Any society is by nature coercive and its institutions are no exception. This was true of mission institutions in South Africa. While acknowledging the invaluable contribution of mission education to the development of black South Africans predominantly, it is clear that Lovedale Missionary Institution exemplifies the concept and reality of a ‘total institution’ which was as susceptible to the problems of power relations as any institution, secular or religious. Idris Shah’s concept of ‘coercive agency’ is apposite for this study. Lovedale’s foundation was laid and developed by the first two Principals. In a very real sense, it was perfected by the third Principal of Lovedale, James Henderson who, like his predecessors, emphasised the ultimate aim of conversion through a thorough process of character formation which infiltrated every aspect of life at Lovedale, especially discipline and the programme of industrial education. Those who studied there internalised its ethos in a manner which could not simply be discarded on leaving the Institution for it had become part of their identity, their indigenous personality and traditional life-style having been largely obliterated and reconstructed according to the ideological ideals of western Christian civilisation and European colonialism. Coercive agency was successful in that it effectively encouraged adaptation to missionary ideology. However, this was not an irreversible process for many Lovedale students came to reject the mores of the religion and education they received both during their stay at Lovedale and in later life in a variety of ways as they challenged and resisted the effects of the coercive agency of internalisation. Institutionalisation is, by nature, resistant to change as can be seen in the policies of the respective Principals. Yet, Henderson was able to initiate change while maintaining essential continuity of purpose. Consequently, black people were alienated by a process of ‘exclusion’. The Christian principles of justice, love and peace have a universal application and are appropriate tools for the development of a new model of education in South African society whose mission is to work towards reconciliation between individuals, within society and with the God who wishes to ‘embrace’ the totality of creation. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / D. Th. (Missiology)

[pt] O presente estudo tem como objetivo a análise discursiva de narrativas geradas na interação entre mulheres migrantes e a obra literária A hora da estrela, de Clarice Lispector, que possui como temática central a migração. O ambiente de geração dos dados, assim, é contextualizado pela literatura, que é pano de fundo para as interações; e pela temática da migração, que tangencia as histórias de vida dessas mulheres – Cássia, Taís, eu mesma e Macabéa – protagonista da obra literária escolhida. O foco da pesquisa está voltado para o acontece na interação entre as participantes e para a (re)elaboração de experiências nas narrativas, quando temas ligados à construção de identidades, estigmas e instituições emergiram de forma recorrente. Sendo assim, de forma mais específica, os objetivos são: (i) analisar o discurso narrativo das participantes no que diz respeito às suas experiências migratórias; (ii) analisar como as participantes avaliam suas experiências vividas a partir da interação com a obra literária e (iii) analisar que identidades, estigmas e instituições emergem nessa prática discursiva avaliativa que as participantes elaboram acerca de seu processo migratório. Esta pesquisa insere-se no âmbito da Linguística Aplicada (MOITA LOPES, 2006; 2013) e propõe uma investigação de cunho interdisciplinar entre os Estudos da Linguagem e a Literatura. Para fundamentar as análises, o arcabouço teórico-metodológico dialoga com teorias de linguagem de base social, a saber as áreas de análise de narrativa e os estudos de identidade (BASTOS, 2008); da sociolinguística interacional, a partir de alguns conceitos cunhados por Goffman (1961; 1963; 1979); e da Linguística Sistêmico-Funcional (HALLIDAY, 1994; GOUVEIA, 2009; NÓBREGA, 2009), especialmente, o Sistema de Avaliatividade (MARTIN; WHITE, 2005). No âmbito dos Estudos Literários, recorro à estética da recepção à teoria do efeito estético, principalmente aos postulados de Jaus (1994 (1969)) e de Iser (1996 (1976)), que se preocupam com a relação entre texto e leitor. Dessa forma, o alinhamento metodológico se dá com a pesquisa qualitativa (DENZIN; LINCOLN, 2006), por ser uma investigação situada em teorias de bases sociais. A pesquisa também possui um cunho autoetnográfico (ELLIS, ADAMS; BOCHNER, 2010), visto que se desenvolve em um contexto familiar, em que uma das participantes possui uma relação direta de parentesco com a pesquisadora. Os resultados das análises sugerem que as interlocutoras, por meio de suas histórias de vida, (re)constroem identidades e afetos pela diferenciação de Macabéa, personagem da obra literária. Os momentos avaliativos se mostram fundamentais para (re)construção das narrativas, que dialogam com o contexto de leitura da obra de Clarice. Sendo assim, Cássia e Taís (co)constroem e (re)constroem identidades para migrante nordestina, recontextualizando uma mulher crédula e ingênua na figura de uma mulher batalhadora, estudiosa, que busca e conquista sua ascensão social apesar dos estigmas sofridos e das vivências de abuso nas chamadas casas de famílias, entendidas como instituições totais. Esta tese pode contribuir de forma original para a área de Linguística Aplicada, que incentiva pesquisas de caráter inter/transdisciplinar. Além disso, mostra-se um ato de (re)existência – e de resistência – de tantas histórias de mulheres nordestinas e migrantes. / [en] The present study aims at analyzing narratives generated in the interaction between migrant women and the literary work The hour of the star, by Clarice Lispector, whose main theme is migration. Thus, the environment of data generation is contextualized by the literature, which is the background for interactions; and by migration, topic that touches the life stories of these women – Cassia, Taís, myself and Macabéa – protagonist of the chosen literary work. The focus of the research is on what happens in the interaction between the participants and the (re)elaboration of narrative experiences, when themes related to the construction of identities, stigmas and institutions emerged in a recurrent way. Hence the objectives are: (i) to analyze the narrative discourse of the participants regarding their migratory experiences; (ii) to investigate how the participants evaluate their lived experiences in the interaction with the literary work and (iii) to observe which identities, stigmas and institutions emerge in this evaluative discursive practice that the participants made about their migratory process. This research is developed within the scope of Applied Linguistics (MOITA LOPES, 2006; 2013) and proposes an interdisciplinary investigation between Language Studies and Literature. To support the analysis, the theoretical-methodological framework dialogues with socially based language theories, namely the areas of Narrative Analysis and Identity Studies (BASTOS, 2008); of Sociointeractional Perspective of Discourse, based on some concepts from Goffman (1961; 1963; 1979); and of SFL (HALLIDAY, 1994; GOUVEIA, 2009; NÓBREGA, 2009), especially the Appraisal Theory (MARTIN; WHITE, 2005). In the context of Literary Studies, I refer to the Aesthetic of Reception and the Theory of Aesthetic Effect, especially to the postulates of Jauss ((1969) 1994) and Iser ((1976) 1996), that concern with the relationship between text and reader. The methodological framework aligns with qualitative research (DENZIN; LINCOLN, 2006), as it is an investigation situated on socially based theories. The research also has an auto-ethnographic aspect (ELLIS, ADAMS; BOCHNER, 2010), since it is carried out in a familiar context, in which one of the participants has a direct relationship with the researcher. Results suggest that interlocutors, through their life stories, (re)construct identities and emotions through the differentiation of Macabéa, character of the literary work. The evaluative moments are fundamental for the (re)construction of narratives, which dialogues with the reading context of Clarice s work. Cassia and Taís (co)construct and (re)construct identities for the migrant from northeastern of Brazil, recontextualizing a gullible and naive woman in the figure of a struggling, studious woman who seeks and conquers her social ascension despite the stigmas suffered and experiences of abuse in the so-called family homes, understood here as total institutions. This thesis may contribute in an original way to the area of Applied Linguistics, encouraging inter and transdisciplinary research. Moreover, it is shown an act of (re)existence – and resistance – of so many stories of migrant women from northeastern of Brazil.

The purpose of this thesis is to examine the experiences of South African women prior to, during and after incarceration. The theoretical bases for this study include the general strain theory (GST), feminist pathways approach and Goffman’s “total institutions”. The study made use of a qualitative research design. In-depth interviews were conducted with a total of twenty female ex-prisoners, who were selected using snowball sampling, to obtain information about their experiences during the periods indicated. The findings of the study indicated that, in respect of the three periods mentioned, the participants cited their experiences during incarceration as the most prominent as they tended to dwell more on this phase of their lives than any other phase. This is, in fact, not surprising as their narratives portrayed their lives behind bars as having been traumatic with far-reaching consequences for their lives after their incarceration. The study found that some of the participants had histories of emotional and physical abuse before their offending behaviours. It emerged that consensual same-sex sexual relationships between females in South African prisons exist and that these relationships are, sometimes, accepted by the family members of the female inmates. The participants reported that coercive sexual relationships also take place in female prisons in South Africa. It was also reported that the conditions under which females are incarcerated are, for the most part, deplorable. It emerged that the female prisoners use a unique monetary system which is based mainly on the trade by barter system. In addition, the findings revealed that female inmates often experience daunting challenges upon their release from prison, including high rates of unemployment, stigma and discrimination, family breakdown and the psychological effects of imprisonment, all of which often compound the resolve of some of the participants to live crime-free lives. / Sociology / D.Litt. et Phil. (Sociology)

The purpose of this thesis is to examine the experiences of South African women prior to, during and after incarceration. The theoretical bases for this study include the general strain theory (GST), feminist pathways approach and Goffman’s “total institutions”. The study made use of a qualitative research design. In-depth interviews were conducted with a total of twenty female ex-prisoners, who were selected using snowball sampling, to obtain information about their experiences during the periods indicated. The findings of the study indicated that, in respect of the three periods mentioned, the participants cited their experiences during incarceration as the most prominent as they tended to dwell more on this phase of their lives than any other phase. This is, in fact, not surprising as their narratives portrayed their lives behind bars as having been traumatic with far-reaching consequences for their lives after their incarceration. The study found that some of the participants had histories of emotional and physical abuse before their offending behaviours. It emerged that consensual same-sex sexual relationships between females in South African prisons exist and that these relationships are, sometimes, accepted by the family members of the female inmates. The participants reported that coercive sexual relationships also take place in female prisons in South Africa. It was also reported that the conditions under which females are incarcerated are, for the most part, deplorable. It emerged that the female prisoners use a unique monetary system which is based mainly on the trade by barter system. In addition, the findings revealed that female inmates often experience daunting challenges upon their release from prison, including high rates of unemployment, stigma and discrimination, family breakdown and the psychological effects of imprisonment, all of which often compound the resolve of some of the participants to live crime-free lives. / Sociology / D. Litt. et Phil. (Sociology)