This dissertation addresses the modeling, identification, and control of an automated planing vessel. To provide motion models for trajectory generation and to enable model-based control design for trajectory tracking, several experimentally identified models are compared over a wide range of speed and planing conditions for the Virginia Tech Ribcraft Unmanned Surface Vehicle. The modeling and identification objective is to determine a model which is sufficiently rich to enable effective model-based control design and trajectory optimization, sufficiently simple to allow parameter identification, and sufficiently general to describe a variety of hull forms and actuator configurations. Beginning with a 6 degree of freedom nonlinear dynamic model, several linear steering and speed models are obtained as well as a thruster model. The Ribcraft USV tracks trajectories generated with the selected maneuvering models by using a back- stepping trajectory controller. A PD cascade trajectory control law is also developed and the performance of the two controllers is compared using aggressive trajectories. The backstepping control law compares favorably to the PD cascade controller. The backstepping control law is then further modified to account for nonlinear sternward dynamics and for a constant or slowly varying fluid flow. / Ph. D.

The LLC resonant converter has been widely used as a DC-DC converter due to its high efficiency, high power density and hold-up capability in power supplies for communication systems, computers and consumer electronics. Use of the high-frequency LLC converter has also been increasing in recent years due to its high power density and integrated magnetics, which reduce the total cost. With the fast development of wideband gap devices and novel magnetic materials, the trend of pushing switching frequency higher continues. However, the control characteristics of the LLC resonant converter are much more complex than that of the PWM converter due to the dynamics of the resonant tank. This paper employs state-trajectory analysis to describe and analyze the behavior of the resonant tank. Control methods based on state-trajectory analysis were used to solve the challenges in the control of the LLC resonant converter, including unpredictable dynamics, burst mode for light-load efficiency, soft start-up and short circuit protection. Additionally, digital controllers are gradually taking the place of analog controllers in the control of the LLC resonant converter due to the advantages of the digital controllers over the analog controllers, such as their ability to be flexible and re-configurable, capable of non-linear control, and able to communicate with other controllers. Among the digital controllers, cost-effective microcontrollers (MCU) are preferred for industrial applications. Because of the advantages of the state-trajectory control and the industrial preference in the cost-effective digital controllers, it would be of great benefit to apply state-trajectory control to high-frequency LLC converters with cost-effective digital controllers. This thesis investigates the impact of digital delay on state-trajectory control. Simplified Optimal Trajectory Control (SOTC) for LLC converters is further simplified so that SOTC can be achieved with cost-effective digital controllers. Furthermore, the limitations caused by digital controller are explained in detail, and methods are proposed to apply the SOTC to high frequency LLC converter is proposed. A detailed analysis of fast load transient response, soft start-up, burst mode for light-load efficiency and synchronous rectification (SR) driving is provided. Multi-step SOTC for fast load transient response is proposed to apply cost-effective digital controllers to high-frequency LLC converters; SOTC for soft start-up with only sensing Vo is proposed to minimized the impact of digital delay on state-trajectory control; SOTC for burst mode with multi-step is proposed to eliminate the limitation of minimum off-time caused by digital controllers in constant burst-on time control; a generalized adaptive SR driving method using the ripple counter concept is proposed to significantly reduce controller resource utilization for the SR control of high-frequency LLC converters. The whole control system is demonstrated on a 500kHz 1kW 400V/12V LLC converter with a 60MHz MCU, which integrates all the proposed control methods. / Master of Science

Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / problem, with engine thrust as the only possible perturbation. The optimal control problems are solved using the general purpose dynamic optimization software, DIDO. The dynamical model together with the fuel optimal control problem is validated by simulating several well known orbit transfers. By replicating the single satellite model, this thesis shows that a multi-satellite model which optimizes all vehicles concurrently can be easily built. The specific scenario under study involves the injection of multiple satellites from a common launch vehicle; however, the methods and model are applicable to spacecraft formation problems as well. / Major, United States Air Force

A mobile manipulator is a robotic arm mounted on a robotic mobile platform. In such a system, the degrees of freedom of the mobile platform are combined with that of the manipulator. As a result, the workspace of the manipulator is substantially extended. A mobile manipulator has two trajectories: the end-effector trajectory and the mobile platform trajectory. Typically, the mobile platform trajectory is not defined and is determined through inverse kinematics. But in some applications it is important to follow a specified mobile platform trajectory. The main focus of this work is to determine the inverse kinematics of a mobile manipulator to follow the specified end-effector and mobile platform trajectories, especially when both trajectories cannot be exactly followed simultaneously due to physical limitations. Two new control algorithms are developed to solve this problem. In the first control algorithm, three joint-dependent control variables (spherical coordinates D, α and β) are introduced to define the mobile platform trajectory in relation to the end-effector trajectory and vice versa. This allows direct control of the mobile platform motion relative to the end-effector. Singularity-robust and task-priority inverse kinematics with gradient projection method is used to find best possible least-square solutions for the dual-trajectory tracking while maximizing the whole system manipulability. MATLAB Simulated Planar Mobile Manipulation is used to test and optimize the proposed control system. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the control system in following the two trajectories as much as possible while optimizing the whole system manipulability measure. The second new inverse kinematics algorithm is introduced when the mobile platform motion is restricted to stay on a specified virtual or physical track. The control scheme allows xii the mobile manipulator to follow the desired end-effector trajectory while keeping the mobile platform on a specified track. The mobile platform is moved along a track to position the arm at a pose that facilitates the end-effector task. The translation of the redundant mobile manipulator over the mobile platform track is determined by combining the mobility of the platform and the manipulation of the redundant arm in a single control system. The mobile platform is allowed to move forward and backward with different velocities along its track to enable the end-effector in following its trajectory. MATLAB simulated 5 DoF redundant planar mobile manipulator is used to implement and test the proposed control algorithm. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the control system in adjusting the mobile platform translations along its track to allow the arm to follow its own trajectory with high manipulability. Both control algorithms are implemented on MATLAB simulated wheelchair mounted robotic arm system (WMRA-II). These control algorithms are also implemented on real the WMRA-II hardware. In order to facilitate mobile manipulation, a control motion scheme is proposed to detect and correct the mobile platform pose estimation error using computer vision algorithm. The Iterative Closest Point (ICP) algorithm is used to register two consecutive Microsoft Kinect camera views. Two local transformation matrices i. e., Encoder and ICP transformation matrices, are fused using Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) to filter the encoder pose estimation error. VICON motion analysis system is used to capture the ground truth of the mobile platform. Real time implementation results show significant improvement in platform pose estimation. A real time application involving obstacle avoidance is used to test the proposed updated motion control system.

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A Navegação é um dos maiores problemas na robótica móvel, sua função consiste em guiar o robô em um espaço de trabalho por um caminho plausível durante um determinado intervalo de tempo que o leve de um ponto inicial a um ponto final definido. É possível separar esse processo em vários níveis como, a localização do robô no espaço de trabalho, o planejamento de um caminho admissível, a geração de uma trajetória e por fim o controle desse trajeto. Este trabalho apresenta a proposta de desenvolvimento dos níveis de geração e controle de trajetória para um veículo terrestre de grande porte para uso em ambientes de trabalho semiestruturados, principalmente em ambientes agrícolas. Para tal propósito se utiliza o conceito de trajetórias baseadas em clotóides e predefinidas para um sistema bidimensional (X, Y). O gerador de trajetória proposto neste trabalho determina uma função contínua que considera as restrições cinemáticas e determina o tempo de trabalho, a posição e orientação do robô na posição final. As informações determinadas pela função são utilizadas por um controlador de lógica fuzzy para determinar as velocidades linear e angular do robô. Para validar trajetória planejada e o controlador, foram realizados testes nas plataformas robóticas Helvis-III, um protótipo simples com sistema de esterçamento nas rodas dianteiras estilo Ackermann e o RAM (Robô agrícola Móvel) - um veículo de grande porte com estrutura de esterçamento nas 2 rodas com estilo Ackermann de condução. O sistema demonstra bom desempenho, devido ao fato de que o desvio do caminho mantém uma media de 3 metros em base ao valor real e uma média de 0.5 metros em relação ao calculado, estando dentro dos padrões dos sensores GNSS usados para os testes experimentais. / Navigation is one of the biggest problems in mobile robotics, its ban on guiding the robot in a workspace by a plausible path over a defined interval of time than the level of a starting point and a definite endpoint. It is possible to separate the process at some levels such as the location of the robot in the workspace, the planning of a permissible path, the generation of a path and a process of control of that path. This paper presents a proposal for the development of teaching levels and trajectory control for a large land vehicle for use in semi structured work environments, mainly in agricultural environments. To do this, use the concept of routines in clothoids and predefined for a two-dimensional system (X, Y). The generator of trajectory standard this risk is work in the risk control risk, and the risk and the status of work, the status of the risk and work of the position. As one of the reasons for the function are used by a fuzzy logic controller to determine the linear and angular velocities of the robot. To validate the planned trajectory and controller, they were actually tested on the Helvis-III robotic platforms, a simple prototype with the Ackermann advanced style wheel-arming system and the RAM (Mobile Shared Robot) - a large vehicle with structure of Ackermann style 2-wheel steering. The system should be good performance, by the same of the tracking of average pathways and of three meters in base to value and average of 0.5 meters in body the year, being based on the limits of GNSS used for test experimental tests.

A Navegação é um dos maiores problemas na robótica móvel, sua função consiste em guiar o robô em um espaço de trabalho por um caminho plausível durante um determinado intervalo de tempo que o leve de um ponto inicial a um ponto final definido. É possível separar esse processo em vários níveis como, a localização do robô no espaço de trabalho, o planejamento de um caminho admissível, a geração de uma trajetória e por fim o controle desse trajeto. Este trabalho apresenta a proposta de desenvolvimento dos níveis de geração e controle de trajetória para um veículo terrestre de grande porte para uso em ambientes de trabalho semiestruturados, principalmente em ambientes agrícolas. Para tal propósito se utiliza o conceito de trajetórias baseadas em clotóides e predefinidas para um sistema bidimensional (X, Y). O gerador de trajetória proposto neste trabalho determina uma função contínua que considera as restrições cinemáticas e determina o tempo de trabalho, a posição e orientação do robô na posição final. As informações determinadas pela função são utilizadas por um controlador de lógica fuzzy para determinar as velocidades linear e angular do robô. Para validar trajetória planejada e o controlador, foram realizados testes nas plataformas robóticas Helvis-III, um protótipo simples com sistema de esterçamento nas rodas dianteiras estilo Ackermann e o RAM (Robô agrícola Móvel) - um veículo de grande porte com estrutura de esterçamento nas 2 rodas com estilo Ackermann de condução. O sistema demonstra bom desempenho, devido ao fato de que o desvio do caminho mantém uma media de 3 metros em base ao valor real e uma média de 0.5 metros em relação ao calculado, estando dentro dos padrões dos sensores GNSS usados para os testes experimentais. / Navigation is one of the biggest problems in mobile robotics, its ban on guiding the robot in a workspace by a plausible path over a defined interval of time than the level of a starting point and a definite endpoint. It is possible to separate the process at some levels such as the location of the robot in the workspace, the planning of a permissible path, the generation of a path and a process of control of that path. This paper presents a proposal for the development of teaching levels and trajectory control for a large land vehicle for use in semi structured work environments, mainly in agricultural environments. To do this, use the concept of routines in clothoids and predefined for a two-dimensional system (X, Y). The generator of trajectory standard this risk is work in the risk control risk, and the risk and the status of work, the status of the risk and work of the position. As one of the reasons for the function are used by a fuzzy logic controller to determine the linear and angular velocities of the robot. To validate the planned trajectory and controller, they were actually tested on the Helvis-III robotic platforms, a simple prototype with the Ackermann advanced style wheel-arming system and the RAM (Mobile Shared Robot) - a large vehicle with structure of Ackermann style 2-wheel steering. The system should be good performance, by the same of the tracking of average pathways and of three meters in base to value and average of 0.5 meters in body the year, being based on the limits of GNSS used for test experimental tests.

Orientadora: Profª. Drª. Elvira Rafikova / Coorientador: Prof. Dr. Magno Enrique Mendonza Meza / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Mecânica, Santo André, 2018.

Comme les robots effectuent de plus en plus de tâches en interaction avec l'homme ou dans un environnement humain, ils doivent assurer la sécurité et le confort des hommes. Dans ce contexte, le robot doit adapter son comportement et agir en fonction des évolutions de l'environnement et des activités humaines. Les robots développés sur la base de l'apprentissage ou d'un planificateur de mouvement ne sont pas en mesure de réagir assez rapidement, c'est pourquoi nous proposons d'introduire un contrôleur de trajectoire intermédiaire dans l'architecture logicielle entre le contrôleur bas niveau et le planificateur de plus haut niveau. Le contrôleur de trajectoire que nous proposons est basé sur le concept de générateur de trajectoire en ligne (OTG), il permet de calculer des trajectoires en temps réel et facilite la communication entre les différents éléments, en particulier le planificateur de chemin, le générateur de trajectoire, le détecteur de collision et le contrôleur. Pour éviter de replanifier toute une trajectoire en réaction à un changement induit par un humain, notre contrôleur autorise la déformation locale de la trajectoire et la modification de la loi d'évolution pour accélérer ou décélérer le mouvement. Le contrôleur de trajectoire peut également commuter de la trajectoire initiale vers une nouvelle trajectoire. Les fonctions polynomiales cubiques que nous utilisons pour décrire les trajectoires fournissent des mouvements souples et de la flexibilité sans nécessiter de calculs complexes. De plus, les algorithmes de lissage que nous proposons permettent de produire des mouvements esthétiques ressemblants à ceux des humains. Ce travail, mené dans le cadre du projet ANR ICARO, a été intégré et validé avec les robots KUKA LWR de la plate-forme robotique du LAAS-CNRS. / In order to perform a large variety of tasks in interaction with human or in human environments, a robot needs to guarantee safety and comfort for humans. In this context, the robot shall adapt its behavior and react to the environment changes and human activities. The robots based on learning or motion planning are not able to adapt fast enough, so we propose to use a trajectory controller as an intermediate control layer in the software structure. This intermediate layer exchanges information with the low level controller and the high level planner. The proposed trajectory controller, based on the concept of Online Trajectory Generation (OTG), allows real time computation of trajectories and easy communication with the different components, including path planner, trajectory generator, collision checker and controller. To avoid the replan of an entire trajectory when reacting to a human behaviour change, the controller must allow deforming locally a trajectory or accelerate/decelerate by modifying the time function. The trajectory controller must also accept to switch from an initial trajectory to a new trajectory to follow. Cubic polynomial functions are used to describe trajectories, they provide smoothness, flexibility and computational simplicity. Moreover, to satisfy the objective of aesthetics, smoothing algorithm are proposed to produce human-like motions. This work, conducted as part of the ANR project ICARO, has been integrated and validated on the KUKA LWR robot platform of LAAS-CNRS.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:55:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 EmanuelGBF_DISSERT.pdf: 5309348 bytes, checksum: dac342ed8ab6114cd0046b442b6a126b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-09 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / This work presents the design and construction of an X-Y table of two degrees of freedom, as well as the development of a fuzzy system for its position and trajectory control. The table is composed of two bases that move perpendicularly to each other in the horizontal plane, and are driven by two DC motors. Base position is detected by position sensors attached to the motor axes. A data acquisition board performs the interface between a laptop and the plant. The fuzzy system algorithm was implemented in LabVIEW? programming environment that processes the sensors signals and determines the control variables values that drive the motors. Experimental results using position reference signals (step type signal) and straight and circular paths reference signals are presented to demonstrate the dynamic behavior of fuzzy system / Apresentam-se, neste trabalho, o projeto e a constru??o de uma mesa de coordenadas de dois graus de liberdade, bem como o desenvolvimento de um sistema fuzzy para o controle de posi??o e trajet?ria dessa mesa. A mesa ? composta de duas bases que se movimentam perpendicularmente entre si, no plano horizontal, e s?o acionadas por dois motores de corrente cont?nua. As posi??es das bases s?o detectadas por dois sensores de posi??o acoplados aos eixos dos motores. Uma placa de aquisi??o de dados realiza a interface entre um computador port?til e a planta. O algoritmo do sistema fuzzy foi implementado no ambiente de programa??o LabVIEW?, que processa os sinais provenientes dos sensores e determina as vari?veis de controle que acionam os motores. Resultados experimentais utilizando sinais de refer?ncia de posi??o (sinais tipo degrau) e sinais de refer?ncia de trajet?rias retil?neas e circulares s?o apresentados para mostrar o comportamento din?mico do sistema fuzzy