This thesis deals with formal and syntax directed translation. This thesis contains theoretical part, which defines regular, context free, context sensitive and recursively enumerable languages a grammar. There are given examples of grammars which are able to generate languages that are not context free. Covered by this thesis are matrix grammars, random context grammars and programed grammars. Researched are also finite, pushdown, deep and regular automata, transducers and their part within format syntax directed translation. This project also defines regular transducers based as regulated automata. Thesis defines regulated methods of syntax analysis based on predictive parsers. These methods cover analysis of studied regulated grammars. The final part of this thesis describes new language capable of effective description of these grammars and compiler producing parser code for these grammars written in this new language and their graphical analyzer.

Tato práce se zabývá návrhem ultrazvukového odstraňovače zubního kamene pracujícím na frekvenci 27 kHz s maximální intenzitou ultrazvuku 5W/cm2. Popisuje mechanismus vzniku zubního kamene, důsledky na zdraví a metody jeho odstraňování. Zaměřuje se na principy odstraňování s využitím ultrazvukového vlnění. Dále je sestaveno funkční a blokové schéma. Na základě těchto znalostí je proveden návrh a výpočet jednotlivých částí aplikátoru. Výkonové a napěťové poměry jsou vypočítány od aplikačního hrotu směrem ke generátoru. V neposlední řadě je popsán návrh obvodů buzení měniče i kontrolních obvodů. Schémata jsou doplněna výkresy desek plošných spojů a soupiskou součástek.

This thesis deals with non-linear curcuit structures with current active elements. In its introduction this work deals with a description of the current active elements, such as current conveyor, transconductance operational amplifier and current follower. Further the text pays attention to the possiblities of the circuits for modification signals in analogue technology. First are described circuits of diode limiters and transducer. Great attention is paid to the amplifiers with current active elements. Are propřed simulated and practically realized circuits of universal precise full-wave rectifiers using operational amplifier and current conveyor and made comparisons of known and proposed circuits. The paper also discussed other circuit structures using of current active elements, such as multiplier, divider, a triangular signal generator and oscillators.

Cette thèse s’inscrit dans un contexte d’activité en forte croissance dans le domaine des implants médicaux, stimulée par de nombreux progrès dans le domaine des micro-capteurs et de la micro-électronique. L’autonomie en énergie des implants demeure cependant un facteur limitant. Notre travail a pour objectif de repousser les limites actuelles en termes de miniaturisation et de durée de vie. Il contribue au développement d’une solution basée sur la récupération d’énergie mécanique du cœur pour alimenter durablement un pacemaker miniaturisé sans sonde de nouvelle génération, dit « pacemaker leadless ».Le microsystème de récupération d’énergie étudié est composé d’un résonateur mécanique de type masse-ressort associé à un transducteur électrostatique. Il a pour particularité une architecture tridimensionnelle, dont la forme permet de profiter au maximum de l’espace disponible dans la capsule cylindrique du pacemaker. L'utilisation de la troisième dimension associée à un design original permet en outre d’obtenir un effet de pseudo multiplication de fréquence qui doit conduire, d’après les modèles que nous avons développés, à des densités de puissance nettement supérieures à celles présentées dans l'état de l'art. Pour réaliser ce microsystème tridimensionnel, nous avons développé un procédé de fabrication additif qui repose sur des étapes de micro moulage d'un matériaux structurel obtenu par croissance électrolytique (nickel), de croissance d'un matériau sacrificiel (cuivre) et de polissage. L’identification d’imperfections géométriques dues au procédé et aux matériaux utilisés nous a amené à améliorer la conception du transducteur. Par ailleurs, de nombreux verrous de fabrication ont été levés au cours de cette thèse grâce à la mise en œuvre d’une instrumentation dédiée. Ce procédé nous a permis de fabriquer un premier prototype tridimensionnel du micro-transducteur électrostatique composé de 10 couches de nickel. D’autres métaux élaborés par croissance électrolytique pourraient être envisagés pour réaliser des microsystèmes tridimensionnels, suivant les besoins de l’application considérée. Afin d’anticiper d’éventuels problèmes de compatibilité des micro-dispositifs avec l'imagerie par résonance magnétique, nous avons mis au point le procédé de croissance électrolytique d’un matériau non-magnétique à base de nickel dopé au phosphore. / This thesis contributes to the medical implants field, which is stimulated by many advances in the fields of microelectronics and microsensors. However, electrical energy lifespan of implants and large size of batteries are still a problem. Our work aims at pushing back these limits. It contributes to the development of a solution based on mechanical energy harvesting from the heart motion. The objective is to sustainably power a new generation of pacemakers without lead, so-called "leadless pacemakers."The studied energy harvesting microsystem consists in a spring-mass-type mechanical resonator associated with an electrostatic transducer. Its originality comes from a three-dimensional architecture, whose shape fits pretty well with the cylindrical shape of the pacemaker capsule. The use of the third dimension combined with an original design enables to get a pseudo multiplication frequency effect. Thanks to this effect, our simulation models predict power densities significantly higher than state-of-the-art figures reported in literature. To fabricate this three-dimensional microsystem, we have developed an additive manufacturing process based on steps of micro-molding of a structural material (electroplated nickel), electroplating of a sacrificial material (copper) and planarization. Identification of imperfections related to the fabrication process and the materials used allowed us to improve the design of the transducer. Moreover, many manufacturing obstacles were overcome during this thesis through the implementation of dedicated instrumentation. This new process has enabled us to fabricate a first three-dimensional prototype of the electrostatic micro-transducer made of 10 layers of nickel. Other electroplated metals can be envisaged to achieve three-dimensional microsystems, depending on the application requirements. In order to anticipate any compatibility issue of our microsystem with magnetic resonance imaging, we have developed the electrodeposition process of a nonmagnetic material: phosphorous doped nickel.

Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht, wie die genaue Kenntnis der Sende- und Empfangsschallfelder eines Ultraschallwandlers zur Entwicklung neuer Meßverfahren genutzt werden kann. Insbesondere werden dargestellt: - ein neuartiges, nichtscannendes Verfahren zur Bestimmung der Krümmung eines Reflektors, basierend auf der Analyse der Wellenfrontkrümmung reflektierter Schallfelder - ein neuartiges, nichtinvasives Verfahren zur Bestimmung der Schallgeschwindigkeit in einer Flüssigkeit durch Auswertung der Echosignale von im Ausbreitungsmedium vorhandenen Streupartikeln und - ein Verfahren zur Wandlercharakterisierung durch Messungen in Fluiden mit Streupartikeln, sowie verschiedene Zuordnungen von Schallfeldmerkmalen zu spezifischen Eigenschaften eines Ultraschallwandlers. Im Zusammenspiel von Simulation und Experiment konnten die Funktionstüchtigkeit aller Meßverfahren nachgewiesen und vielversprechende innovative Ansätze für zukünftige Entwicklungen angeregt werden: 1. Das nichtscannende Verfahren zur Krümmungsmessung erlaubt bei guter Justage eine Krümmungsbestimmung von Reflektoren mit Radien zwischen 6 und 11 mm mit einer Unsicherheit von ungefähr 0,5 mm. In Kombination mit herkömmlichen scannenden Verfahren bietet es Ansätze zur präzisen Größenbestimmung von Fehlern in der zerstörungsfreien Prüfung. 2. Das Verfahren zur nichtinvasiven Schallgeschwindigkeitsmessung erlaubt eine Bestimmung von Schallgeschwindigkeiten mit einer statistischen Meßunsicherheit von 0,1 %. Mögliche Weiterentwicklungen zur Messung der Schallgeschwindigkeit mit örtlicher Auflösung und zur Gewinnung neuer Diagnosemöglichkeiten in Metallurgie (nichtinvasive Charakterisierung von Mischungsvorgängen) und Biomedizintechnik (nichtinvasive Temperaturmessung in Körpergewebe zur Überwachung der Hyperthermiebehandlung, Gewebecharakterisierung) werden erläutert. Aus verschiedenen bekannten sowie einem neuartigen, leicht anwendbaren Meßverfahren werden neue Schlüsse gezogen a) zur Bestimmung der akustisch effektiven Elementgröße von Wandlerelementen mittels Schallfeldmessungen, b) zur Qualitätssicherung im Hinblick auf Schallkopfasymmetrien und c) zur Verbesserung von Schallfeldsimulationen. / The current thesis explores how the precise knowledge of the sending and receiving sound fields of an ultrasonic transducer can contribute to the development of novel measuring techniques. Emphasis is placed on: - a novel, non-scanning method for the determination of the curvature radius of a spherical reflector, based on the analysis of the wave front curvature of the reflected sound field, - a novel non-invasive method for sound velocity measurements in fluids using the echo signals from scattering particles, and - novel conclusions on how to use well-known sound field measurement methods for transducer characterisation, as well as an introduction to a novel easy-to-use method for transducer characterisation exploiting the echo signals from scattering particles. Proof of concept is shown for all methods by simulation and measurement, and different promising improvements for further techniques are suggested: - The non-scanning method for curvature measurements makes it possible to determine reflector radii between 6 and 11 mm with an uncertainty of about 0.5 mm, provided that there is a good reflector alignment. In combination with conventional methods, a novel approach for the determination of the size of discontinuities in non-destructive testing is outlined. - The method for non-invasive sound velocity measurements allows the determination of sound velocity in homogeneous fluids with a statistical uncertainty of 0.1 %. Future improvements are suggested to allow sound velocity measurements with local resolution, which enables novel approaches for metallurgy (non-invasive characterisation of mixing processes) and biomedical engineering (non-invasive temperature control for hyperthermia treatment, tissue characterisation). - New conclusions are drawn based on well-established and a novel easy-to-implement measurement method regarding a) the determination of the acoustically effective element size of transducer elements, b) transducer asymmetries, thereby improving quality control, and c) the improvement of sound field simulations.

We present hereafter the development of the Liebherr Intelligent Hydraulic Cylinder, in which the hydraulic component is used as smart sensing element providing useful information for the system in which the cylinder is operated. The piston position and velocity are the most important signals derived from this new measuring approach. The performance under various load and temperature conditions (measured both on dedicated test facilities and in field in a real machine) will be presented. An integrated control electronics, which is performing the cylinder state processing, additionally allows the synchronized acquisition of external sensors. Providing comprehensive state information, such as temperature and system pressure, advanced control techniques or monitoring functions can be realized with a monolithic device. Further developments, trends and benefits for the system architecture will be briefly analyzed and discussed.

In this thesis we will introduce multioperator weighted monadic datalog (mwmd), a formal model for specifying tree series, tree transformations, and tree languages. This model combines aspects of multioperator weighted tree automata (wmta), weighted monadic datalog (wmd), and monadic datalog tree transducers (mdtt). In order to develop a rich theory we will define multiple versions of semantics for mwmd and compare their expressiveness. We will study normal forms and decidability results of mwmd and show (by employing particular semantic domains) that the theory of mwmd subsumes the theory of both wmd and mdtt. We conclude this thesis by showing that mwmd even contain wmta as a syntactic subclass and present results concerning this subclass.

In many systems today sensors or transmitters need to be read or controlled simultaneously. This thesis investigates a new architecture used for deskewing clock signals between multiple separated parts of a signal transmission system. The original application is a multi-channel MEMS transceiver system utilizing beamforming, split into two separate modules. The presented architecture has been developed after evaluating multiple alternative systems. Special focus has been on the locking time of the full system. Furthermore, the scalability for use in implementations with requirements for interconnection delays, as well as input frequency and final timing skew. The full system consists of two parts, a master- and a slave-system. A proof-of-concept transistor implementation has been done in a 180 nm CMOS process. It has been simulated to verify the functionality with varying interconnection delays, i.e., wire lengths up to 1 m. The results from the simulations show that the system works as intended with a skew less than the required 1 ns for a 10 MHz clock signal. This fulfills the requirement for the original application. Further work is required to finalize the presented system before deployment in an actual product

Host immune responses must be tightly regulated by an intricate balance between positive and negative signals while fighting pathogens; persistent pathogens may usurp these regulatory mechanisms to dampen host immunity to facilitate survival in vivo. Here we report that Tim-3, a negative signalling molecule expressed on monocytes and T cells, is up-regulated on natural killer (NK) cells in individuals chronically infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV). Additionally, the transcription factor T-bet was also found to be up-regulated and associated with Tim-3 expression in NK cells during chronic HCV infection. MicroRNA-155 (miR-155), an miRNA that inhibits signalling proteins involved in immune responses, was down-regulated in NK cells by HCV infection. This Tim-3/T-bet over-expression and miR-155 inhibition were recapitulated in vitro by incubating primary NK cells or NK92 cell line with Huh-7 hepatocytes expressing HCV. Reconstitution of miR-155 in NK cells from HCV-infected patients led to a decrease in T-bet/Tim-3 expression and an increase in interferon-γ production. Blocking Tim-3 signalling also enhanced interferon-γ production in NK cells by improving signal transducer and activator of transcription-5 phosphorylation. These data indicate that HCV-induced, miR-155-regulated Tim-3 expression regulates NK cell function, suggesting a novel mechanism for balancing immune clearance and immune injury during chronic viral infection.

No description available.