El Perú ha fortalecido su política comercial a través del potenciamiento del comercio exterior. Mediante la apertura comercial, el Perú puede llegar a los diferentes mercados del mundo. Entrar en negocios internacionales incrementa la eficiencia productiva de los países, pues los países exportan aquellos productos que le resultan más económicos de producir e importan aquellos productos que le resultan más costosos de producir. Además, los Tratados de Libre Comercio, permiten el desarrollo del Perú en términos económicos, culturales, políticos, legales, sociales, ambientales y tecnológicos. El Programa País, el PENX y la Agenda Complementaria, son un claro ejemplo de que nuestra política comercial sigue en búsqueda de la consolidación. En este contexto, el Perú cuenta con un Tratado de Libre Comercio con la República Popular China (de ahora en adelante China), el cual entró en vigor el 01 de marzo de 2010 (TLC Perú-China, 2011). Nuestras exportaciones hacia dicho país han aumentado considerablemente en volumen y valor FOB (ADEX DATA TRADE, 2018) y China es nuestro principal socio comercial con una amplia ventaja. En el sector pesquero, la Harina de Pescado es el producto líder en exportaciones mundiales. La materia prima de la harina de pescado es la anchoveta y la pesca de esta especie, tuvo un momento clave cuando se establecieron los límites máximos de captura por embarcación, en búsqueda de la sostenibilidad del recurso (Aranguren, Arteaga y Chavez). Por otro lado, el mercado de China tiene una alta demanda de la harina de pescado, la cual es destinada al principalmente al desarrollo de la acuicultura, que se basa en la crianza de especies acuáticas (Pullin y Rashid, 2005). El gigante asiático presenta entonces un alto desarrollo en dicha actividad económica y cuenta a su vez con la mayor población del mundo, la cual asciende a 1, 386, 395 millones de habitantes (Banco Mundial, 2018). En el presente trabajo de investigación, se realizará un análisis de los factores más determinantes que impactaron en la evolución de las exportaciones de la harina de pescado, en el marco del TLC Perú-China, en el período 2012-2017. / Peru has strengthened its trade policy through the strengthening of foreign trade. Through commercial opening, Peru can reach the different markets of the world. Entering international businesses increases the productivity of countries, since countries export those products that are more economical to produce and import those products that are more expensive to produce. In addition, the Free Trade Agreements allow the development of Peru in economic, cultural, political, legal, social, environmental and technological terms. The Country Program, the PENX and the Complementary Agenda are a clear example that our commercial policy is still in search of consolidation. In this context, Peru has a Free Trade Agreement with the People's Republic of China (hereinafter China), which entered into force on March 1, 2010 (Peru-China FTA, 2011). Our exports to that country have increased considerably in volume and value FOB (ADEX DATA TRADE, 2018) and China is our main trading partner with a wide advantage. In the fishing sector, fishmeal is the leading product in world exports. The raw material of the fishmeal is the anchoveta and the fishing of this species, had a key moment when the maximum limits of capture by boat were established, in search of the sustainability of the resource (Aranguren, Arteaga and Chavez). On the other hand, the Chinese market has a high demand for fishmeal, which is mainly destined to the development of aquaculture, which is based on the rearing of aquatic species (Pullin and Rashid, 2005). The Asian giant then has a high development in this economic activity and has in turn the largest population in the world, which amounts to 1, 386, 395 million inhabitants (World Bank, 2018). In the present research work, an analysis of the most determining factors that impacted the evolution of fishmeal exports will be made, within the framework of the Peru-China FTA, in the period 2012-2017. / Tesis

<p>In 2000 “the European Union and South Africa Free Trade Agreement” was established with</p><p>the aim to gradually increase the amount of duty-free agricultural and industrial products to</p><p>each market. The aim of this paper is to investigate if South Africa benefits from the EU-SA</p><p>Free Trade Agreement and also what impacts this agreement has on South Africa’s trade with</p><p>Southern Africa and the rest of the world. The result from the study indicates that South</p><p>Africa benefits from the agreement in terms of improve trade. The result also shows that</p><p>South Africa’s trade with some Southern African countries has been negative effected by the</p><p>agreement but it is difficult to state if this is caused by the agreement or not. The rest of the</p><p>world has not been negatively affected by the agreement.</p>

Considering the impact of transaction costs on trade volumes and prices in Europe, in our thesis, we carried out an overview of the costs of crossing borders and an assessment of the degree of fragmentation of the product market in this world area. Throughout the analysis, we paid attention to the country and/ or industry dimension and at how country- and sector-specific patterns affect the European product market integration process. A special attention is also devoted to the model specifications and estimation techniques. Having discussed extensively the foundations of the gravity equation and the properties of the gravity model with the aim of empirical works in the first chapter of our dissertation, chapter two provides a first assessment of the extent of the integration in Europe by measuring the trade intensity via an augmented gravity equation. The study measures the impact of regional trade agreements (RTAs) on Members’ trade in the European zone and highlights that despite the ongoing enlargement process of its free trade area, the European zone displays rather weak RTAs impacts - in comparison with what one could expect -. The chapter also highlights a number of caveats and difficulties when one wants to accurately measure the extent of trade creation brought about the RTAs in Europe. In particular, the existence of zero observations (non observed commodity flows) between country pairs might have important drawbacks in the estimations. Since disaggregated trade data can be very insightful, chapter three implements such an analysis. Using a gravity-like equation as well, it provides a border effect estimations carried out in a multi-country and multi-sector context. Our findings reveal that remaining technical barriers to trade, market structure and degree of product differentiation play an important role in the explanation of border effects. Furthermore, our results succeed to derive a strongly negative impact of nominal exchange rate volatility on trade, whereas traditional gravity specifications fail to identify this clearly – when regional dummies are introduced-. Hence, chapter two and three provide an overview, via the trade channel, of the degree of integration of the product market in Europe: While European agreements (EAs) in terms of trade are effective, bilateral trade relationships face steady impediments. As expected, intra-EAs trade increases and exports from Member States to non Member States decline. The trade obstacles have many sources. In particular, volatility of the nominal exchange rate is found to have trade-reducing effects. Our results also underscore the interest of using sector disaggregated date since we find that the degree of product differentiation and the market structure enter in the explanation of border effects. Moreover, the various approaches to harmonize the remaining technical barriers to trade on sector desegregation basis were found to act in reducing on the European Union border effect. As for chapter four, it re-visits the issue of price convergence within the EMU. Specifically, we test whether the Law of One Price (LOOP) can be validated over the period 1984-2004. Our results fail to support the LOOP for a large majority of sectors and countries under examination. Furthermore, our findings reveal half-lives of deviation from the LOOP suggesting a price adjustment which is globally less slow that commonly estimated in the literature. Indeed, the EMU is anticipated to affect the behaviour of trading firms that should result in a faster cross-border transmission of price movements across Member States. When attempting to explain the factors at work in the LOOP failure, we highlight that beside the European convergence process, the arbitrage channel explain a non negligible part of the country mean reversion in terms of relative prices. Nevertheless, mixed evidence is found for the impact of cross- country and cross-sector variables.

The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the impact of the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) agreement on the export from the Andean Community (AC) to the European Union (EU) between the years 1995 to 2000. The GSP agreement enables developing countries to face lower- or no tariffs when exporting to developed countries. According to Ricardian theory, Heckscher-Ohlin theory, and New Trade theory decreased trade barriers tend to have a positive effect on trade. When analyzing the trade flow between these countries using the gravity model the outcome is found to be consistent with the theories i.e the results show that the GSP agreement implemented in 1995 has had a positive impact on trade.

As discussed in the factor-price equalization theorem, prices, and thus wages, tend to equalize as a result of trade between two countries. The focus of this thesis is to perform a time series regression in order to evaluate whether wage convergence has taken place between Mexico and the United Sates of America due to the establishment of the North America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1994. The authors of this thesis conclude that wage convergence did take place between the two countries in question, since the slopes found using the regression are mostly positive, indicating an increasing real wage ratio between Mexico and the United States of America.

Communications scholarship faces a convergent crisis. Research on networks includes the role of information networks in supporting social movements, networked civil society, the information society, and new forms of communication. But while communications literature utilizes a variety of approaches to describe the impact of networked communications, a dearth of technical expertise permeates scholarship. Despite the discourse on networks potentially bridging previously distinct disciplines, the lack of a fundamental understanding of communications networks and relationships between technical and socio-political networks remains a consistent gap. This thesis will investigate the extent that opposition to the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA) in Europe constitute a networked public sphere. Through studying the role of civl society and the networked public in the European ACTA debate, the horizontal and vertical dimensions of socio-political and communications technology networks are not only illuminated, but the importance of analyzing the mechanisms through which vertical hierarchies enclose the public sphere become abundantly clear. This research provides the foundation for an interdisciplinary approach to understanding the relationship between information technology and socio-political networks and offers lessons for information policy makers, communications scholars, and networked civil society within the context of European democracy.

The development of Taiwanese steel industry has entered into decline stage. The domestic steel consumption is small plus being lack of steel strong demand industries. The factors mentioned above make Taiwanese steel industry shortage of supply in the upstream crude steel industry, while over-supply in rolled steel market. It would be the great chance to revitalize the steel industry to shift the oversupply capacities to the market that needs this product. Globalization and regional integration are two issues and trends in world¡¦s economic and trading perspective. The purpose of Free Trade Agreement (FTA) is to liberate the trade, service and investment among the member countries. The spirit of FTA is consistency with that of WTO. Both are the vehicle of promoting trade liberation among global countries. Both Taiwan and Mainland China are member countries of WTO. However, there are still many limitations in trading between two countries. Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement, ECFA, would be considered as a FTA between Taiwan and Mainland China. Compare WTO with ECFA, ECFA could provide better clauses, schedule in trade liberation and tariff reduction in goods. Furthermore, the tariff of some goods can be fully eliminated. ECFA could be perceived as an opportunity and a threat to Taiwan. It could be a great ¡§opportunity¡¨ to create substantial trading and investment opportunities through industry investing to Taiwan. However, this agreement could also result in trade diversion effect, and it would be a ¡§threat. This study is trying to explore how ECFA impact on steel industry in Taiwan through secondary data collection and analysis. Some foreseeable impacts are listed and some response measures are suggested. Any agreement has benefits and lost. ECFA is like a two-side blade. It might bring new trading opportunities or lead the trading diversion effect. Using Taiwanese competitive edge is the key to succeed. Taiwanese steel industry should take this chance to reconsider its¡¦ product value and positioning. Trying to differentiate its steel products to others, increase the value of the products and enhance the product quality. Taiwanese steel industry could create sustainability and profitability by increasing the competitively of steel industry.

In this thesis, historical institutional analysis of neo-institutionalism will be adopted as the research approach. The analysis combining the international institutional background and domestic institutional development in China and Hong Kong indicates the structural dynamics and strategic goals why China establishes CEPA with Hong Kong. Besides, I focus on the provisions of CEPA and summarize the difficulties of further development and perspectives. I wish this thesis could be studied as reference for scholars and experts in the field of Mainland China studies.

<p>The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the impact of the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) agreement on the export from the Andean Community (AC) to the European Union (EU) between the years 1995 to 2000. The GSP agreement enables developing countries to face lower- or no tariffs when exporting to developed countries. According to Ricardian theory, Heckscher-Ohlin theory, and New Trade theory decreased trade barriers tend to have a positive effect on trade. When analyzing the trade flow between these countries using the gravity model the outcome is found to be consistent with the theories i.e the results show that the GSP agreement implemented in 1995 has had a positive impact on trade.</p>

<p>As discussed in the factor-price equalization theorem, prices, and thus wages, tend to equalize as a result of trade between two countries. The focus of this thesis is to perform a time series regression in order to evaluate whether wage convergence has taken place between Mexico and the United Sates of America due to the establishment of the North America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1994. The authors of this thesis conclude that wage convergence did take place between the two countries in question, since the slopes found using the regression are mostly positive, indicating an increasing real wage ratio between Mexico and the United States of America.</p>