In the last few years, approximately 40 000 of unaccompanied children, mainly boys, have arrived in Sweden. Initially, these minors were placed into residential care units (HVB). Media has suggested that these adolescents, have difficulties associated to poor mental health. Earlier research concerning the mental state of these minors, indicates a high prevalence of PTSD. This motivated the aim of this study: to explore the professionals’ understanding of support and the form of housing that accommodates these minors, related to poor mental health. An interpretive approach was chosen with attachment theory and Goffmans’ theory regarding institutional life, as theoretical bedrocks and six qualitative semi- structured interviews formed the basis for the result. Four central themes were discovered through content data analysis. The themes indicated that the boys are under pressure and experiencing stress which is a recurrent experience for some authorities and health care units, responsible for supporting these adolescents. However, the personal support from individuals, demonstrates a commitment that likely has a positive impact on these boys life. While the form of housing may have a harmful effect, it could also be cultural differences combined with PTSD affecting the emotional state of unaccompanied children living in Sweden.

<p>Different Perspectives is a study of detainees' and guards' experiences of the remand prison. The result of the study shows that the remand prison brings forth the individuals anxiety, stress and fear. The individual detained in remand prison have a great need for contact with their families, but also with the guards. In the remand prison there is always a great level of control and always some kind of power practised. It is the guards who have the power and the competences to make the individuals detained in remand prison follow the rules and do what they have been told. The society possesses biases and a great curiosity about remand prisons and the people being there. This can lead to stigmatization among both the detained individuals as well as the guards.</p>

Different Perspectives is a study of detainees' and guards' experiences of the remand prison. The result of the study shows that the remand prison brings forth the individuals anxiety, stress and fear. The individual detained in remand prison have a great need for contact with their families, but also with the guards. In the remand prison there is always a great level of control and always some kind of power practised. It is the guards who have the power and the competences to make the individuals detained in remand prison follow the rules and do what they have been told. The society possesses biases and a great curiosity about remand prisons and the people being there. This can lead to stigmatization among both the detained individuals as well as the guards.

This thesis is both descriptive and philosophical, and at its core, it justifies the need for social foundations of education courses and programs in the university setting. It begins by analyzing the meaning of oppression and the part knowledge plays in confining the individual. The analysis then draws upon Patricia Hill Collins' theory of intersecting oppressions to get at the complexities and restrictions of working in the public schooling institution. It works through the ways in which sexist, classist, and racist practices afflict everyone in the institution through the bureaucratic mechanism and collateral oppression. The four components that make up the wires on the cage (gender, class, race, and bureaucracy) not only confine; they cause varying degrees of direct and indirect harms (psychological, emotional, moral, financial) to those on the inside. The concept of the institutional cage is then merged with Rodman Webb's work on schools as total institutions. Through an analysis on the characteristics of total institutions, it becomes apparent that standardization, technological developments, and the influence of venture philanthropy have brought schools more in-line with the total institution. The study then clarifies the ways in which corporatic, bureaucratic, and technocratic mentalities infect the institution, where they intersect, and how they restrict those within. The components coalesce into the conceptualization of moral oppression: the act of being coerced to ignore and suppress one's morality, moral impulses, and moral way of knowing. The remainder of the study explores the meaning of moral action and suggests some ways educators can let go of the ways of thinking and acting that may be keeping them from confidently doing what they know to be good and just.

This research examines the United States Army’s adaptation and organizational resilience as it faces the phenomenon of what is commonly assumed to be the drastically different millennial generation of potential recruits, soldiers, and future leaders. Millennials are arguably the most unique generation to date when compared to their predecessors, mainly due to the significant technological advances of the past few decades and their ubiquitous use of technology. This study is distinctive because it addresses organizational resilience and generational gap issues from a cultural maintenance versus an adaptation and resilience viewpoint within what the author argues is presently a quasi-total, rather than total, institution. The study results refute important claims in the existing literature, which label the U.S. Army a total institution. That designation is no longer accurate because the modern U.S. Army has changed drastically. The ‘total institution’ label for the modern U.S. Army is only true during certain periods of the soldier’s experience, such as during onboarding or deployment. Thus, the label quasi-total is a better descriptor of the modern U.S. Army. Still, the U.S. Army’s need to change, so that it can recruit, train, accommodate, and retain this younger generation as an employer, must be balanced with preserving the organizational ability, culture and identity essential for the U.S. Army to function. That constant need for balance between accommodation and maintenance of core values and processes has mitigated the ‘total institution’ mindset of old. That is a major finding of this study. This study is an exploratory investigation using formal theme statements in an interview format given to the top 1% of the 1% of the U.S. Army’s leadership, as well as to lower ranking millennial soldiers. In this it is rare, if not unique. It is a problem-solving exploratory effort. In addition to a review of existing literature on related interdisciplinary topics, the study collected and analyzed empirical data in the forms of semi-structured interviews of senior grade non-millennial officers in Part 2, and, in Part 3, interviews of junior grade millennial generation soldiers who are currently serving. The study took a holistic approach to understand relevant views of different generations presently in the service and harvested the experiences and perspectives of senior leaders who have witnessed the U.S. Army’s transition firsthand. The findings indicate that several junior millennial respondents had contrary views and values to the assumptions society makes about them. Nor did they identify with the stereotypes of common views and biases about their generation. Amid signifying that not all millennials are alike, this discovery more importantly implies that assimilation to a strong organizational culture can transcend and/or alter presumed generational characteristics and norms, thereby demonstrating the U.S. Army’s resilience at the organizational level. The study showcases the uniqueness of the U.S. Army: as a ‘quasi-total institution’ it differs from others so labeled because it becomes much less total as the member spends more time in it. As an organization, the U.S. Army is different from most others because it must retain its talent since it has to grow leadership internally. Finally, its strong culture is essential to daily operations. Despite those facts that make the subject organization unique, parts of the study are relevant to many businesses globally which face similar issues of organizational adaptation versus resilience enfolding their multi-generational millennial versus non-millennial workforce. / Business Administration/Interdisciplinary

Le sujet principal de ce mémoire est l’expression des émotions en univers carcéral. L’émission radiophonique « Souverains Anonymes » a servi d’étude de cas pour ce travail. Dans cette étude, j’ai analysé en détail l’expression des émotions dans un environnement supposément hostile, soit le milieu carcéral. Je me suis appuyée sur la littérature portant sur les émotions et les institutions totales afin d’étudier un nouvel axe qui est celui de l’analyse interactionnelle de l’expression des émotions dans un environnement imposé, régimenté, a priori non propice à de telles expressions. Le corpus à partir duquel j’ai élaboré mes analyses est constitué, d’une vidéographie intitulée « Hommes de passage » réalisé par Bruno Boulianne. C’est une vidéographie, qui a été tourné sur l’émission de radio avec également des entretiens menés en dehors du contexte de la radio. Quatre extraits pertinents ont été retenus dans cette vidéographie pour l’analyse des moments visibles d’émotion. Le corpus est également constitué d’une journée d’observation de la préparation de cette émission, observation que j’ai enregistrée sous forme de notes manuscrites. Enfin une seconde journée d’observation m’a permise de compléter et de vérifier les résultats de mes analyses. Par l’analyse de toutes ces données, je tente de mieux comprendre comment et dans quelles circonstances les détenus expriment et parlent de leurs émotions. Comme nous le verrons à travers les analyses que je propose, il est principalement question de leur identité lorsque les détenus expriment ou parlent de leurs émotions. Il s’agit d’une identité qu’ils voudraient obtenir, soit celle qu’ils souhaitent regagner ou celle qu’ils souhaitent acquérir. Cette quête identitaire revêt différents aspects, entre autres, avec des références à la morale, à la famille ou encore aux murs de la prison. L’expression des émotions et l’expression identitaire apparaissent donc inextricablement liées dans leur discours. / The main topic of this master’s thesis is the expression of emotions in a prison environment. The radio show « Souverains Anonymes » was selected as a case study for this work. In this study, I analyzed in detail the expression of emotions in a setting considered as being supposedly hostile, i.e., the prison environment. I started from the literature devoted to emotions and total institutions in order to develop a new approach based on the interactional analysis of the expression of emotions in an environment, that, because of its rigidity and coercive character, is a priori not conducive to such expressions. The data from which I conducted my analysis were taken from a documentary titled « Hommes de passage » directed by Bruno Boulianne and produced by the National Film Board of Canada. Four relevant excerpts were chosen in this documentary to analyze visible moments of emotion. Data were also collected based on a one-day observation of the preparation of the radio show, an observation that was recorded through note taking. Finally, a second day of observation allowed me to complete and confirm the results of my analyses. Through the analysis of these data (video and observation), I try to better understand how and in what interactional circumstances prisoners express and speak about their emotions As we will see through the analyses I propose, prisoners tend to express emotions when they deal with questions related to their respective identities. It is an identity they long for, either one they would like to recover or one they would like to gain. This identity quest undertakes several aspects with, among others, references to morale, family or even prison walls. The expression of emotions and identity appear to be inextricably linked in their discourse.

Le sujet principal de ce mémoire est l’expression des émotions en univers carcéral. L’émission radiophonique « Souverains Anonymes » a servi d’étude de cas pour ce travail. Dans cette étude, j’ai analysé en détail l’expression des émotions dans un environnement supposément hostile, soit le milieu carcéral. Je me suis appuyée sur la littérature portant sur les émotions et les institutions totales afin d’étudier un nouvel axe qui est celui de l’analyse interactionnelle de l’expression des émotions dans un environnement imposé, régimenté, a priori non propice à de telles expressions. Le corpus à partir duquel j’ai élaboré mes analyses est constitué, d’une vidéographie intitulée « Hommes de passage » réalisé par Bruno Boulianne. C’est une vidéographie, qui a été tourné sur l’émission de radio avec également des entretiens menés en dehors du contexte de la radio. Quatre extraits pertinents ont été retenus dans cette vidéographie pour l’analyse des moments visibles d’émotion. Le corpus est également constitué d’une journée d’observation de la préparation de cette émission, observation que j’ai enregistrée sous forme de notes manuscrites. Enfin une seconde journée d’observation m’a permise de compléter et de vérifier les résultats de mes analyses. Par l’analyse de toutes ces données, je tente de mieux comprendre comment et dans quelles circonstances les détenus expriment et parlent de leurs émotions. Comme nous le verrons à travers les analyses que je propose, il est principalement question de leur identité lorsque les détenus expriment ou parlent de leurs émotions. Il s’agit d’une identité qu’ils voudraient obtenir, soit celle qu’ils souhaitent regagner ou celle qu’ils souhaitent acquérir. Cette quête identitaire revêt différents aspects, entre autres, avec des références à la morale, à la famille ou encore aux murs de la prison. L’expression des émotions et l’expression identitaire apparaissent donc inextricablement liées dans leur discours. / The main topic of this master’s thesis is the expression of emotions in a prison environment. The radio show « Souverains Anonymes » was selected as a case study for this work. In this study, I analyzed in detail the expression of emotions in a setting considered as being supposedly hostile, i.e., the prison environment. I started from the literature devoted to emotions and total institutions in order to develop a new approach based on the interactional analysis of the expression of emotions in an environment, that, because of its rigidity and coercive character, is a priori not conducive to such expressions. The data from which I conducted my analysis were taken from a documentary titled « Hommes de passage » directed by Bruno Boulianne and produced by the National Film Board of Canada. Four relevant excerpts were chosen in this documentary to analyze visible moments of emotion. Data were also collected based on a one-day observation of the preparation of the radio show, an observation that was recorded through note taking. Finally, a second day of observation allowed me to complete and confirm the results of my analyses. Through the analysis of these data (video and observation), I try to better understand how and in what interactional circumstances prisoners express and speak about their emotions As we will see through the analyses I propose, prisoners tend to express emotions when they deal with questions related to their respective identities. It is an identity they long for, either one they would like to recover or one they would like to gain. This identity quest undertakes several aspects with, among others, references to morale, family or even prison walls. The expression of emotions and identity appear to be inextricably linked in their discourse.

Rättsmedicinalverket som sluten institution är en expertmyndighet inom rättsväsendet som finns på sex skilda platser runt hela landet som omfattar cirka 500 medarbetare. Varje år görs det cirka 500 rättspsykiatriska undersökningar i Sverige. Omvårdnadspersonal på Rättsmedicinalverket hanterar dagligen individer som kommer från häktet, som mår psykiskt dåligt och behöver stöttning. Vissa av dessa fall kan vara väldigt tunga och påverkar de anställdas välbefinnande negativt. Personalen i sin arbetsroll måste se människan bakom brottet och därför agera som lojala, tillitsfulla och objektiva, vilket kan vara både krävande och svårt. Med hänsyn till institutionens karaktär har studien använt sig av en socialpsykologisk ansats och ett kvalitativt tillvägagångssätt. Med hjälp av teoretiska utgångspunkter i Kazemis modell om socialt välbefinnande och Goffmans teori om totala institutioner har studien sökt förståelse för problemet. Syftet med studien var att undersöka det sociala välbefinnandet hos personal inom den slutna institutionen Rättsmedicinalverket. Tio semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med omvårdnadspersonal på Rättsmedicinalverket, varav 8 var män och 2 kvinnor. Resultatet visade bland annat att personalen värderade sina sociala relationer högt, både mellan kollegor och chefer, samt med de intagna. Det framhöll även att personalen använde sig av en rad copingstrategier för att hantera arbetets specifika karaktär. Vidare visade resultatet den slutna institutionens beroende av säkerhet-/infrastruktur för hanteringen av det dagliga arbetet. / The National Board of Forensic Medicine is a closed institution and an expert authority within the legal system, that includes around 500 employees located in six different locations throughout the country. Every year, about 500 forensic psychiatric examinations are conducted in Sweden. Nursing staff at the National Board of Forensic Medicine deal with individuals daily who come from custody, are mentally unwell and require support. Some of these cases can be very heavy and negative for the well-being of the employees. In their role, the staff must see the person behind the crime and therefore act with loyalty, being trustworthy, and objective, which can be both demanding and difficult. The purpose of the study was to investigate the social well-being of staff at the closed institution National Board of Forensic Medicine. Considering the nature of the institution, the study used a social-psychological approach. Using theoretical frameworks such as Kazemi´s model of social well-being and Goffman's theory of total institutions, the study sought understanding of the problem. Ten semi-structured interviews were conducted with nursing staff at National Board of Forensic Medicine, of which 8 were men and 2 were women. The result showed, among other things, that the staff valued their social relationships highly, both among colleagues and with the inmates. The result also showed that the staff used a range of coping strategies to deal with the specific nature of their work. Furthermore, the result showed that the functioning of the closed institution depended on its security and infrastructure.

Any society is by nature coercive and its institutions are no exception. This was true of mission institutions in South Africa. While acknowledging the invaluable contribution of mission education to the development of black South Africans predominantly, it is clear that Lovedale Missionary Institution exemplifies the concept and reality of a ‘total institution’ which was as susceptible to the problems of power relations as any institution, secular or religious. Idris Shah’s concept of ‘coercive agency’ is apposite for this study. Lovedale’s foundation was laid and developed by the first two Principals. In a very real sense, it was perfected by the third Principal of Lovedale, James Henderson who, like his predecessors, emphasised the ultimate aim of conversion through a thorough process of character formation which infiltrated every aspect of life at Lovedale, especially discipline and the programme of industrial education. Those who studied there internalised its ethos in a manner which could not simply be discarded on leaving the Institution for it had become part of their identity, their indigenous personality and traditional life-style having been largely obliterated and reconstructed according to the ideological ideals of western Christian civilisation and European colonialism. Coercive agency was successful in that it effectively encouraged adaptation to missionary ideology. However, this was not an irreversible process for many Lovedale students came to reject the mores of the religion and education they received both during their stay at Lovedale and in later life in a variety of ways as they challenged and resisted the effects of the coercive agency of internalisation. Institutionalisation is, by nature, resistant to change as can be seen in the policies of the respective Principals. Yet, Henderson was able to initiate change while maintaining essential continuity of purpose. Consequently, black people were alienated by a process of ‘exclusion’. The Christian principles of justice, love and peace have a universal application and are appropriate tools for the development of a new model of education in South African society whose mission is to work towards reconciliation between individuals, within society and with the God who wishes to ‘embrace’ the totality of creation. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / D. Th. (Missiology)

Any society is by nature coercive and its institutions are no exception. This was true of mission institutions in South Africa. While acknowledging the invaluable contribution of mission education to the development of black South Africans predominantly, it is clear that Lovedale Missionary Institution exemplifies the concept and reality of a ‘total institution’ which was as susceptible to the problems of power relations as any institution, secular or religious. Idris Shah’s concept of ‘coercive agency’ is apposite for this study. Lovedale’s foundation was laid and developed by the first two Principals. In a very real sense, it was perfected by the third Principal of Lovedale, James Henderson who, like his predecessors, emphasised the ultimate aim of conversion through a thorough process of character formation which infiltrated every aspect of life at Lovedale, especially discipline and the programme of industrial education. Those who studied there internalised its ethos in a manner which could not simply be discarded on leaving the Institution for it had become part of their identity, their indigenous personality and traditional life-style having been largely obliterated and reconstructed according to the ideological ideals of western Christian civilisation and European colonialism. Coercive agency was successful in that it effectively encouraged adaptation to missionary ideology. However, this was not an irreversible process for many Lovedale students came to reject the mores of the religion and education they received both during their stay at Lovedale and in later life in a variety of ways as they challenged and resisted the effects of the coercive agency of internalisation. Institutionalisation is, by nature, resistant to change as can be seen in the policies of the respective Principals. Yet, Henderson was able to initiate change while maintaining essential continuity of purpose. Consequently, black people were alienated by a process of ‘exclusion’. The Christian principles of justice, love and peace have a universal application and are appropriate tools for the development of a new model of education in South African society whose mission is to work towards reconciliation between individuals, within society and with the God who wishes to ‘embrace’ the totality of creation. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / D. Th. (Missiology)