<p>Although several systems with structure editors have been built, no model exist to formally describe the edit operations used in such editors. This thesis introduces such a model --- a formalism to describe general structure edit operations for text oriented documents. The model allows free bottom-up editing for any tree-based structural document with a textual content. It can also handle attribute and erroneous structures. Some classes of common structures have been identified and structure editor specifications constructed for them, which can be used and combined in the creation of other structure editors.</p>

Les effets des introductions d'espèces non natives sur le milieu restent mal connus et les poissons top-prédateurs, au sommet du réseau trophique (intégrateurs), sont des modèles d'étude intéressants pour observer ces impacts. Des changements de fonctionnement de communautés animales, en liaison avec ces introductions, ont été mis en évidence par les analyses des isotopes stables au sein des réseaux trophiques lentiques et lotiques, grâce à l'évaluation des positions trophiques et des régimes alimentaires des top-prédateurs. De plus, la chimie des otolithes a permis de reconstituer l'histoire de vie de poissons introduits (translocation). Ainsi, de nouvelles informations sur l'écologie trophique des poissons top-prédateurs ont été acquises et permettront la mise en place de plans de gestion.

In contrast to effortful cognitive functions, emotional functioning may remain stable or even be enhanced in older adults. It is unclear how affective functions in aging correspond to subjective experiences and physiological changes. In Study I, ratings of emotional intensity and neural activity to facial expressions using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) were analyzed in younger and older adults. Negative expressions resulted in increased neural activity in the right amygdala and hippocampus in younger adults, and increased activation in the right insular cortex in older adults. There were no age differences in subjective ratings. In Study II, subjective ratings of, and skin conductance response (SCR) to, neutral and negative pictures were studied. The ratings of negative pictures were higher for older adults compared to younger adults. SCRs increased in both age groups for the negative pictures, but magnitude of SCRs was significantly larger in younger adults. Finally, in Study III, emotional memory after a one-year retention interval was tested. The memory performance of both age groups was higher in response to negative pictures compared to neutral ones, although the performance was generally higher for younger adults. SCR at encoding was the better arousal predictor for memory, but only in younger adults. The results indicate age-related changes in affective processing. Age differences may involve a gradual shift from bottom-up processes, to more top-down processes. The results are discussed in a wider lifespan perspective taking into consideration the accumulated life experience of older adults.

This dissertation focuses on strategy formation of firms as it unfolds over time and in context. The research questions are defined to take into account the complexity of this phenomenon, in that the themes emanating address the involved structures, processes and managerial agency as the roles and influences of managers.A "semi-deductive" methodology is introduced in order to make use of the richness of theories that pertain to the research questions. The logic behind this conduct is to first construct an interdisciplinary interpretation system based on a thematic bridging of theoretical texts. In a second stage of creating knowledge, the themes are not only retained but also extended by virtue of empirical texts. A case study covers both the organizational and sectorial level of analysis during a period of six years; thus including all the competing firms within an industry, as well as the broader context in which these companies operated. The individual level is represented by the top management groups of all firms. On both theoretical and empirical grounds, a socio-cognitive perspective emerges in which an emphasis is placed on the reciprocity between individuals as acting subjects and their social contexts. The interaction is seen as the linkage that binds actors, structures and processes. Strategy formation of the firm is uncovered as a process of structuration encapsulating distinguishable structures, interaction processes and actors. The managerial role of coupling interactions is featured. The influence of managers is discussed in terms of a freedom of interpretation and a freedom of physical action. This study carries empirical as well as theoretical implications for several research fields such as industrial evolution, the management of strategic change and the theory of the firm in general. Here, the socio-cognitive framework generated may serve as a basis for uniting individual and social aspects. The "semi-deductive" methodology may also find a broad field of application. / <p>Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 1993</p>

This study explores the possibility of prediction and modification of some of the physicochemical properties of non-metallic inclusions by considering top slag-steel-ladle equilibria in an ASEA-SKF ladle furnace. To test the reliability of an available computational thermodynamic computer program, the first sub project was done. It was concluded that LiMeS, an interface for Thermo-Calc, is a useful tool for slag-steel equilibrium calculations. The second sub project was set out to find some model/s that could calculate the most accurate oxygen activity of molten steel compared to the measured one. This study concluded that both Wagner’s and Turkdogan's equations are useful. It was further seen that increasing the Al contents in the molten steel, increasing the CaO/Al2O3 ratio in the top slag, and reducing the temperature, resulted in reduction of the oxygen activity of the molten steel. In the third sub project a comparison was made between measured CaO and Al2O3 (normalised to CaO-Al2O3) in top slag, calcium aluminate inclusions, and the results of theoretical calculations. The average contents of CaO and Al2O3 in all inclusions were close to the composition of the phase Ca12Al14O33 and the contents of CaO and Al2O3 in the slags were close to the composition of the phase Ca3Al2O6 in the binary phase diagram of CaO-Al2O3. The forth sub project set out to study the effect of vacuum degassing time on non-metallic inclusions. It was concluded that during the vacuum degassing process the share of calcium aluminates compared to spinels, Ca content of the oxides, and the average equivalent circle diameters of the oxides were increasing, and oxides tended to form spherical shapes. Finally, based on the preceding four sub projects, the fifth sub project aimed to optimize the steel treatment in an ASEA-SKF ladle furnace. The final results showed that by adding 200 kg fluorite to the top slag of 1200 kg, it was possible to achieve a sulphur content of less than 10 ppm in the steel and a sulphur ratio between slag and steel of 1570, and at the same time reduce the oxygen activity of the molten steel and the degassing time. / <p>QC 20120917</p>

I denna avhandling presenteras resultaten från en empirisk undersökning med syfte att granska effekterna av decentralisering. Hur påverkas organisationen – "bakom fasaden av ord"? Vilka positiva och negativa effekter kan urskiljas? Boken innehåller också en genomgång av tidigare teorier om decentralisering. I undersökningsresultaten kan ett flertal faktorer urskiljas, med möjliga effekter för arbetsliv och konkurrenskraft. Decentralisering påverkar inte bara de formella strukturerna utan också den grundläggande organisationslogiken. Den lokala affärsverksamheten prioriteras vad gäller utveckling, resursuppbyggnad och handlingsutrymme, ofta på bekostnad av mellanchefs- och stabsnivåer. Breddade ansvarsområden prioriteras och specialiseringen i arbetet minskar. En ny syn på kunskapsutveckling kan skönjas, mer marknadsbaserad och verksamhetsnära. Flexibilitet prioriteras framför stordrift – eller handlar det om att vinna "småskalefördelar"? Decentraliseringen ger också upphov till förändrade kunskapsmönster och yrkesroller genom hela organisationen. Arbetet förändras, inte bara för personalen utan kanske framför allt för chefer och specialister. Decentralisering ställer också nya krav på ledarskapet. Hur leder man en organisation som egentligen klarar sig själv? / <p>Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 1992</p>

This thesis is about modelling and predicting the perceived whiteness of plain paper from the paper composition, including fluorescent whitening agents. This involves psychophysical modelling of perceived whiteness from measurable light reflectance properties, and physical modelling of light scattering and fluorescence from the paper composition. Existing models are first tested and improvements are suggested and evaluated. A colour appearance model including simultaneous contrast effects (CIECAM02-m2), earlier tested on coloured surfaces, is successfully applied to perceived whiteness. An extension of the Kubelka-Munk light scattering model including fluorescence for turbid media of finite thickness is successfully tested for the first time on real papers. It is extended to layered constructions with different layer optical properties and modified to enable parameter estimation with conventional d/0° spectrophotometers used in the paper industry. Lateral light scattering is studied to enable simulating the spatially resolved radiance factor from layered constructions, and angle-resolved radiance factor simulations are performed to study angular variation of whiteness. It is shown that the linear CIE whiteness equation fails to predict the perceived whiteness of highly white papers with distinct bluish tint. This equation is applicable only in a defined region of the colour space, a condition that is shown to be not fulfilled by many commercial office papers, although they appear white to most observers. The proposed non-linear whiteness equations give to these papers a whiteness value that correlates with their perceived whiteness, while application of the CIE whiteness equation outside its region of validity overestimates perceived whiteness. It is shown that the fluorescence efficiency of FWA is essentially dependent only on the ability of the FWA to absorb light in its absorption band. Increased FWA concentration leads accordingly to increased whiteness. However, since FWA absorbs light in the violet-blue region of the electromagnetic spectrum, the reflectance factor decreases in that region with increasing FWA amount. This violet-blue absorption tends to give a greener shade to the paper and explains most of the observed greening and whiteness saturation at larger FWA concentrations. A red-ward shift of the quantum efficiency is observed with increasing FWA concentration, but this is shown to have a negligible effect on the whiteness value. The results are directly applicable to industrial applications for better instrumental measurement of whiteness and thereby optimising the use of FWA with the goal to improve the perceived whiteness. / PaperOpt

This thesis presents two measurements of the top quark pair production cross section at sqrt{s} = 1.96 TeV using data from the DØ experiment. Both measurements are performed in the dilepton final state and make use of secondary vertex b-tagging. With 158 pb-1 of data in the electron-muon final state, the measured cross section is: σ(top-antitop) = 11.1 +5.8 -4.3 (stat) +- 1.4 (syst) +- 0.7 (lumi) pb. With 425 pb-1 of data in the electron+track and muon+track final states, the measured cross section is: sigma(top-antitop) = 6.3 +2.1 -1.8 (stat) +- 1.1 (syst) +- 0.4 (lumi) pb. Both measurements are in agreement with the prediction from perturbative QCD calculations. In addition, an estimate of the DØ silicon detector lifetime is presented. The radiation damage is determined by studying the depletion voltage of the silicon sensors as a function of time. Based on this data the silicon detector is estimated to remain operational up to delivered luminosities of 6-8 fb-1.

Periphyton biomass on artificial strips was observed monthly to see the impacts of nutrient differences on periphyton and periphyton-macroinvertebrates interaction. The experiment was conducted for four months in a mesocosm which were runned at six countries at the same time and with the same steps. Eight enclosures at two meters depth were used that four of them had high nutrient level and the other four had low nutrient level. Sediment, macrophyte, fish, plankton, benthic invertebrates and water were added at the same time and with the same way in all of the countries. Periphyton growth which formed on artificial 32 cm2 strips for June, July, August and September were brushed to filtered mesocosm water and dry mass, ash free dry mass, phosphorus content and chlorophyl-a concentrations were measured. Grazer pressure on the periphyton was observed with a laboratory experiment for July, August and September months. At the end of the mesocosm experiment macrophytes and fish were harvested. Macrophytes&rsquo / dry mass and fish&rsquo / abundance were measured. Moreover at the end of the experiment epiphyton was also measured. Three kajak cores were taken from sediment for macroinvertebrates at the end of the experiment and identified. All physical features of mesocosm enclosures and PVI data were recorded for every 2 weeks. Periphyton biomass was higher concentrations in HN enclosures than LN tanks. Only dry mass of periphyton biomass showed the opposite because of the marl deposition in LN tanks. This finding was also reinforced by epiphyton samples which was taken at the end of the experiment. LN enclosures had the more abundance of macroinvertebrate. The groups we found in sediment which had big grazer effect on periphyton such as gastropods and Chironomidae. Grazer experiment showed that grazer effect on periphyton increased in time. Although this raise, periphyton growth also increased in LN enclosures with nutrient increasing. This may be indicate that nutrient effect has a stronger effect than grazer pressure on periphyton. As it is explained before in the beginning of the experiment all of the conditions were the same except nutrient level. Thus, bottom-up effect changed the top-down control and at the end of the experiment we saw the more periphyton less macroinvertebrate and more fish in HN tanks while the opposite was seen in LN tanks.

Stimulus-driven changes in the gain of sensory neurons are well-documented, but relatively little is known about whether analogous gain-control can also be effected in a top-down manner. A recent psychophysical study demonstrated that sensitivity to luminance contrast can be modulated by a priori knowledge (de la Rosa et al., in press). In the present study, event-related potentials were used to resolve the stages of information processing that facilitate such knowledge-driven adjustments. Groupwise independent component analysis identified two robust spatiotemporal patterns of endogenous brain activity that captured experimental effects. The first pattern was associated with obligatory processing of contextual information, while the second pattern was associated with selective initiation of contrast gain adjustment. These data suggest that knowledge-driven contrast gain control is mediated by multiple independent electrogenic sources.