The study was conducted to assess the state of leadership characteristics and the impact these variables have on employee self-esteem and employee work-related outcomes in a South African power utility in particular power station environment. The inquiry was conducted in a natural working environment of an organisation where respondents are situated/ located (i.e. a field study). A stratified convenience sampling approach was used to carry out the study using a structured questionnaire developed from predictors used by other researchers. The questionnaire, based on a four-point, five-point and seven-point Likert scale with leader’s characteristics such as articulation of vision, individualised support, intellectual, stimulation, forcing acceptance of group goals, high performance expectations, appropriate role modelling and performance feedback, mediating variables such as self-esteem and work-related outcomes such as organisational commitment and work-success, was designed to capture the state of affairs within the organisation based on the employees perceptions of their experiences of these variables. 150 questionnaires were distributed of which 115 were returned and all 115 were useable. This data was analysed using statistical tools such as correlation and regression analysis. The descriptive statistics indicated that the majority of leader’s characteristics unveiled a moderate agreement whilst the work related outcomes indicated that employees were neutral to agree with statements. The correlations analysis showed predominantly strong relationship between leader’s characteristics, self-esteem and work related outcomes with some few small and medium relationships. Recommendations to improve work-related outcomes are provided to the organisation. / MBA, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

This study was commissioned to examine the applied leadership styles that foster organisational commitment and product quality commitment levels of two groups of employees working at two different business units of same private sector steel manufacturing company in Gauteng. The samples included 226 production employees from business unit ‘A’ and 190 production employees from population ‘B’. The combined sample of 416 included 83 managers and 333 low level employees. Leadership style data was collected through the Multi-Factor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) from the managers and Organisational and Product Quality data was gathered through the Employee Questionnaire (EQ). The MLQ measured nine constructs of the Full Range Leadership Theory while the EQ measured four constructs of identification, affiliation, exchange and product quality commitment levels among lower level employees. A total of 416 questionnaires were distributed and 274 were received. The data was analysed statistically to define the leadership styles, the levels of organisational and product quality commitment and come up with correlations. It was found that transformational and transactional leadership styles were predominant at both business units. Laissez-faire style was also being used at business unit ‘A’. The leadership styles were found to be below the ideal levels for effective leadership. Leaders were perceived to be active managers and not leaders. The organisational and product quality commitment levels among employees were found to be marginal at both units. The top leadership styles and commitment levels trended the same and scored closely for both business units with small variations. The results were comparable. Positive correlations were found between identification commitment (0.305 for ‘A’ and 0.481 for ‘B’) and product quality commitment among employees. It was concluded from the correlations that the higher the levels of organisational commitment, the higher the levels of product quality commitment among employees. By statistical averages, it was concluded that higher levels of transformational leadership fosters higher levels of identification commitment and product quality commitment among employees. Demographics affected the way the respondents answered the questions. A leadership model complete with recommendations was proposed with the intention of increasing leadership effectiveness in order to positively impact and foster product quality commitment among employees. / MBA, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study focused on the plight of teachers in the challenging traumatic context of high-risk schools on the Cape Flats, Western Cape, South Africa. Study aims were to measure the stress and burnout of educators and analyse the effect of three different interventions using psycho-educational workshops. Forty-three educators in three secondary schools took part for 15 hours in total over 10 weeks, as well as a control group of 20 teachers. Interventions were grounded in trauma release exercises (TRE), transpersonal psychology (TP) and transactional analysis (TA) practice, and can be conceptualised as primarily physical, emotional and cognitive approaches to stress and burnout prevention. In a mixed-methods study based on the transactional stress model, quantitative data comprised statistical analysis of stress, personal, work and learner-induced burnout and well-being, at the pre- and post-intervention stages. An analysis of the text coding of the educators’ stress, burnout, coping and well-being accounts followed. The study then focused on qualitative thematic analysis of the focus group interviews. Perceived stress was significantly different between the three intervention groups and control group and learner burnout was significantly reduced in the TRE (p=0.02) and TA (p=0.02) groups. There were trends for stress and burnout reduction for the TP group. Coding analysis focused on the intra-and inter-individual TRE, TP and TA tools that had an impact on educators in their efforts to cope with stress and burnout. Focus group interviews gave thematic insights into physical, emotional and cognitive responses to stress and burnout interventions on the individual, interpersonal and organisational levels and revealed new perspectives on classroom competency, with educators taking more responsibility for discipline in the classroom, their greatest stressor. This study indicated that TRE, TP and TA interventions offer educators in high-risk schools physiological, affective and cognitive approaches to dealing with threat and trauma, assisting with stress and burnout reduction, facilitating renewed insights into classroom competency. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie het gefokus op die toestand van onderwysers in die uitdagende, traumatiese konteks van hoë-risiko skole op die Kaapse Vlakte van die Wes-Kaap, Suid-Afrika. Die doelstellings van die ondersoek was om stres en uitbranding by onderwysers te meet en om die invloed van drie verskillende intervensies, in die vorm van psigo-opvoedkundige werkswinkels, te analiseer. Drie-en-veertig opvoeders in drie sekondêre skole het oor 10 weke vir 15 uur in totaal deelgeneem, sowel as ‘n kontrolegroep van 20 onderwysers. Die ingrypings is gegrond in die praktyke van trauma-ontladingsoefeninge (trauma release exercises [TRE]), transpersoonlike sielkunde (transpersonal psychology [TP]) en transaksionele analise (transactional analysis [TA]), en kan hoofsaaklik as fisiese, emosionele en kognitiewe benaderings tot die voorkoming van stres en uitbranding gekonseptualiseer word. In ’n gemengde metode studie gebaseer op die transaksionele stresmodel, het die kwantitatiewe data bestaan uit statistiese analises van stres, persoonlike, werks- en leerdergeïnduseerde uitbranding en welstand, vóór en ná die ingrypings. Dit is gevolg deur ’n analise van die tekskodering van die opvoeders se verslae oor hulle stres, uitbranding, behartiging en welstand. Die studie het hierna gefokus op ’n kwalitatiewe tematiese analise van die fokusgroeponderhoude. Waargenome stres het beduidend tussen die drie intervensiegroepe en die kontrolegroep verskil en leerderuitbranding het beduidend in die TRE (p=.02) en TA (p=.02) groepe verminder. Daar was tekens van vermindering van stres en uitbranding in die TP groep. Koderingsanalise het gefokus op die intra- en inter-individuele TRE, TP en TA gereedskap wat ’n impak op opvoeders gehad het in hulle pogings om stres en uitbranding te hanteer. Fokusgroeponderhoude het tematiese insigte oor die fisiese, emosionele en kognitiewe reaksies op stres- en uitbrandingsingrypings op die individuele, interpersoonlike en organisatoriese vlak verskaf, met onderwysers wat groter verantwoordelikheid geneem het vir dissipline in die klaskamer, wat hulle vernaamste stressor is. Hierdie studie dui daarop dat TRE-, TP- en TA-ingrypings aan opvoeders in hoë-risiko skole fisiologiese, affektiewe en kognitiewe benaderings bied om bedreiging en trauma te hanteer. Dit dra by tot ’n vermindering van stres en uitbranding en fasiliteer nuwe insigte in klaskamerbevoegdheid.

Titel: Ledarskapets inverkan på psykosocial arbetsmiljö – En tvärsnittsstudie av svenska medarbetares psykosociala arbetsmiljö beroende av ett transaktionellt respektive transformativt ledarskap. Nivå: Kandidatuppsats, företagsekonomi Författare: Hugo Svärd Handledare: Lars Ekstrand Datum: 2014-06 Bakgrund och Syfte: Psykisk ohälsa kan vara ett problem med påtagliga konsekvenser för såväl ett företag som medarbetarna. Företaget kan påverkas av ekonomiska kostnader till följd av sjukfrånvaro och andra driftstörningar på arbetsplatsen samtidigt som medarbetarnas drabbas av reducerad lön, social isolering samt risken att entledigas från arbetet. Den psykiska ohälsan har i tidigare forskning konstaterats bero på hur medarbetare upplever den psykosociala arbetsmiljön på en arbetsplats. Det har även uppmärksammats att ledarskapet kan ha en stark inverkan på hur medarbetare (anställda) upplever den psykosociala arbetsmiljön. Föreliggande uppsats avser därför undersöka hur medarbetare upplever den psykosociala arbetsmiljön beroende av uppfattning om en ledare tillämpar låg eller hög nivå av transaktionellt respektive transformativt ledarskap. Uppsatsen har också avsikt att jämföra hur ledarstilarna predicerar upplevelsen av den psykosociala arbetsmiljön hos medarbetarna. Metod: En kvantitativmetod tillämpades för att uppnå studiens (tvärsnittsstudie) strävan att generalisera resultatet till att representera en svensk kontext. Data insamlades via enkäter vilka därefter sammanställts och analyserats med hjälp av SPSS. Enkäten utgjordes av ett mätinstrument för psykosocial arbetsmiljökartläggning, samt ett instrument för att mäta ledarskap. För analys av data gjordes följande: korrelationsanalys, multivariata variansanalys (MANOVA), multipla regressionsanalyser samt enkelt t-test vilka redovisats deskriptivt. Resultat & slutsats: Transaktionellt ledarskap visade endast skillnader på arbetsledningsklimatet beroende av om medarbetare skattade låg eller hög ledarstil. För samma fråga visade transformativt skillnader i stimulans, arbetsgemenskap och arbetsledningsklimat. Dessa tre 2 faktorer predicerades av transformativt ledarskap medan transaktionellt inte predicerade någon faktor alls. Studien visar att transformativt ledarskap är överlägset transaktionellt i att predicera psykosocial arbetsmiljö hos medarbetarna. Transformativa ledare bidrar till en positiv arbetsmiljö. Förslag till fortsattforskning: För fortsatt forskning kan det vara intressant att dela upp urvalet av företag på offentlig och privat sektor. Det kan finnas skillnader hur medarbetare upplever den psykosociala arbetsmiljön beroende av ett transaktionellt respektive transformativt ledarskap i en privat sektor, jämfört med en offentlig. Detta kan vara en viktig aspekt då t.ex. en privatägd skola i jämförelse med en statligt ägd skola är vinstdrivande på helt olika sätt, vilket då kan inverka på ledarskapet. Det kan också vara intressant att undersöka respektive ledarstils subfaktorer i förhållande till subfaktorerna i psykosocial arbetsmiljö. Särskilt med tanke på den höga effekten hos arbetsledningsklimat, samt för att i egenskap av tidigare forskning ge transaktionellt ledarskap en rättvis redogörelse. Uppsatsens bidrag: Studien har bidragit till kunskap i ett svenskt sammanhang då det saknas tidigare studier som undersökt det transaktionella och transformativa ledarskapets inverkan på medarbetarnas psykosociala arbetsmiljö. Det finns också ett praktiskt bidrag där studiens resultat ger en viss indikering till ledare/chefer i svenska företag gällande praktiserandet av ett transformativt ledarskap och hur det kan förutsäga medarbetarnas psykosociala arbetsmiljö på ett positivt sätt. Nyckelord: Ledarskap, transformativ, transaktionell, psykosocial, arbetsmiljö

Thesis (MA (Afrikaans and Dutch))—University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / The question about how the reader persona is realised in HIV/AIDS documents, how readers appreciate this persona, as well as what effect it has on the eventual text appreciation occurred as a direct result of Claatje ter Hoeven’s study, “Auteurs- en lezersrollen in wervende tekste: Drie deelstudies naar personae in Zuid-Afrikaanse bankbrochures” (2002).

<p>The business climate of today demands high flexibility and quick responsiveness from suppliers.</p><p>It has become essential for organizations to have effective leaders in all hierarchal</p><p>levels, which understand and are able to work under these conditions. As the market requirements</p><p>have changed, a new paradigm of leadership has evolved (Bryman, 1992). This</p><p>paradigm puts more focus on charisma and how to motivate followers, which is the essential</p><p>part of transformational leadership. According to Burns (1978), transformational leadership</p><p>is a process between leader and follower rather than exchanges. This leads to the</p><p>question of what effective leadership is and if it can be measured in some way. One</p><p>method is the use of the Multifactor leadership questionnaire, the MLQ-test, developed by</p><p>Bass 1985 from the full range model.</p><p>The conducted research for this thesis is done at PaperPak Sweden AB, a manufacturer of</p><p>disposable incontinence products located in Aneby, Småland.</p><p>The purpose of this thesis is to evaluate if any differences and/or similarities in leadership</p><p>can be found between or within the hierarchical levels. The intent with the report is also to</p><p>investigate those variances and if they are positive or negative for an organization.</p><p>A theoretical framework focusing on leadership has been collected, to enable the fulfillment</p><p>of the thesis purpose. This framework will act as support for the analysis of the quantitative</p><p>investigation, based on the MLQ-test. From this analysis, the authors have made</p><p>conclusions and recommendations. The degree of transformational, transactional and laissez-</p><p>faire leadership has been measured for the three leadership levels top, middle and low</p><p>management. It could be argued that the top management should show the highest degree</p><p>of transformational leadership, and low management the least, due to their positions and</p><p>work tasks. The result of the analysis supported that theory to a large extent. However,</p><p>lower management showed a significantly higher degree of transformational leadership</p><p>than middle management. One explanation could be that middle management lives in a</p><p>more stressful situation, working between top and low management, compared to the other</p><p>two, which is supported by Grout (1994).</p><p>Since the theoretical findings mean that leadership can be learnt and developed, the authors</p><p>suggest that organizations always have to follow up and try to develop their leaders and</p><p>managers towards higher degrees of transformational leadership. Finally the authors suggest</p><p>that further studies of the MLQ-test should investigate the possibilities to include measurements</p><p>of the technical side of leadership, since the test currently does not take those</p><p>factors into consideration.</p>

The purpose of the present study was to get further knowledge about the relationship between transformative and transactional leadership in the context of employee ́s well-being, as well as the relationship between the components of respectively leadership and employee‟s well-being. The study also aims to gain knowledge about previous research on the transformational and transactional leadership and employee well-being and if it‟s applicable in the Swedish culture. The few studies that studied the relationship between transactional leadership and the well-being of employees have found a negative relationship or found no relationship at all. The results of the present study showed a positive relationship between transformational leadership and employee‟s well-being. All four components of the transformational leadership showed a positive relationship with employee‟s well-being. Two components of the transactional leadership showed a negative relationship with employee‟s well-being, while the third component showed a positive relationship. This study contributes with information regarding the relationship between transformative and transactional leadership and the components of respectively leadership with the well-being of employee‟s within Swedish culture.

This thesis explores the phenomenon of coping with dyslexia based on the perspectives of six Greek dyslexic adults, as expressed by themselves. The research is concerned with exploration of the phenomenon by standing out from linear reductionist approaches - whether pathologising person-focused or exclusively environment-focused - as well as interactionist approaches that are simplistically additive. Instead, the study explores the phenomenon of coping with dyslexia from a transactional perspective which assumes that the factors of coping are strongly interrelated, mutually affected and altered by the transaction, suggesting a more complex and holistic understanding of the phenomenon. More specifically, the study considers the adequacy of Schlossberg’s transitional 4 S System in explaining the experiences of individuals who cope with dyslexia. To pursue the purposes of the study, a multiple case studies design was employed and semi-structured interviews were conducted. Findings suggest that for the participants, coping with dyslexia is not restricted simply to dealing with a set of difficulties, because the dyslexia ‘situation’ is a complex entity with a variety of aspects which relate directly or indirectly to literacy efficiency. Participants reported employing a complex and constantly evolving (across contexts and over time) system of different coping strategies. In fact, findings suggest that coping with dyslexia is not a stable entity but a transactional process which is characterised by fluidity, non-linear evolution and involvement of multiple factors. The 4 S System managed as an analytic tool to adequately identify and explain the complex transactionist relationships between the involved factors and the system of coping as a whole. Finally, in terms of effectiveness, findings suggested that there are no magic recipes. The usefulness of a coping or support activity seems to be an individualistic issue determined by contemporariness and so, a flexible approach towards coping with dyslexia is suggested.

The purpose was to verify ego states as objectively identifiable phenomena and the influence of early parent-child relationships on their identification using an audio tape of recorded examples of ego states, Thompson's Ego State Tape (EST), and the Roe-Siegleman Parent-Child Relations Questionaire (PCR). No relationship was found between SAT scores and scores on the EST, nor between PCR and EST scores. It was concluded that possibly (1) no relationship existed between how children perceive their parents and the identification of ego states, and (2) that the PCR might not be sampling child rearing practices relevant to the identification of ego states.

The subject-matter of my thesis is interrogation tactics, i.e. a process when an interrogator choses a specific method which should help him to reach the goal of the interrogation - true and full testimony. The whole thesis is divided into five chapters that are again divided into sections. The introduction chapter describes the basic terms which are crucial for understanding and appreciation of the thesis. Second chapter gives reader an overview on Czech current effective regulation in Criminal Code compared with German current effective regulation and with regulation which was effective on Czech territory in 1873. In the third chapter I dealt with preparing of an interrogation, i.e. analytical a synthesis part, their mutual cohesion and also with different opinions of authors' regarding the problematic whether to divide the preparing of interrogation into phases or not. There are described particular phases of interrogation, in the fourth part that is an introduction, a monologue and a dialog. Each part is described in particular section. In section called dialog I have tried to describe each interrogation tactic, e.g. psychological influence on somebody who is lying. In the end of this chapter I also describe documentation about the process and about results of an interrogation. The least, fifth,...