A sensibilidade eletromecânica dos transdutores de eletretos poliméricos resulta em muitas aplicações na engenharia, que motivaram a produção industrial de um filme não homogêneo e eletricamente carregado, denominado filme eletromecânico ou EMFi (ElectroMechanical Film). Um dispositivo alternativo a este EMFi, produzido em nosso laboratório, foi o resultado de uma bolha de ar homogênea termoformada, unida por dois filmes de teflon FEP. Este dispositivo possui uma estrutura similar ao EMFi, mas permite cavidades homogêneas a serem predefinidas e distribuídas no momento em que o dispositivo é produzido, diferindo das células no EMFi com tamanhos diversos e dispersas no interior do filme industrial. A possibilidade de controlar a geometria das bolhas de ar tornou possível o desenvolvimento de um modelo, empregado como uma ferramenta de projeto. A resposta eletromecânica deste transdutor foi modelada e então apresentada neste trabalho. Este modelo analítico avalia o desempenho destes transdutores com somente uma bolha termoformada, para efeitos de simplificação, baseado em capacitores em série, em função da deformação mecânica e da carga elétrica retida no polímero. São representados dinamicamente com parâmetros elétricos e mecânicos, definidos à medida que operam como sensores ou atuadores, com respeito ao limites impostos pela aplicação especificada. O gráfico da resposta em freqüência mostra a freqüência de ressonância e a largura da faixa para meia-amplitude que determina o coeficiente de amortecimento que não pode ser obtido diretamente do modelo analítico. Este gráfico também permite comparar a freqüência natural obtida graficamente com aquela calculada pelo modelo, tornando mais confiável o modelo desenvolvido para o transdutor. Finalmente, melhorias na instrumentação e em condições mais adequadas para os testes são sugeridas, bem como métodos alternativos para trabalhos futuros. / The electromechanical sensibility of polymeric electrets transducers yields many engineering applications which have motivated industrial production of a non-homogeneous and electrically charged film, the so-called electromechanical film (EMFi). An alternative device for this EMFi that has been produced in our laboratory was a homogeneous thermo-formed air bubbles bonded with two teflon FEP films. This device has a structure similar to the EMFi, but allows the homogeneous voids to be pre-defined and distributed at the moment the device is produced, differing the EMFi voids with diverse sizes and dispersed into the industrial film. The possibility to control the air bubbles geometry makes possible the development of a model to be used as a design tool. The electromechanical response of this transducer has been modeled and is presented in this work. Such analytical model evaluates the transducers performance using just a single thermo-formed bubble for simplification purposes, based on series capacitors, which are function of the mechanical deformation and electrical charge trapped in the polymer. They are represented dynamically, with electrical and mechanical parameters being defined as they work as sensors or actuators, regarding the limits imposed by the specified application. A frequency response plot shows the resonance frequency and the bandwidth for the half amplitude, which determines the damper coefficient that cannot be obtained directly from the analytical model. This plot also allows comparison of the natural frequency obtained graphically with the calculated one using the model, making more reliable the transducer model developed. Finally, instrumentation improvements and more suitable test conditions are suggested, as well as alternative methods for future works.

A reactive system is a system that continuously interacts with its environment. The environment provides an input signal, to which the system reacts with an output signal, and so on ad infinitum. In reactive synthesis, the goal is to automatically generate an implementation from a specification of the reactive and non-terminating input/output behaviours of a system. In the classical setting, the set of signals is assumed to be finite. however, this assumption is not realistic to model systems which process sequences of signals accompanied with data from a possibly infinite set (e.g. a client id, a sensor value, etc.), which need to be stored in memory and compared against each other.The goal of this thesis is to lift the theory of reactive system synthesis over words on a finite alphabet to data words. The data domain consists in an infinite set whose structure is given by predicates and constants enriched with labels from a finite alphabet. In this context, specifications and implementations are respectively given as automata and transducers extended with a finite set of registers that they use to store data values. To determine the transition to take, they compare the input data with the content of the registers using the predicates of the domain.In a first part, we consider both the bounded and unbounded synthesis problem; the former additionally asks for a bound on the number of registers of the implementation, along with the specification. We do so for different instances, depending on whether the specification is a nondeterministic, universal (a.k.a. co-non-deterministic) or deterministic automaton, for various domains.While the bounded synthesis problem is undecidable for non-deterministic specifications, we provide a generic approach consisting in a reduction to the finite alphabet case, that is done through automata-theoretic constructions. This allows to reprove decidability of bounded synthesis for universal specifications over (ℕ,=), and to obtain new ones, such as the case of a dense order, or the ability of data guessing, all with a 2-ExpTime complexity.We then move to the unbounded synthesis problem, which is undecidable for specifications given by non-deterministic and universal automata, but decidable and ExpTime-complete for deterministic ones over (ℕ,=) and (ℚ,<). We also exhibit a decidable subclass in the case of (ℕ,<), namely one-sided specifications.In a second part, we lift the reactivity assumption, considering the richer class of implementations that are allowed to wait for additional input before reacting, again over data words. Specifications are modelled as non-deterministic asynchronous transducers, that output a (possibly empty) word when they read an input data. Already in the finite alphabet case, their synthesis problem is undecidable.A way to circumvent the difficulty is to focus on functional specifications, for which any input sequence admits at most one acceptable output. Targeting programs computed by input-deterministic transducers is again undecidable, so we shift the focus to deciding whether a specification is computable, in the sense of the classical extension of Turing-computability to infinite inputs. We relate this notion with that of continuity for the Cantor distance, which yields a decidable characterisation of computability for functional specifications given by asynchronous register transducers over (ℕ,=) and for the superseding class of oligomorphic data domains, that also encompasses $(ℚ,<)$. The study concludes with the case of (ℕ,<), that is again decidable. Overall, we get PSpace-completeness for the problems of deciding computability and refined notions, as well as functionality. / Option Informatique du Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

This document defines systems of pushdown transducers. The idea of cooperating distributed grammar systems for components working on one word is adjusted for use of transducers instead of grammars. The transducers cooperate by passing output of one to input of another component. It discusses their descriptive power and equivalency between systems with arbitrary numbers of components. The main conclusion is then comparison of their descriptive power with Turing machines with regard to their translation and accepted languages.

This thesis deals with the dynamic properties of electric pressure transducers. These are properties that are reflected in the measurement of rapid, time-dependent processes. They could be described in two ways. Either by using amplitude and phase frequency response characteristics, or just one particular value. Natural frequency, cutoff frequency or time constant. These parameters indicate the extreme values for the use of measuring devices in the measurement of time-dependent processes. In this work will be described procedures for determining these parameters.

[pt] O setor de petróleo e gás apresenta diversas oportunidades de aplicação para os sensores a fibra óptica. Algumas características inerentes às fibras ópticas, como baixo peso, flexibilidade, longa distância de transmissão, baixa reatividade do material, isolamento elétrico, imunidade eletromagnética e alta capacidade de multiplexação, podem ser determinantes em diversas situações, seja nos segmentos de exploração, transporte, refino ou distribuição. As principais operadoras internacionais do setor identificaram a tecnologia de Sensores a Fibra Óptica como elemento chave para viabilizar, com toda a funcionalidade esperada, a instalação de sistemas de completação inteligente de poços de petróleo (produção ou injeção). O sensoriamento do poço permite obter, a qualquer momento, informações precisas sobre diversas grandezas, entre outras a pressão, temperatura, vazão, pH ou mesmo a posição de válvulas que controlam o fluxo através do poço. A monitoração em tempo real do poço é parte da estratégia de automação do processo de produção do campo de petróleo. Esta é uma tendência que no futuro próximo aponta para a exploração de campos de petróleo inteligentes, onde a produção por vários poços de um mesmo reservatório realizase de forma otimizada e automatizada, reduzindo custos, e aumentando fatores de recuperação das reservas de hidrocarbonetos fósseis. O presente trabalho se insere neste contexto, e apresenta a concepção, desenvolvimento e resultados de testes de dois protótipos de transdutores de fundo do poço para integrar um sistema de completação inteligente baseado na tecnologia de sensoriamento utilizando redes de Bragg em fibras ópticas. O primeiro deles destina-se à medida da pressão diferencial num sensor de vazão do tipo Venturi. Resultados de testes com protótipos do transdutor demonstraram que ele pode operar numa faixa de mais ou menos 5 bar de pressão diferencial, sob pressões médias de até 21 MPa e temperaturas de 90 graus Celsius com resolução de 0,06 por cento do fundo de escala. O segundo transdutor desenvolvido, aplica-se à medida da posição de abertura e fechamento de uma válvula controladora de fluxo tipo camisa deslizante (sliding sleeves). Duas técnicas foram investigadas. A primeira delas, para aplicações mais gerais, baseia-se no uso de atuadores magnetoestrictivos. A segunda procurou atender a um projeto específico para este tipo de válvula, em cuja concepção utiliza-se uma mola elástica para exercer a força de restituição contra um atuador hidráulico. Neste caso, optou-se por desenvolver uma célula de carga instrumentada com redes de Bragg. Nos testes realizados foram obtidos resultados satisfatórios em termos de sensibilidade e resolução, tendo-se chegado para esta última a valores próximos de 0,03 mm num curso de 70 mm (0,04 por cento do fundo de escala). / [en] Optical fibers are finding a growing range of new applications in the petroleum industry, which include, not only those already well established in telecommunications, but also in novel sensing technologies. Possibility of dense multiplexing, continuous distributed measurements, long distances between measurement points and electronic circuits, and explosion risk free, are some of the characteristics shared by different types of optical fiber sensors. The major global oil and gas operators and service companies have elected optical fiber sensing as one of the key enablers to implement with all the expected functionality and reliability the novel technology of intelligent well completion. Continuous well monitoring allows the operator to access, at any time during the well life, important information regarding different process variables, such as pressure, temperature, flow-rate, pH, or even the position of sliding sleeves valves that control the flow through the well. This is part of the automation strategy to optimize production in the whole reservoir, a technological trend that points towards the concept of an intelligent oil field and that, in the near future, will be applied to the integrated management of production from several wells in the same reservoir, contributing to reduce intervention costs, and increasing recovery factors of fossil hydro-carbon reserves. The present work is inserted in this context, and reports the conception, development and results of tests conducted with prototypes of two different optical fiber transducers to be integrated in an intelligent well completion system. The first one is a Bragg grating differential pressure transducer, which has been developed to measure pressure drop across a Venturi flow-meter inserted in the production tubing. Test results with prototypes have demonstrated that the transducer may be applied to measure differential pressures in the range of more or less 5 bar, under static (average) pressures up to 21 MPa and temperatures below 90 Celsius Degree, with 0.06 percent full-scale resolution. The second development is a displacement transducer applied to measure the opening position of sliding sleeves valves. Two different measurement principles were investigated. The first, intended to general applications of displacement measurements, relied on the use of magnetostrictive actuators and fiber Bragg grating sensors. The second displacement transducer applies to a specific type of valve, which employs a mechanical spring to provide recovery forces to a hydraulic actuator. The proposed solution was based on the use of a load cell instrumented with fiber Bragg gratings. Tests results demonstrated that the prototype transducer was capable of resolving changes in displacement as lower as 0.03 mm in a full-range of 70 mm, approximately 0.04 percent full-scale resolution.

L’imagerie photoacoustique est une nouvelle modalité couplant imagerie optique et échographie. Non invasive, elle permet d’imager des absorbeurs optiques à quelques centimètres de profondeur et avec la résolution de l’échographie. La réception des signaux photoacoustiques se faisant à l’aide d’un échographe clinique, cette modalité hybride vient compléter idéalement l’imagerie ultrasonore en apportant des informations fonctionnelles aux informations structurelles de l’échographie. Ces atouts en font une technique d’imagerie très prometteuse pour la clinique, notamment comme outil de diagnostic précoce. Ce travail de thèse a pour objectif principal la mise en place des outils nécessaires au développement de cette thématique de recherche d’un point de vue expérimental, à des fins cliniques. En particulier, l’apport de l’imagerie photoacoustique pour le diagnostic de plaques d’athérome vulnérables est investigué sur fantômes, grâce à un protocole original. Pour cela un système d’imagerie photoacoustique a été développé et caractérisé à l’aide de fantômes bimodalités élaborés spécifiquement pour les différentes études présentées. Gardant à l’esprit le transfert de cette technique en clinique, un échographe clinique de recherche est utilisé et différentes spécificités du banc nécessaires à l’imagerie in vivo et au diagnostic médical ont été investiguées. Cela implique une amélioration des performances de détection du signal photoacoustique, notamment en termes de sensibilité et de contraste. Pour cela, une nouvelle technologie de sondes ultrasonores est évaluée en la comparant aux sondes actuellement utilisées. De plus, une excitation multispectrale permet l’identification de différents éléments présents dans les tissus. L’aspect temps-réel de l’échographie fait de cette modalité une des plus utilisées pour le diagnostic clinique. Par conséquent, une imagerie photoacoustique voire bimodale en temps réel présente un réel atout pour son transfert clinique. Cette possibilité est investiguée sur le système mis en place au cours de la thèse grâce à un échographe de recherche et une étude sur fantômes. Enfin, une autre contribution de ce travail concerne l’apport de l’imagerie photoacoustique à la caractérisation de la vulnérabilité de la plaque d’athérome. Cette indication de vulnérabilité est obtenue en déterminant la composition de la plaque, en particulier en termes de lipides. L’imagerie photoacoustique, couplée à l’échographie, peut permettre cette identification. Pour étudier cette possibilité, nous nous sommes intéressés à l’artère carotide pour son accessibilité et la place qu’elle occupe dans le diagnostic de la plaque d’athérome en échographie et échographie Doppler. Un protocole original a été élaboré afin d’apporter l’excitation optique au plus près de la carotide. La faisabilité de cette approche est investiguée sur un fantôme conçu spécifiquement pour cette étude et les résultats préliminaires sont présentés. / Photoacoustic (PA) imaging is a new imaging modality coupling ultrasound and optical imaging. This non-invasive technique achieves a penetration depth up to several centimeters with optical contrast and ultrasound resolution. Moreover, since PA signals are detected with a US scanner, PA imaging ideally complete US imaging, adding functional information to the structural ones brought by echography. Therefore PA imaging looks very promising, specifically as a clinical early diagnosis tool. The main objective of this thesis is to set up the required tools to develop the experimental investigation for this research topic and, in particular, to apply it to the diagnosis of vulnerable atheroma plaques. A PA imaging system has been set up and characterized using specifically designed bimodal phantoms. Additional studies have been made to evaluate the suitability of this imaging platform for clinical imaging. For example, in vivo imaging requires better signal detection in terms of contrast and sensitivity, achieved thanks to a new probe technology, and the identification of tissue composition using a multispectral optical excitation. Finally, PA and even PAUS real time imaging is a real asset for medical diagnosis that has been investigated. Another contribution of this work is the use of PA imaging to characterized atheroma plaques vulnerability with the detection of lipids inside these plaques. PA imaging, coupled to echography, can address this need. To study this possibility, the carotid artery has been considered and a new protocol has been elaborated to bring the optical excitation very close to this artery. A feasibility study has been realized on a specific phantom and the preliminary results are presented.

Unreliable communication channels are a practical reality. They add to the complexity of protocol design and verification. In this work, we consider noisy channels which can corrupt messages. We present an approach to model and verify protocols which combine error detection and error control to provide reliable communication over noisy channels. We call these protocols retransmission protocols as they achieve reliable communication through repeated retransmissions of messages. These protocols typically use cyclic redundancy checks and sliding window protocols for error detection and control respectively. We propose models of these protocols as regular transducers operating on bit strings. Deterministic streaming string transducers provide a natural way of modeling these protocols and formalizing correctness requirements. The verification problem is posed as functional equivalence between the protocol transducer and the specification transducer. Functional equivalence checking is decidable for this class of transducers and this makes the transducer models amenable to algorithmic verification. In our transducer models, message lengths and retransmission rounds are unbounded. We present case studies based on TinyOS serial communication and the HDLC retransmission protocol. We further extend our protocol models to capture the effects of a noisy channel with non-determinism. We present two non-deterministic yet decidable extensions of transducer models of retransmission protocols. For one of our models, we achieve decidable verification by bounding the retransmission rounds, whereas for the other, even retransmission rounds are unbounded.

ITC/USA 2005 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-First Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 24-27, 2005 / Riviera Hotel & Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / This paper describes a methodology for aircraft T&E processes that exploits the advantages of the IEEE 1451 family of standards, including the design, implementation, test, and maintenance of instrumentation systems. The methodology includes the use of handheld and desktop applications that support the design of sensor networks, commissioning of sensors, sensor health monitoring, sensor plug-and-play capability, alarm management, and reports. The methodology incorporates the use of existing instrumentation support systems that have traditionally been used for aircraft T&E processes.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 18-21, 2004 / Town & Country Resort, San Diego, California / The wireless sensor concept has been hindered in the past by the large number of components needed to add the wireless transceiver feature and the additional power consumption needed for that feature. This has been resolved by incorporating all the wireless components into a single, low power modular circuit. Intelligence is being added to legacy sensors to make them Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 1451.4 compatible with an element called a Sensor Identification Transducer Electronic Data Sheet (SITEDS), which contains the Transducer Electronics Data Sheet (TEDS) for that sensor. All the sensor interface parameters are automatically configured by a module called the Universal Smart Transducer Interface Module (USTIM) using the TEDS input from the respective sensor’s SITEDS. An IEEE P1451.5 compatible wireless interface can be incorporated into the SITEDS with the transceiver module giving the legacy sensor full wireless capability.

The feeding behavior of fishes is a topic that has piqued the interests of many researchers given the dynamic and ancestral nature of aquatic prey-capture. This study examines aquatic feeding in terms of the suction and ram components of feeding in smallmouth bass, Micropterus dolomieu, and how they modulate their kinematic behavior when attacking pelagic and benthic prey. Relative to other Micropterus genera, the reduced gape in smallmouth bass suggests they may create considerable suction pressure – stronger subambient pressure pulled through a smaller opening creates greater velocity. Suction feeding is useful when feeding on benthic prey, such as crayfish. Ram feeding is utilized when capturing pelagic prey, such as goldfish, because prey swimming in the water column can be overtaken with body speed. Prey-capture experiments using high-speed cinematography and pressure transducers were conducted to determine if smallmouth bass modulate their feeding performance between pelagic and benthic prey items. Results indicate that smallmouth bass modulate their behavior to include both aspects of ram and suction feeding when presented with differing prey, utilizing greater ram when feeding in the water column and stronger suction when feeding off the substrate (MANCOVA, p