This master´s thesis provides basic properties and measurement of optical beams. In the first chapter is shown division of light on ray, wave and beam optics. Atmospheric optics and properties associated with propagation of light through the earth's atmosphere is presented in the second chapter. In the third part are shown basic techniques for Gaussian beam shaping. The last chapter deals with measurement of optical beam after propagating through a turbulent medium. In this section is shown distribution of relative variance of optical intensity in Gaussian and Top-Hat beam. There is also measured spatial coherence of laser beam in the turbulent atmospheric transmission media. Finally effect of the beam wander is investigated.

Multygeneratic system is based on cooperation action of infinity count of context-free grammars. All this context free-grammars parallel and synchronous derivate individual sentential form. During generation came in each specific derivation step to checking of correction of each generated sentential forms. This checking can be made by different ways. Solution is then so-called multistring (vector of strings), so by the help of this is defined generated language.

This study aims to investigate how the choice of media form, i.e. printed format, audiobook or reading and audio combined, affect the ability of ESL students to achieve comprehension, and how different ways of asking questions can affect their comprehension ability. Lastly, the study aims to investigate the relationship between comprehension and students’ proficiency levels in their L2. To answer this question, 155 students were recruited and divided into three groups and assigned one type of media form. The quantitative data was collected through an online comprehension test and analysed. The results showed a significant difference between the media forms and revealed that printed reading was superior. However, a printed and audio combination was the most time efficient way for students to achieve comprehension, which indicates that the inclusion of audio does not impede student learning. Previous research in the same field shows that the results are inconclusive, but shares one common conclusion, that students enjoy the audio format. As a result, the educational system should make every effort to media choices for students to choose their preferred media, and more research in the field needs to be done, as students enjoyment leads to increased learning.

Title of the thesis: Current concepts of double poling by classic technique in cross-country skiing Object of the thesis: The spatial-temporal analysis of node points and kinetic phases of the kick double poling and double poling of selected competitors at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Liberec 2009. Method: A case study in which we used the kinematographic method for the analysis of the kick double poling and double poling of selected competitors. We analyzed the video of the 15-km classic in the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Liberec 2009. For the analysis we used the software APAS. Results: We performed spatial-temporal description of node points and kinetic phases of the kick double poling and double poling of selected competitors. We characterized current concepts of kick double poling technique, because selected competitors were relatively homogeneous set. By double poling we found out flexion-extension pattern in elbow, hip joints of slipping lower limb and partly in knee and ankle joints of slipping lower limb which results in generation of great propulsive force. Double poling becomes more significant driving element than push-off. Keywords: cross-country skiing, kick double poling, double poling, kinematic analysis, top competitors

The heart of this thesis consists of life stories narrated by former as well as current sports journalists and it focuses on sports journalism as a profession in political and social contexts. The first part gives an example of theories which deconstruct the myth of sport as an apolitical phenomenon. The second part reconstructs the history of public appearances of sport by examining attitudes, values and desires of interviewees. Using the snowball sampling technique -- recruitment of future subjects from among their acquaintances -- the researcher processes memories of eight interviewees whose information is classified into four main topics. Those include answers to under what conditions interviewees made a decision on their occupation, which sports they were concerned with, what reputation those sports had, what constraints they faced in their job, and what other unexpected roles their profession implies. As a whole, this text describe sports journalism as sine qua non for an outset of the tendency which began to grow during the 1950s in Czechoslovakia -- the attraction extending beyond the leisure activity and the top level sport gaining in popularity.

Agenda 2030 är en handlingsplan för hur världens alla länder gemensamt ska nå en hållbar utveckling socialt, ekonomiskt och ekologiskt. Agenda 2030 berör den sociala dimensionen av hållbar utveckling och kan därför kopplas till ett långsiktigt folkhälsoarbete. Syftet med studien är att undersöka tjänstepersoners uppfattningar om förutsättningarna för att implementera Agenda 2030 i deras kommun. Urvalet i studien var målstyrt då respondenterna skulle svara på frågor om arbetet med Agenda 2030. För studien användes en kvalitativ ansats med semistrukturerade intervjuer som datainsamlingsmetod där materialet sedan analyserades enligt en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultatet visar att stödjande faktorer som politisk vilja, pågående handlingsplan, samarbetsmöjligheter, tillgängliga resurser, kompetens och tydlig ledning och styrning förenklade arbetet med Agenda 2030. Hindrande faktorer var bristande kompetens, otydlig ledning och styrning. Dessutom har Coronapandemin har haft en negativ påverkan på ekonomi och organisation. Utvecklingsmöjligheter är att fortsätta med det pågående arbetet och utveckla målstyrningen samt integreringen av Agenda 2030 i den ordinarie verksamheten. Slutsatsen är att kommunerna befann sig i olika faser av implementeringsprocessen varpå förutsättningarna varierade mellan kommunerna. Kommunerna behöver uppmärksamma stödjande faktorer och arbeta med hindrande faktorer tillsammans med utvecklingsmöjligheter för att skapa goda förutsättningar för lokal implementering av Agenda 2030.  Nyckelord: folkhälsa, hållbar utveckling, kommun, kvalitativ studie, tjänsteperson, top-down implementering / The Agenda 2030 is an action plan for global sustainability divided into17 goals and three dimensions of social, ecological and economical sustainability. The social dimension of sustainability affects the determinants of health and can therefore contribute to better public health. The aim of this study is to examine official workers perceptions of the conditions to implement Agenda 2030 in Swedish municipalities.  The selection method was strategic as the respondents were to answer questions about their experiences according to their work with implementing Agenda 2030. For the study, a qualitative approach was used with semi-structured interviews to collect data. The data were analyzed according to qualitative content analysis.  The results show that supporting factors such as political will, an ongoing action plan, cooperation opportunities, available resources, competence, clear management and governance simplified the work with Agenda 2030. Hindering factors inthe process where lack of competence, lack of distinct management and guidance. The corona pandemic has had a negative impact on the economy and organization.  Development opportunities are to continue with the ongoing work and develop management by objectives and the integration of Agenda 2020 in the regular operations.  The conclusion of the study is that the municipalities were in different phases of the implementation process and therefore conditions varied. The municipalities need to pay attention to the supporting factors and work with the hindering factors together with development opportunities to create good conditions for local implementation of Agenda 2030.  Key words: Municipality, Official Worker, Public Health, Qualitative Interviews, Sustainable Development, Top-Down Implementation

No description available.

Tree series transformations computed by bottom-up and top-down tree series transducers are called bottom-up and top-down tree series transformations, respectively. (Functional) compositions of such transformations are investigated. It turns out that the class of bottomup tree series transformations over a commutative and complete semiring is closed under left-composition with linear bottom-up tree series transformations and right-composition with boolean deterministic bottom-up tree series transformations. Moreover, it is shown that the class of top-down tree series transformations over a commutative and complete semiring is closed under right-composition with linear, nondeleting top-down tree series transformations. Finally, the composition of a boolean, deterministic, total top-down tree series transformation with a linear top-down tree series transformation is shown to be a top-down tree series transformation.

The goal of this Thesis is to introduce the circumstances of creation the political party TOP09, its development, results in elections in years 2010 - 2018 and its position in current political scene. In the introduction I will define the theoretical background and context. I will interduce the political party, its place in the system and I mention the typology of political parties. Then I will describe the party system with an emphasis on party system in Czech Republic. In the main part of the Thesis I will describe circumstances of creation the political party TOP09 and define programmatic of the party. I'm going to analyze a reason of successes and failures of the party in elections, which took place on Czech Republic, since its creation in 2008 till present year 2018. In this thesis is based on analytical, descriptive and comparative methods.

Background - Women are underrepresented in top management positions all over the globe. This also applies to Sweden, despite the country's long progressive and high material prosperity. This situation is particularly evident in the banking sector, where women represent approximately half of the workforce. However, in the four largest banks in Sweden, women only occupy 33,25 percent in the highest management teams and 34,5 percent on the boards. This phenomenon is often referred to as “the glass ceiling,” a set of barriers that hinder women’s accessibility to top management positions. This underrepresentation is, in turn, likely to result in a loss of potential human resources due to organizations not searching for competent candidates in approximately half of the population. Further, banks are associated with a lot of power in the society, where they have a significant impact, with a critical role in the economy, contributing to financial growth. Initiatives by for instance the EU Commission to increase gender diversity are on the high agenda. Consequently, the subject of understanding and overcoming these barriers stands high on the agenda of both politicians and researchers. Purpose - The purpose of this study is to identify barriers among women toward reaching top management positions in the commercial banking sector, as well as how women in top management positions have overcome them. By investigating the barriers and how women overcome them, we will contribute with a deeper understanding and meaningful insights to political and managerial practitioners on how they can identify and help women overcome the barriers. The foundation of the theoretical framework in this study will be based on Becker’s (1957) theory of discrimination, Social role theory, and System justification theory will lay the foundation of the theoretical framework in this study. Method - This study is based on qualitative research with a multiple case study in the banking sector in Sweden. Conclusion - We conclude that the most common barriers are based on stereotypical beliefs, the balance between private life and work, biases and discrimination, and organizational culture and structure. How to overcome these barriers is built on supporting organizations, an equal private life situation, and specifically identified personality traits.