The legal reform process in South Africa has led to increasingly complex legislative requirements for new developments in the form of various authorization processes. Currently different organs of state, at different spheres of government exercise a range of powers and functions in respect of the approval of development applications. These authorisations typically relate to planning, water management, heritage resources, environmental management, air quality, etc. In order to improve the efficiency and alignment of authorisation processes there is a serious need to gain a better understanding of the interaction between the different authorisation processes as well as the challenges experienced. This research presents the results of a critical analysis of planning and environmental impact assessment (EIA) authorisation processes in the Mpumalanga Province and examines how authorisation processes are implemented and aligned, how efficient the processes are, why process inefficiencies occur and how the efficiency of processes can be improved. The outcome of the research suggests that there are three main success factors for efficiency, namely the legislative framework that provides for administrative and environmental justice, co-operative governance that provides the basis for good communication, and information and competence that injects expertise into the authorisation process. The so-called 'efficiency triangle' is conceptualised, which clearly illustrates the interaction between these success factors. / Thesis (M. Environmental Management)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.

The legal reform process in South Africa has led to increasingly complex legislative requirements for new developments in the form of various authorization processes. Currently different organs of state, at different spheres of government exercise a range of powers and functions in respect of the approval of development applications. These authorisations typically relate to planning, water management, heritage resources, environmental management, air quality, etc. In order to improve the efficiency and alignment of authorisation processes there is a serious need to gain a better understanding of the interaction between the different authorisation processes as well as the challenges experienced. This research presents the results of a critical analysis of planning and environmental impact assessment (EIA) authorisation processes in the Mpumalanga Province and examines how authorisation processes are implemented and aligned, how efficient the processes are, why process inefficiencies occur and how the efficiency of processes can be improved. The outcome of the research suggests that there are three main success factors for efficiency, namely the legislative framework that provides for administrative and environmental justice, co-operative governance that provides the basis for good communication, and information and competence that injects expertise into the authorisation process. The so-called 'efficiency triangle' is conceptualised, which clearly illustrates the interaction between these success factors. / Thesis (M. Environmental Management)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.

Assessing risk had always been the key focus when it comes to recidivism. Using risk assessment instruments, it is possible to predict the outcome of recidivism dichotomously. These measures, however, can only predict between 70-80 percent of validity, and they specify only levels of risk (low-medium-high), but not time. Therefore, the aim of this study is to define time of recidivism to supplement risk assessment with a possible new actuarial approach and fill out gaps in the existing literature. To do so a systematic literature review was conducted with a controlled search on exact time points. All the fourteen studies resulted in the final model were: published in the past 20 years, had some connection to time and were quantitative. The results highlighted the importance of the first year, especially the first half of the year as the most critical period regarding recidivism. Three different time periods were identified: (1) the end of the first month; (2) between the second and the third; (3) at the end of the 6th. Consequently, it might be beneficial to target these critical periods with more intense supervision/intervention in order to decrease the likelihood of recidivism.

Den här studien syftade till att utforska hur projektdeltagare som arbetar inom kommunikationsbyråer upplever att de blir motiverade. Genom en kvalitativ metod med semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes sammanlagt nio intervjuer med projektdeltagare med varierande erfarenheter och ålder från olika och i vissa fall samma kommunikationsbyråer. Den insamlade data analyserades tematiskt och resulterade i tre övergripande teman. Första temat var Samhällsnyttig motivation som visade att projektdeltagare motiveras starkt av meningsfullheten i sina projekt och att den här motivationen var förankrad i ett holistiskt perspektiv. Det betonades att meningsfullheten inte bara handlade om deras egen roll och utförande, utan även om projektets övergripande syfte och mål. Andra temat, Tidsramarnas balans, diskuterade tidsramar och deadlines som framställdes som en dubbeltydig faktor, där dess påverkan på motivationen både hade en positiv och negativ effekt på projektdeltagarna beroende på individerna. Extern respons och uppmuntran var tredje temat där resultatet visade att erkännande och återkoppling, både internt och externt, var avgörande för att upprätthålla projektdeltagarnas motivation. Den här formen av feedback fungerade även som en morot för att utveckla deras kompetens och därigenom stärka deras motivation. Slutligen kunde den här studien dra slutsatsen att projektdeltagare känner sig mest motiverade när deras arbete upplevs som meningsfullt, får uppmärksamhet samt är inom en balanserad tidsram. Dessutom indikerade resultaten att mognad i rollen som projektdeltagare skapade en ökad självständighet och minskad beroende av yttre motivation, med en ökad inre motivation som följd. / This study aimed to explore how project members working within communication agencies experience how they are motivated. Using a qualitative method with semi-structured interviews, nine project members of varied experience and ages were interviewed from different communication agencies, and in some cases, the same agency. The collected data was thematically analyzed, resulting in three overarching themes. The first theme was Socially Beneficial Motivation, which revealed that project members are strongly motivated by the meaningfulness of their project, and this motivation is rooted in a holistic perspective. It was emphasized that meaningfulness extends beyond their individual roles and execution, encompassing the overall purpose and goals of the projects. The second theme, Balance of Time Frames, discuses time frames and deadlines as a dual factor. The impact of time frames on motivation was depicted as both positive and negative, depending on individual circumstances. The third theme was External Feedback and Encouragement, where the results indicated that recognition and feedback, both internally and externally, were crucial for maintaining the motivation. This form of feedback also served as an incentive to develop their skills and thereby strengthen their motivation. In conclusion, this study found that project members feel most motivated when their work is perceived as meaningful, receives attention, and operates within a balanced timeframe. Additionally, the results indicated that maturity in the role of project members created increased independence and reduced dependence on external motivation, resulting in heightened internal motivation.

This bachelor thesis explores how the composer handles and structures his composing based on pre-determined timeframes and how the composing process are affected by these given timeframes. The theory chapter brings up how short deadlines to compose affect how filmcomposers and other artists work when they create or compose. Previous studies bring up that composers want to write faster and be more efficient.  Three different musical pieces were composed to explore different lengths of pre-determined timeframes. Piece nr. 1 had a timeframe of 10 hours, piece nr.2 had a timeframe of 25 hours and piece nr. 3 had a timeframe of 50 hours to compose. All the pieces were written for a string quartet and had in addition to the timeframes a few other specific rules to follow.  The conclusion that came of this study was a deeper understanding of how pre-determined timeframes affect a composer’s creative process. A short timeframe gave the composer an intense couple of days of composing where the creative choices were based mostly from previous knowledge and inspiration of other musical pieces. A long timeframe gave the composer more time to reflect on the music that was written and a chance to explore new ideas. With a long timeframe the composer could challenge himself to create something entirely new. The short timeframe was easier to structure and be efficient on. The longer timeframes got harder to structure in terms of what the composer thought he could and would create in that amount of time.

Modalités de gestion du milieu temporel dans une conduite de processus multiples en situation dynamique :une recherche dans des entreprises horticoles. Cette recherche porte sur les modalités de gestion temporelle, dans des situations professionnelles tendues entre les nécessités d’une production engageant des phénomènes dynamiques multiples et une rationalisation du travail supposée faire face aux besoins économiques de l’entreprise, en l’occurrence, dans le secteur de l’horticulture. La thèse soutenue est que les travailleurs, et en particulier des chefs de culture en tant qu’encadrants intermédiaires, assurent une gestion de leur milieu temporel de travail, dans la dynamique de leur activité. Cette gestion est active dans le sens où elle intègre des cadres temporels. Ceux-ci peuvent être analysés à la fois comme des ressources et des contraintes dans leur activité. La gestion du milieu temporel peut être entravée par certaines configurations de ces cadres, qui ne permettent pas aux chefs de culture d’intégrer les risques pour la production, pour eux-mêmes ou pour les autres travailleurs. Nous proposons une structure de formalisation des cadres temporels et de leurs interrelations dans la dynamique du milieu temporel. Elle est issue d’une démarche de « dépliage » des temporalités, fondée sur une analyse ergonomique de l’activité. La modélisation des cadres et de la gestion du milieu temporel est une conceptualisation fonctionnelle pour analyser les conditions temporelles du travail en tant que ressources pour un agir temporel pragmatique dans l’activité. / Terms of environment temporal management in a conduct of multiple processes, in dynamic situations : A research in horticulture production. This research focuses on how to manage temporalities in professional situations strained between the needs of a multiple dynamics production and a rationalization of work supposed to meet the economic needs of the company. The thesis is that workers, especially in this case middle managers in horticulture production, manage their temporal work environment in the dynamics of their activity. This management is active in the sense that it integrates timeframes, which are both resources and constraints in their activity. Temporal environment management can be hampered by some configurations of timeframes, which do not enable these workers to masterise production risks, and risks for themselves or other workers.We propose a formalization of timeframes and their relationships in the dynamics of the temporal environment. The methodology consists in a process of “unfolding” temporalities. It is based on ergonomic activity analysis. Modeling timeframes and temporal environment management is a functional conceptualization to analyze the temporal conditions of work as resources for pragmatic temporal acting, in work activity.