Orientador: Mario Jose Abdalla Saad / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T03:34:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tsukumo_DanielaMitiLemos_D.pdf: 7330041 bytes, checksum: 384133bd9ed3dd468d57225845733901 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Estudos recentes demonstram que a obesidade está associada com a resistência à insulina e com um estado de inflamação crônica subclínica. Os ¿Toll-Like Receptors¿ (TLRs) têm um papel fundamental na ativação do sistema imune através do reconhecimento de antígenos de microorganismos. O TLR4 é um subtipo de TLRs que é ativado pelo lipopolissacarídeo de bactérias gram-negativas e por outros agonistas, como os ácidos graxos saturados. A ativação do TLR4 estimula vias inflamatórias relacionadas à indução de resistência à insulina, como a JNK e a IKKß. Neste estudo, demonstrou-se que camundongos C3H/HeJ, que apresentam uma mutação inativadora do TLR4, estão protegidos da obesidade e da resistência à insulina induzidas por dieta hiperlipídica. Além disso, músculos sóleos isolados de camundongos C3H/HeJ estão protegidos da resistência à insulina induzida por ácidos graxos. Camundongos C3H/HeJ tratados com dieta hiperlipídica (DH) apresentam um menor ganho de peso, maior tolerância à glicose e maior sensibilidade à insulina em relação aos controles em DH. A análise morfométrica do tecido adiposo evidenciou que os adipócitos dos camundongos C3H/HeJ em DH são 30% menores em relação aos adipócitos dos camundongos controle tratados com a mesma dieta. Foi evidenciada uma maior fosforilação em tirosina do IRS-1 e maior fosforilação da Akt, após estímulo com insulina, em músculo, tecido adiposo e fígado de camundongos C3H/HeJ tratados com DH em relação aos controles. Observou-se uma maior ativação da JNK, da IKKß e da iNOS em músculo, tecido adiposo e fígado de animais controle tratados com DH quando comparado com camundongos C3H/HeJ tratados com a mesma dieta. O tratamento com palmitato reduziu a captação de glicose e a síntese de glicogênio em 40-50% em músculo sóleo isolado de camundongos controle, mas este efeito não foi observado em músculo sóleo isolado de camundongos C3H/HeJ. Em resumo, o nosso estudo demonstra que a inativação do TLR4 previne a obesidade induzida por dieta, a ativação da IKKß, da JNK, a resistência à insulina em camundongos em DH, além da resistência à insulina induzida por palmitato em músculo isolado. O estudo sugere que o TLR4 tem um papel importante na interligação entre o sistema imune inato e a resistência à insulina, sendo um possível alvo terapêutico para a obesidade, resistência à insulina e diabetes mellitus tipo 2 / Abstract: Obesity is associated with insulin resistance and a state of abnormal inflammatory response. The Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) has an important role in inflammation and immunity and its expression has been reported in most tissues of the body, including the insulin-sensitive ones. Since it is activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and saturated fatty acids, which are inducers of insulin resistance, TLR4 may be a candidate for participation in the cross-talk between inflammatory and metabolic signals. Here, we show that C3H/HeJ mice, which have a loss-of-function mutation in TLR4, are protected against the development of diet-induced obesity. In addition, these mice demonstrate decreased adiposity, increased oxygen consumption, a decreased respiratory exchange ratio, improved insulin sensitivity and enhanced insulin signaling capacity in adipose tissue, muscle and liver, as compared to control mice during high fat feeding. Moreover, in these tissues, control mice fed on a high fat diet show an increase in IKKß and JNK activity, which is prevented in C3H/HeJ mice. In isolated muscles from C3H/HeJ a protection from saturated fatty acid-induced insulin resistance is observed. Thus, TLR4 appears to be an important mediator of obesity and insulin resistance and a potential target for the therapy of these highly prevalent medical conditions / Doutorado / Ciencia Basica / Doutor em Clínica Médica

Orientador: Licio Augusto Velloso / Texto em português e inglês / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T09:35:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Razolli_DanielaSoares_D.pdf: 6783117 bytes, checksum: a457ef1952b61a9b35b688c018c62b0a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: A ativação de TLR4 por ácidos graxos saturados presentes na dieta é um dos mais importantes mecanismos envolvidos no desenvolvimento da resistência à insulina. Entretanto, não está claro se este efeito decorre da ativação de TLR4 em células derivadas da medula óssea, em células de tecidos insulino-sensíveis, ou em ambos. O objetivo de nosso estudo foi investigar se a ausência ou presença de TLR4 exclusivamente em células derivadas da medula óssea (BM) é suficiente para modular a ação da insulina no fígado e no tecido adiposo de camundongos com obesidade induzida por dieta. Camundongos mutantes (TLR4-/-) ou selvagens (WT) para TLR4 foram irradiados em fonte de cobalto 60 e submetidos ao transplante de medula óssea (BMT). TLR4-/- receberam medula óssea de camundongos WT e vice-versa. Após a recuperação, os animais foram alimentados com dieta rica em gordura saturada ou dieta padrão para roedores por oito semanas. Foram avaliados ganho de peso, ingestão alimentar, gasto energético e marcadores de termogênese no tecido adiposo marrom (BAT). A sensibilidade à insulina foi analisada por ITT e pela fosforilação de AKT no fígado e tecido adiposo. O metabolismo de glicose foi avaliado por GTT e pela expressão relativa de PEPCK e G6PASE no fígado. Ainda, marcadores de inflamação foram avaliados no fígado e tecido adiposo por PCR em tempo real, e o acúmulo de gordura hepática foi analisado pela marcação por OilRed. Nossos resultados revelaram que em camundongos WT recebendo BM de doadores TLR4-/- ocorreu proteção contra o desenvolvimento de obesidade e resistência à insulina induzida por dieta. Em camundongos TLR4-/- recebendo BM de doadores WT houve perda da proteção contra a obesidade e resistência à insulina induzida por dieta. A transferência de fenótipo relativo a massa corporal foi acompanhada de modificação na eficiência energética e na expressão de UCP1 em tecido adiposo marrom. A transferência de fenótipo relativo a resistência à insulina foi acompanhado da modificação do padrão de ativação de transdução do sinal da insulina por meio de AKT em fígado e tecido adiposo. Particularmente no fígado, a presença de TLR4 funcional em células derivadas da BM foi fator determinante no desenvolvimento da esteatose. Por fim, a presença de TLR4 funcional em células derivadas da BM foi acompanhada da expressão de níveis elevados de citocinas pró-inflamatórias e nível reduzido de pelo menos uma citocina anti-inflamatória em fígado e tecido adiposo, sendo que a ausência de TLR4 nas células derivadas da BM resultou em fenótipo inverso. Desta forma, conclui-se que a presença ou ausência de TLR4 em células derivadas da BM tem papel determinante, sendo simultaneamente necessário e suficiente para o desenvolvimento do fenótipo de obesidade e resistência à insulina induzida por dieta / Abstract: Saturated fatty acid-induced activation of TLR4 is one of the most important mechanisms involved in the development of insulin resistance. However, it is not clear if this effect is due to activation of TLR4 present in bone marrow (BM)-derived cells, in cells present in tissues that are targets for insulin action, or in both. The aim of the present study was to investigate if a defective TLR4 signaling in bone-marrow (BM) derived cells is sufficient to modulate the whole-body insulin action. TLR4-mutant (TLR4-/-) and wild-type (WT) mice were irradiated in a cobalt 60 source and submitted to bone marrow transplantation (BMT). TLR4-/- received BM from WT and vice-versa. After recovery, mice were fed on a high fat diet (HFD) or standard chow for eight weeks. We evaluated body mass gain, food intake, energy expenditure and markers of thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT). Insulin sensitivity was analyzed by GTT, ITT and AKT phosphorylation in liver and adipose tissue. In addition, markers of inflammation were evaluated in both tissues by real-time PCR. WT submitted to BMT from TLR4-/- donors were protected from HFD-induced obesity and insulin resistance. In TLR4-/- submitted to BMT from WT donors this effect was blunted and mice gained weight and became insulin resistant. Phenotype transfer regarding body mass was accompanied by change in energy efficiency and expression of UCP1 in brown adipose tissue. Phenotype transfer regarding insulin resistance was accompanied by changes in insulin signal transduction through AKT in liver and adipose tissue. Particularly, in the liver, the presence of a functional TLR4 in BM-derived cells was a determinant factor for the development of steatosis. Finally, the presence of a functional TLR4 in BM-derived cells was accompanied by the increased expression of inflammatory cytokines and reduced expression of at least one anti-inflammatory cytokine in the liver and adipose tissue. Thus, we conclude that the presence or absence of TLR4 in BM-derived cells is both sufficient and necessary for the induction of obesity and insulin resistance induced by diet / Doutorado / Fisiopatologia Médica / Doutora em Ciências

There has been increasing concern regarding the emergence of multi-drug resistant pathogens. The resistance develops when pathogens, especially bacteria, are frequently exposed to conventional antibiotics, as they are heavily used in both human and livestock. This is due to the high target specificity of conventional antibiotics, which places pathogens in high selective pressures and eventually results in drug resistant by mutations. To address this issue, global actions and cooperation are needed. At the same time, new technologies and strategies need to be developed. Host defense peptides (HDPs) are widely found in the innate immune system. They show both direct antimicrobial properties and immunomodulatory activities. The multifaceted functions of HPDs make them less likely to promote antimicrobial resistance. Thus, they are promising as new therapeutics to treat multi-drug resistant infections. In fact, several drug candidates derived from HDPs have entered the clinical trial, but none of them got into the clinic. This is due to several challenges associated with HDPs, such as low in vivo stability, high cost of manufacturing, and toxicity to mammalian cells. In this dissertation, we explored the ability of a new type of unnatural scaffolds (γ-AApeptides) to mimic the functions of HDPs, including both broad spectrum antimicrobial properties and immunomodulatory activities. Furthermore, the efforts to identify simpler and more drug like γ-AApeptide based antimicrobial agents were also discussed. The findings in this dissertation may lead to the development of potential drug candidates to treat multi-drug resistant infections.

Les plaquettes jouent un rôle majeur dans l’hémostase primaire ainsi que dans l’inflammation. Elles contiennent et sécrètent une grande variété de facteurs solubles et parmi les nombreux récepteurs qu’elles expriment à leur surface, les plaquettes expriment les « Toll-Like Receptor » (TLR), récepteurs clés de l’interaction entre l’immunité innée et adaptative. En réponse à un stimulus infectieux, comme le lipopolysaccharide (LPS) des bactéries Gram-négative, ligand naturel du TLR4, ou des peptides issus d’une partie de la protéine d’enveloppe du VIH (gp41), les plaquettes vont s’activer de manière différentielle. L’activation plaquettaire est variable en fonction de leur activation par à un stimulus hémostatique (exemple : la thrombine) vs. infectieux (exemple : le LPS) ; le panel de cytokines libérées dans le surnageant plaquettaire semble en fait finement régulé. De plus, nous avons démontré la présence intra-plaquettaire de la majorité des protéines composant les voies de signalisation du TLR4 eucaryote. Nous avons ensuite montré que ces voies pouvaient être modulées. L’engagement du TLR4 plaquettaire par deux types biochimiques de LPS entraîne un relargage différentiel des facteurs solubles immunomodulateurs dans le surnageant de culture et que ce surnageant dernier génère une activation différentielle des cellules cibles, comme les cellules mononucléées du sang circulant. Ces travaux montrent que la réponse inflammatoire plaquettaire est régulée en fonction du stimulus. Ainsi, mes travaux s’inscrivent dans la ré-exploration de la fonction inflammatoire des plaquettes sanguines et l’étude du rôle des plaquettes comme cellules de l’immunité innée et inflammatoire / Blood platelets are anucleated cells which play a major role on primary hemostasis and well demonstrated other functions in inflammation. Platelets store and secrete a great variety of soluble factors, with immunomodulatory functions. They also contain transcription factors that exert non-genomic activities. Among numerous receptors expressed at the surface of platelets, they display Toll-Like Receptors (TLR) that are key molecules for the interaction between innate and adaptive immunity. Platelets can be activated in response to infectious stimulation, such as with a bacterial gram-negative Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) - the natural ligand of the TLR4, or peptides from the gp41, part of the HIV envelope. Moreover, stimulation with hemostatic or infectious agonists results in the differential secretion of panels of immunomodulatory products, that seems to be finely regulated. To further understand this regulatory process, we have studied the presence in the platelet cytosol of the majority of eukaryotic TLR4 pathways proteins. The engagement of the platelet TLR4 with two biochemically distinct LPS (smooth vs. rough) leads to a differential release of immunomodulatory products in platelet supernatants; those supernatants can then differently activate target cells such as peripheral blood mononuclear cells. These results demonstrate that the inflammatory response of human platelets is regulated by the nature of the stimulus, showing new evidence on the sentry role of these cells. Thus, my work is part of a novel study of the inflammatory function of blood platelets and the role of these cells as immune cells, essentially in the innate and inflammatory branch

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第22362号 / 医博第4603号 / 新制||医||1043(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 平井 豊博, 教授 稲垣 暢也, 教授 竹内 理 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第20267号 / 医博第4226号 / 新制||医||1021(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 妹尾 浩, 教授 坂井 義治, 教授 竹内 理 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

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Growing evidence suggests that obesity and associated metabolic dysregulation occurs in concert with chronic low-grade inflammation. Toll-like receptors (TLR) are transmembrane receptors that play an important role in innate immunity and the induction of inflammatory responses. Our laboratory has observed that TLR4 expression is elevated in the skeletal muscle of obese humans and is associated with reduced fatty acid (FA) oxidation and increased lipid synthesis. Additionally, activation of this pathway by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), ex vivo, results in a shift in substrate metabolism favoring glucose as an energy substrate and preferential storage of FA in intracellular lipid depots. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of saturated vs. monounsaturated FA on TLR4 transcription and signaling using ex vivo and in vivo models. C2C12 myotubes were incubated in FA-enriched growth medium with varying ratios of palmitate and oleate for 12 hours. Following FA treatment, cells were either collected for measures of mRNA and protein levels of TLR4 or challenged with LPS (500 ng/mL) for 2 hours to assess TLR4 mediated changes in interleukin-6 (IL-6) and glucose and fatty acid metabolism. TLR4 mRNA and protein content were increased in stepwise fashion with higher palmitate concentration (p<0.05). This was associated with an exacerbated LPS effect on IL-6 mRNA and protein levels, and glucose and fatty acid metabolism. To determine if these effects are translated to an in-vivo model, C57BL/6 mice were fed high saturated fat (HSF), high monounsaturated fat (HMF), and control diets for 10 weeks. Following the dietary intervention, animals were challenged with I.P. injections of either saline or LPS (~25μg/mouse), sacrificed 4 hours post-injection, and red and white gastrocnemius muscle were harvested for measures of expression and protein levels of TLR4 and IL-6, and glucose and fatty acid metabolism. TLR4 mRNA and protein levels were not altered with either the HSF or HMF diets. However, there was a heightened LPS response with regards to increases in IL-6 and TNF-α, and enhanced shifts in substrate metabolism following the HSF diet (p<0.05). These effects were not observed in response to the HMF diet. In conclusion, these data demonstrate that a milieu of high saturated fatty acids results in elevated sensitization of the TLR4 pathway in skeletal muscle. These results provide insight into how a westernized diet, one enriched in saturated fat, may link chronic inflammation with obesity-associated metabolic abnormalities. / Ph. D.