les mêmes réseaux neuronaux, sauf en cas de traitement plus poussé. Cette interprétation s’avère particulièrement importante pour proposer une approche intégrative quant à la spécificité du traitement de la voix. / The human voice is the most meaningful sound category of our auditory environment. Not only is the human voice the carrier of speech, but it is also used to extract a wealth of relevant information on the speaker. Voice-sensitive areas have been identified along the superior temporal sulci of normal adult listeners. Yet little data is available on the nature and development of this selective response to voice. In the visual domain, a vast literature focuses on a similar problem regarding face perception. Several studies have identified processes and regions involved in visual expertise, demonstrating a strong resemblance to those used for faces. In the auditory domain, very few studies have compared voice expertise to expertise for other sound categories. Such comparisons could contribute to a better understanding of voice perception and hearing. This thesis aims to clarify the nature of the processes and regions involved in voice perception. Different types of experts and different experimental methods were used in three separate studies. The first study assessed the influence of musical expertise on timbre voice processing, by using using behavioral voice and musical instrument discrimination tasks. The results showed that amateur musicians performed better than non-musicians in both tasks, suggesting a generalization of auditory abilities associated with musical practice. The second study compared event related potentials evoked by birdsongs in bird experts and non-expert participants. Because a different topographical distribution was observed among bird experts in all sound categories, a definitive interpretation was difficult to make. In the third study, we asked whether the voice-sensitive areas would be recruited by different categories of sounds of expertise in guitar makers, bird experts and non-experts. The behavioral data showed an interaction between the two groups of experts and their respective category of expertise for memory and discrimination tasks. The functional magnetic resonance imaging results showed an interaction of the same type in the left superior temporal sulcus and the left posterior cingulate gyrus. The results show that the voice selective areas do not exclusively process voice stimuli but could also contribute to expert-level processing of other sound categories. Therefore, cortical selectivity to human voice could be due to a prolonged exposure to voice. The data presented demonstrate several behavioral and anatomo-functional similarities between cerebral voice processing and other types of auditory expertise. These common aspects can be explained by a functional and economical brain organization. Consequently, sound processing would rely on shared neural networks unless necessary. This interpretation is particularly important to suggest an integrative approach for studying voice processing specificity.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 santana_eh_dr_ia.pdf: 41089077 bytes, checksum: ebdb1b901005a1ab56739ad0e4edd650 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-11-08 / O objeto de estudo deste trabalho é o processo intervalar na construção composicional de Almeida Prado em suas três fases pós-ruptura, chamadas de Pós-Tonal, Síntese e Pós-Moderna. A concepção intervalar do compositor é demonstrada por análises realizadas em três obras, uma de cada fase pós-ruptura: Sonata n. 3, Cartas Celestes I e Noturno n. 7, respectivamente. A análise tem sua metodologia baseada em um recorte arbitrário que buscou compreender três intervalos básicos que podem ser somados a outros três intervalos enarmônicos como ampliação das possibilidades intervalares na escrita. O desenvolvimento teórico da pesquisa aprofundou-se a partir de um foco e uma análise intervalar que, conceitualmente, buscaram uma superação terminológica de uma formulação anterior nomeada como expressividade intervalar (SANT’ANA, 2009) para a atualização terminológica definida como intervalo característico. O embasamento teórico para essa concepção intervalar deu-se a partir das proposições de Boulanger (1926), Costère (1954, 1962), Forte (1973), Straus ([1990] 2013), Pousseur ([2005] 2009) e Menezes (2002). Como contextualização crítico-histórica, foi realizada uma revisão sucinta de tendências teórico-analíticas e seus problemas, reconsiderando-se as observações de Schoenberg ([1922] 2001, [1954] 2004), Kerman ([1985] 1987), Cook (1987, 2007) e Kramer (2015). Para se validar a construção e o caráter da ferramenta teórico-analítica aqui empreendida, utilizou-se a teoria de Lacey (2008) associada à visão teórico-musicológica desses autores. Com o processo analítico, apresentado no quarto capítulo, procurou-se demonstrar a grande incidência do(s) intervalo(s) característico(s) na construção estrutural das obras, desvelando-se um número variado de estratégias composicionais adotadas por Almeida Prado associadas a esses intervalos. Ainda no quarto capítulo, foi aplicada a ferramenta denominada régua intervalar, que pode ajudar na melhor compreensão dos intervalos com mais potencial de dissonância, os quais agem por meio de interação e contraste frente ao background aparentemente tonal dos intervalos mais consonantes ligados aos primeiros sete parciais (harmônicos) da série harmônica. Assim, em uma pesquisa futura, a ferramenta e a proposição analítica aqui desenvolvidas podem contribuir na compreensão e na sistematização dos tipos de objetos harmônicos pensados como entidades tímbricas que são moldados a partir dessa concepção intervalar. / The object of study this work is the interval process in the compositional construction of Brazilian pianist and composer Almeida Prado in his three post-rupture phases, called PostTonal, Synthesis and Post-Modern. The intervalar conception of the composer is demonstrated by analyses carried out in three works - one from each post-rupture phase (Sonata n. 3, Cartas Celestes I and Noturno n. 7). The analysis has its methodology based on an arbitrary crop that sought to understand three basic intervals that can be added to three other enharmonic intervals as an extension of the interval possibilities in writing. The theoretical development of the research was deepened from a focus and an interval analysis that, conceptually, sought a terminological overcoming of an earlier formulation named as intervalar expressivity (SANT'ANA, 2009) for the terminological update defined as a characteristic interval. The theoretical basis for this interval conception came from the propositions of Boulanger (1926), Costère (1954, 1962), Forte (1973), Straus ([1990] 2013), Pousseur ([2005] 2009) and Menezes (2002). As a critical-historical context, a brief review of theoretical-analytical trends and their problems was carried out, reconsidering the observations of Schoenberg ([1922] 2001, [1954] 2004), Kerman ([1985], 1987), Cook (1987, 2007) and Kramer (2015). To validate the construction and character of the theoreticalanalytical tool undertaken here, Lacey (2008)’s theory was used associated with the theoretical-musicological view, methodologically adopted in this work. Like the analytical process contained in the fourth chapter, one tried to demonstrate the great incidence of the characteristic interval (s) in the structural construction of the works, revealing a varied number of compositional strategies adopted by Almeida Prado associated to these intervals. Still in the fourth chapter, the tool called interval rule was applied, which can help in better understanding the intervals with more potential of dissonance that act through interaction and contrast against the seemingly tonal background of the more consonant intervals linked to the first seven (harmonic) partials of the harmonic series. Thus, in a future research, the tool and the analytical proposition developed here, can contribute to the comprehension and systematization of the types of harmonic objects thought as timbral entities that are shaped from this intervalar conception.

Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2015-10-13T19:40:34Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Alessandro da Costa - 2015.pdf: 5013826 bytes, checksum: 29d1729ef7e4247bb5d77b9f059c130a (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2015-10-13T19:41:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Alessandro da Costa - 2015.pdf: 5013826 bytes, checksum: 29d1729ef7e4247bb5d77b9f059c130a (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-10-13T19:41:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Alessandro da Costa - 2015.pdf: 5013826 bytes, checksum: 29d1729ef7e4247bb5d77b9f059c130a (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-25 / This paper, divided into Part A and Part B, investigates how dynamics influences the timbre in the Música para Trompete Solo by Estercio Marquez Cunha. The approach of the nuances of the timbre in this piece of music is not only directed towards what determines the recognition of the sound of the instrument, but also to its interpretation. To understand the relations between these two sound parameters in this piece, first, as explained in Part B, it is made one review of the literature about the timbre and the dynamic in a musical context. Then, there is a phenomenological analysis of Música para Trompete Solo with the intention of knowing the structure of the piece, and finally, the interpretative suggestions, the time which aim to verify how dynamic, interacting with other elements of composition, act in the configurations of the timbre in this piece by Estercio Marquez Cunha. The end result was the interpretation of the piece in two recitals, as shown in the programs contained in Part A. / Este trabalho, estruturado em Parte A e Parte B, investiga como a dinâmica influencia o timbre na Música para Trompete Solo, de Estercio Marquez Cunha. A abordagem das nuances tímbricas nessa obra não está direcionada apenas para o que determina o reconhecimento do som do instrumento, mas, também, à sua interpretação. Para compreender a relação desses dois parâmetros sonoros nessa obra, primeiramente, como exposto na Parte B, faz-se uma revisão de literatura sobre o timbre e a dinâmica no contexto musical. Em seguida, realiza-se uma análise fenomenológica da Música para Trompete Solo com a finalidade de conhecer a estrutura da obra e, por fim, as sugestões interpretativas, momento em que se objetiva verificar, na prática, como a dinâmica, em uma interação com outros elementos da composição, atua na configuração do timbre nessa obra de Estercio Marquez Cunha. O resultado final foi a interpretação da obra em dois recitais, conforme mostra os programas contidos na Parte A.

Este trabalho tem como principal objetivo realizar um estudo das práticas de reelaboração musical relacionadas aqui como: transcrição, orquestração, redução, arranjo, adaptação e paráfrase, promovendo um resgate de sua valorização e estimulando sua expansão. Para isso, serão abordadas questões teóricas, históricas e estéticas acerca dessas práticas discutindo sua importância e utilização, buscando também um suporte teórico em outras áreas como a literatura. Além disso, serão feitas observações no sentido de perceber como se procedem estas práticas que são abordadas teoricamente, de maneira geral, como sinônimas, mas que na prática apontam para a possibilidade de existir procedimentos diferentes classificando os diversos termos em categorias distintas. O trabalho ainda traz como proposta, a realização de uma reelaboração, (orquestração do Choros 5 de H. Villa-Lobos) observando de que forma poderiam ser aplicados na prática os procedimentos observados anteriormente. / The main goal of this Doctoral Thesis is to carry out a study of different musical practices listed here as re-elaboration: Transcription, orchestration, reduction, arrangement, adaptation and paraphrase. As a secondary goal we aim at promoting the recovery of these practices and at encouraging their expansion. For this, we shall raise theoretical, histhorical and aesthetic issues about re-elaboration in music, discussing their importance and usage, seeking for theoretical support in other areas such as literature. Although such practices are often treated as synonyms, our research points to different procedures that can lead to their classification in specific categories. This work also bring the realization of re-elaboration, (the orchestration of, Heitor Villa-Lobos, Choros 5)in which we apply the theoretical procedures previously investigated.