Orientador: Marco Aurélio Zezzi Arruda / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T14:38:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maciel_BrunaCarolineMiranda_M.pdf: 2287580 bytes, checksum: 69534e40c093aed8660eb365cf0fa8f6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Tendo em vista que a prática da transgenia reflete uma realidade mundial no setor agrícola, o principal objetivo desse trabalho de Dissertação é avaliar algumas espécies de proteínas diferenciais entre folhas de Arabidopsis thaliana não transgênica (NT) e transgênica (T), ambas irrigadas com uma solução de Selênio (Se), frente a uma condição controle. De maneira a averiguar as diferenças entre as folhas NT e T, usando como parâmetros o efeito da transgenia e do estresse oxidativo induzido por Se, um estudo proteômico comparativo foi desenvolvido por meio da metodologia 2-D DIGE, uma variante da técnica de separação por 2-D PAGE, que oferece vantagens, tais como na detectabilidade das proteínas de baixa abundância e precisão para análise quantitativa entre as intensidades diferenciais dos spots proteicos, resultando, com efeito, um mapa proteômico mais representativo destas folhas. Quatro grupos de plantio foram combinados para análise comparativa, de tal forma que NT x T, NT x Se-NT, Se-NT x Se-T e T x Se-T. Embora não tenha sido detectadas espécies de proteínas diferencias no grupo T x Se-T, para os outros, 68 proteínas diferenciais foram detectadas, usando um fator de regulação 1,5 baseado no teste de t para p < 0,05. Dentre este total, 27 proteínas diferenciais foram precisamente identificadas por ESI-QTOF-MS/MS. Estas proteínas estão classificadas quanto às funções metabólicas, energéticas, de transdução de sinal, doenças/defensa vegetal, e algumas delas estão envolvidas nas vias da Glicólise, Fotossistema I e II, e combate à ERO (espécies reativas de oxigênio). Adicionalmente, um imageamento por ablação a laser foi feito para avaliar a distribuição de Se e Enxofre (S) em folhas dos grupos diferentes, corroborando com alguns resultados obtidos, principalmente àquelas proteínas envolvidas nas vias da Glicólise. A partir destes resultados é possível concluir que o vetor inserido também confere à planta a resistência ao estresse oxidativo, no qual o Selênio adicionado foi o efeito mais influente comparado com o efeito da transgenia / Abstract: In view of the techniques related to transgenesis show the global reality in the agricultural sector, the main goal of this Thesis work is to evaluate some differential protein species in non-transgenic (NT) and transgenic (T) Arabidopsis thaliana leaves, both they irrigated with Selenium (Se) solution in front of control condition. In order to estimate the differences between NT and T leaves, using as parameters the transgenesis effect and the oxidative stress induced by Se, a comparative proteomic study was performed using 2-D DIGE methodology, a variant technique of separation by 2-D PAGE that offers ideal advantages, such as detectability of low abundance proteins and accuracy to quantitative analysis among differential intensities of protein spots, resulting in a more representative proteomic map these leaves. Four plant groups were combined to comparative analysis, so that NT x T, NT x Se-NT, Se-NT x Se-T e T x Se-T. Although there differential protein species from T x Se-T group were not detected, for the others, 68 differential protein species were detected, using regulation factor of 1.5, which was based in t test to p < 0.05. Among them, 27 differential proteins were accurately identified by ESI-QTOF-MS/MS. These proteins are classified regarding functions as metabolism, energy, signal transduction, diseases/vegetal defense and some of these were involved in the Glycolysis pathway, Photosystem I and II, and combat the ROS (reactive oxygen species). Additionally an imaging by laser ablation was done to evaluate the Se and Sulfur (S) distribution in leaves of different groups corroborating with some obtained results, mainly those proteins involved in the Glycolysis pathway. From these results, it is possible to conclude that insert vector confers resistance to the T plant regarding oxidative stress where the added Se was the effect more influential than compared with transgenesis effect / Mestrado / Quimica Analitica / Mestra em Química

Au-delà de l’intérêt cognitif de la démarche, la compréhension des mécanismes qui régissent le développement pancréatique humain reste la clé pour décrypter les acteurs physiopathologiques des maladies du pancréas et pour développer des approches thérapeutiques innovantes. En outre, alors que la cellule bêta de rongeurs et la cellule bêta humaine partagent un grand nombre de similitudes, certaines données indiquent également des différences marquées entre les espèces. L'absence de systèmes expérimentaux robustes , à partir de matériel humain, n'a pas permis un examen détaillé du développement pancréatique humain jusqu’à présent. Dans le laboratoire, il a été précédemment validé un modèle de xénogreffe de pancréas immature humain sous la capsule rénale de souris immuno-incompétentes SCID. Il a été démontré que celui-ci permettait de récapituler l’ensemble des étapes du développement endocrine humain. Néanmoins le site de greffe limitait les possibilités de modifier ce développement, notamment par infection virale. Dans ce travail, nous avons développé et validé un nouveau site de greffe dans le muscle squelettique, plus simple et plus superficiel. En outre, nous démontrons qu’il est possible de créer un pancréas humain partiellement transgénique in vivo en réalisant du transfert de gènes médié par des lentivirus, après injection directe de la solution virale dans le greffon. Ce modèle de greffe dans le muscle est une nouvelle approche permettant d’envisager des études longitudinales, dans lesquelles il serait possible d’étudier la régulation de certains gènes ou le devenir de certaines lignées marquées par des gènes rapporteurs apportés par le virus à différents stades de développement. / Whilst sporadic human genetic studies have permitted some comparisons between rodent and human pancreatic development, the lack of a robust experimental system has not permitted detailed examination of human pancreatic development. We previously developed a xenograft model of immature human fetal pancreas grafted under the kidney capsule of immune-incompetent mice, which allowed the development of human pancreatic beta cells. Here, we compared the development of human and murine fetal pancreatic grafts either under skeletal muscle epimysium or under the renal capsule. We demonstrated that human pancreatic beta cell development occurs) both by differentiation of pancreatic progenitors and by proliferation of developing beta cells. The superficial location of the skeletal muscle graft and its easier access permitted in vivo lentivirus-mediated gene transfer which targeted specific cells. This model of engraftment under the skeletal muscle epimysium is a new approach for longitudinal studies, which allows localized manipulation to determine the regulation of human pancreatic development.

This thesis describes my work to develop methods and assays to study transgenerational inheritance in the widely used genetic model organism Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). In the first chapter, I describe a novel method that uses an exogenous histamine-selective chloride channel (HisCl1) for negative selection in transgenesis. C. elegans transgenesis is a core technique used by most laboratories and often requires distinguishing between rare animals with a single-copy transgene inserted into the genome from more frequent animals that carry multiple copies of the transgene in extra-chromosomal arrays. I demonstrate that histamine-selection induces rapid and irreversible paralysis in only array animals thus allowing quick identification of the desired transgenic animals. In the second chapter, I develop a high-throughput assay for quantifying transgenerational epigenetic inheritance of endogenous gene silencing. Small RNA -mediated gene silencing leads to an increased incidence of males in the population which can be inherited for four to six generations. I identify a fluorescent marker that specifically fluoresces in males and show that I can use a large-particle particle sorter to quantify the frequency of males in a population. This automated system will allow me to follow inheritance patterns over at least ten generations in various mutant backgrounds in parallel to determine the genetic basis and the rules of epigenetic inheritance.

A espermatogênese em mamíferos é um processo sustentado pela auto-renovação e diferenciação de células-tronco espermatogoniais (SSCs). O estudo destas células oferece um excelente modelo para o melhor entendimento da biologia das células-tronco adultas e dos mecanismos que controlam as funções das SSCs. Além do potencial biomédico para estudos sobre infertilidade em diferentes espécies, as SSC possuem uma aplicação promissora na biotecnologia para a produção de animais transgênicos. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi responder à pergunta: &quot;SSCs bovinas LacZ+ podem integrar-se aos túbulos seminíferos de bezerros pré-púberes da raça Nelore após transplante autólogo?&quot; Para isso, bezerros Nelore de 5 meses de idade (n=16) foram submetidos a uma orquiectomia unilateral para o isolamento de células espermatogoniais por digestão enzimática. Após o plaqueamento diferencial, as células foram transduzidas com um vetor lentiviral contendo a sequencia do gene marcador LacZ. Para isso, os animais foram aleatoriamente alocados em um dos quatro grupos experimentais: LacZ+/PKH26+, LacZ+/PKH26-, LacZ-/PKH26+, LacZ-/PKH26-. Após 60 h do início do cultivo in vitro, as células espermatogoniais foram transplantadas autologamente para o mediastino do testículo remanescente por injeção guiada por ultrassonografia. O testículo transplantado foi removido cirurgicamente após 45 dias e amostras de tecido foram submetidas a reação com x-gal para verificação da integração de células espermatogoniais transgênicas aos túbulos seminíferos. Células espermatogoniais foram isoladas e cultivadas in vitro com sucesso. Contudo, não foi possível obter uma população pura de SSCs por plaqueamento diferencial. Embora tenha sido eleito o transplante de células espermatogoniais e não de SSCs somente, sabe-se que também foram transplantadas SSCs, pois a caracterização das células isoladas demonstrou a expressão dos marcadores de SSCs ITGA6, GFRa-1, PGP 9.5 e afinidade pela lectina DBA. Crioseções de amostras de tecido testicular coradas com x-gal permitiram a observação de células transgênicas em 8 de 8 animais que receberam células LacZ+. Contudo, todas as células transgênicas observadas estavam situadas no interstício. Concluindo, não foi possível observar a integração das células transgênicas transplantadas aos túbulos seminíferos do testículo receptor após 45 dias do transplante autólogo utilizando a técnica de injeção intratesticular de células espermatogoniais LacZ+ no mediastino de bezerros pré-púberes da raça Nelore. / Mammalian spermatogenesis is sustained by self renewal and differentiation of spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs). The study of these cells provides a model to better understand adult stem cell biology and the mechanisms that control SSC functions. Besides the biomedical potential to perform studies of infertility in many species, SSCs hold a promising biotechnological application at animal transgenesis. In this manner, the goal of this study was to answer the question: &quot;Can LacZ+ bovine SSCs be integrated into seminiferous tubule of prepubertal Nelore bulls subjected to autologous transplantation?&quot; Hence, 5 months old bulls (n=16) were hemicastrated and spermatogonial cells were isolated by a two step enzymatic digestion procedure. After differential plating, cells were transduced with a lentivirus vector carrying the LacZ reporter gene sequence. Animals were randomly allocated in four experimental groups: LacZ+/PKH26+, LacZ+/PKH26-, LacZ-/PKH26+, LacZ-/PKH26-. After 60 h of the onset of in vitro culture, spermatogonial cells were autologously transplanted to the remaining testes by an ultrasound guided needle injection at the testis mediastinum. The transplanted testes were surgically removed after 45 days and testicular tissue samples were subjected to x-gal staining to assess the integration of transgenic spermatogonial cells to seminiferous tubule. Spermatogonial cells were successfully isolated and in vitro cultured. However, it was not possible to obtain a SSC enriched population of cells by differential plating. Although it was decided by the transplant of spermatogonial cells instead of pure SSCs only, it was detected the expression of SSC marker genes ITGA6, PGP9.5, GFR-1 and the affinity for DBA by the isolated cells. Cryosections of x-gal stained testicular tissue samples allowed the observation of transgenic cells in 8 out of 8 animals that received LacZ+ cells. However, all transgenic cells observed were located at the interstitial space. In conclusion, it was not possible to observe the integration of the transplanted transgenic cells into seminiferous tubule of prepubertal Nelore bulls subjected to autologous transplantation using an ultrasound guided needle injection at the testis mediastinum, after 45 days of transplant.

Ao longo do processo evolutivo, parasitoides desenvolveram inúmeras estratégias para a colonização de seus hospedeiros, resultando em mecanismos específicos de regulação. Endoparasitoides cenobiontes depositam seus ovos no hospedeiro e manipulam sua fisiologia e suas repostas imunológicas, a fim de tornar o hospedeiro um ambiente seguro e nutricionalmente adequado para o desenvolvimento do imaturo. A associação de parasitoides das famílias Braconidae e Ichneumonidae com vírus da família Polydnaviridae e sua injeção no hospedeiro configuram-se como um dos principais mecanismos de regulação utilizados durante o parasitismo, devido sua ação sobre a expressão de genes do hospedeiro. O conjunto diverso de fatores maternos e larvais apresentados por parasitoides pode apresentar potencial biotecnológico no controle de pragas, que busca por novos nichos de exploração. Apesar disso, a especificidade das interações hospedeiro - parasitoide limita a exploração de eventos que utilizam tais fatores de virulência, baseada na necessidade de táticas que apresentem ação sobre maior número de espécies-praga. Dessa forma, a presente tese teve por objetivo identificar fatores de virulência expressos durante a interação Cotesia flavipes Cameron (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) - Diatraea saccharalis (F.) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), buscando a identificação de fatores com potencial biotecnológico, e identificar vias metabólicas do hospedeiro alvos de regulação, buscando por genes-alvos de controle. Além disso, essa tese buscou avaliar o potencial biotecnológico de um fator de virulência (CfHTIF) pertencente ao vírus simbionte de C. flavipes e de um fator de virulência larval (TnQuit) expresso por teratócitos associados a Toxoneuron nigriceps (Viereck) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) contra hospedeiros incomuns. O parasitismo e a injeção de fatores maternos por C. flavipes resultou na regulação de inúmeras vias metabólicas de D. saccharalis, principalmente relacionadas ao controle do sistema endócrino e do sistema imunológico e identificou a expressão de genes virais e larvais associados a C. flavipes. Plantas transformadas com o fator de virulência TnQuit apresentaram efeitos na sobrevivência e no desenvolvimento dos hospedeiros não-permissivos de hábito mastigador, Chrysodeixis includens (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Spodoptera albula (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) e Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), minador, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), e sugador, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), enquanto que o gene viral CfHTIF interferiu nas eficiências de conversão do alimento ingerido e digerido de S. albula, mas não de S. frugiperda. / Parasitoids developed many strategies for colonization of their hosts during the evolution of associations with their hosts, which resulted in the development of specific mechanisms of host regulation. Koinobiont endoparasitoids deposit their eggs into the host and manipulate the host´s physiology and immune responses in order to turn the host a safe and nutritionally suitable environment for parasitoid immature development. The association of parasitoids belonging to Braconidae and Ichneumonidae with virus of the family Polydnaviridae, which are injected in the host, constitutes one of the main mechanisms of regulation used during the parasitization due to viral regulation of the host gene expression. The diverse set of maternal and larval-derived factors produced by parasitoids may have biotechnological potential for pest control. Nevertheless, the specificity of the host - parasitoid interactions are thought to limit the exploration of events that use such virulence factors, as a consequence on the need of successful tactics for a large number of pest species. Thus, we aimed to identify the virulence factors expressed during the interaction Cotesia flavipes Cameron (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) - Diatraea saccharalis (F.) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) to identify factors with biotechnological potential and to identify targets of regulation that could aid on the development of additional control tactics. In addition, we evaluated the biotechnological potential of a virulence factor (CfHTIF) belonging to the symbiont virus of C. flavipes and a larval virulence factor (TnQuit) expressed by teratocytes associated to Toxoneuron nigriceps (Viereck) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) against non-host species. Parasitization and pseudoparasitization of D. saccharalis larvae by C. flavipes resulted in the regulation of several metabolic pathways, particularly those related to the endocrine and immune systems. We also characterized the transcriptome of C. flavipes and of associated bracovirus in parasitized and pseudoparasitized hosts. Plants transformed with the TnQuit virulence factor affected survival and development of the non-permissive hosts Chrysodeixis includens (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Spodoptera albula (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) and the number of developing adults of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). CfHTIF-transgenic plants affected the efficiency of conversion of the digested and ingested food of S. albula larvae, but not of S. frugiperda larvae.

A transferência gênica mediada por espermatozóide (TGME) por ser um método teoricamente simples e barato tem sido usada na produção de animais transgênicos. Entretanto, os resultados são variáveis e inconstantes. Para otimizar a TGME é necessário estabelecer o tempo, a quantidade e o tipo de DNA exógeno que será incubado com os espermatozóides. O estudo dos efeitos destes parâmetros na TGME foi o objetivo deste trabalho. Para avaliar o efeito da adição do DNA exógeno durante 0, 1, 2, 3 e 4 horas de incubação na viabilidade espermática foram utilizadas as sondas fluorescentes Hoechst 33342, Iodeto de propídeo, JC-1 e FITC-PSA. Na avaliação do efeito do tempo de incubação (60, 90 e 120 minutos) nos índices de apoptose e necrose, os espermatozóides foram corados com as sondas fluorescentes Yo-pro e Iodetoto de propídeo e avaliados pelo citômetro de fluxo, e os índices de transfecção avaliados pela PCR em tempo real. Para avaliar o efeito da quantidade e da seqüência de DNA exógeno foram construídas seqüências de tamanhos e estruturas diferentes. Para as seqüências de tamanhos diferentes, foram utilizadas seqüências de 2,2; 5,5 e 8,5kb nas concentrações de 500ng ou 130ng da seqüência de 2,2kb, 323ng da seqüência 5,5kb e 500ng da seqüência de 8,5kb. Para as seqüências de diferentes estruturas foram utilizadas seqüências ricas em oligonucleotideos AT, GC ou intermediária (IN). Foram avaliados o efeito das seqüências de diferentes tamanhos, estruturas e concentrações na indução de apoptose dos espermatozóides pelo citômetro de fluxo e os índices de transfecção por PCR em tempo real. Os resultados mostraram que não houve efeito da adição do DNA exógeno sobre a viabilidade espermática. Entretanto, houve efeito do tempo de incubação onde foi observado maior viabilidade espermática com 1 hora de incubação (35,7%). O tempo de incubação não teve efeito na indução de apoptose, mas foi observado efeito no índice de transfecção apresentando maior quantidade de DNA exógeno associado aos espermatozóides às 2 horas de incubação. A quantidade, o tamanho e a estrutura de DNA exógeno não influenciaram o índice de apoptose, assim como a quantidade de DNA não teve efeito nos índice de transfecção. Entretanto, foi observado efeito do tamanho e da estrutura do DNA, no qual a seqüência de 5,5kb apresentou melhores resultados de transfecção tanto na quantidade de 500ng e 323ng. A seqüência rica em AT também apresentou melhor resultado de transfecção em relação à seqüência rica em GC e a intermediária. Em conclusão, o tempo de incubação reduziu a viabilidade espermática, porém, aumentou os índices de transfecção. A transfecção dos espermatozóides não foi influenciada pela quantidade da seqüência, mas foi influenciada pelo tamanho e estrutura da seqüência. A apoptose e necrose das células espermáticas não foram influenciadas pela quantidade, tamanho e estrutura do DNA exógeno / Sperm-mediated gene transfer (SMGT) has been used for transgenic animal production because it is a theoretically simple and low cost method. However, results are various and without repetibility. In order to optimize SMGT it is necessary to determine the time, amount and sequence of exogenous DNA for incubation with spermatozoa. The objective of this study was to verify the effect of these three parameters on SMGT. To assess the effect of exogenous DNA addition on sperm viability after 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 hours of incubation, fluorescent probes Hoechst 33342, propidium iodide, JC-1 and FITC-PSA were used. To evaluate effects of incubation time (60, 90 and 120 minutes) on apoptosis and necrosis rates, spermatozoa were stained with fluorescent probes Yo-pro and propidium iodide and analyzed by flow cytometry; transfection rates were evaluated by real-time PCR. To assess the effect of exogenous DNA amount and sequence, different sized and structured sequences were made. Different sized sequences of 2.2, 5.5 and 8.5kb were used, with concentration of 500ng or 130ng of 2.2 sequence, 500 or 323ng of 5.5 sequence and 500ng of 8.5 sequence. Different structured sequences were rich in AT, GC or intermediate (IN). The effect of different size, structure and concentration on spermatozoa apoptosis induction were analyzed by flow cytometer and transfection rates by real-time PCR. Results show that no effects occurred on spermatozoa viability after exogenous DNA addition. However, time effect occurred: higher spermatozoa viability was observed after 1 hour of incubation (35.7%). Incubation time had no effect on apoptosis induction; otherwise, transfection rates presented higher amounts of exogenous DNA associated to spermatozoa after 2 hours of incubation. Amount, size and structure of DNA did not influence apoptosis and necrosis rates and DNA amount had no effect on transfection rates. However, size and structure effect were observed: 5.5kb sequence presented better transfection results using 500ng or 323ng. AT- rich sequence also presented better transfection rates than GC-rich and IN sequences. In conclusion, incubation time reduced spermatozoa viability, although enhanced the transfection levels. Spermatozoa transfection was not influenced by DNA sequence amount, but was influenced by the size and structure of the sequence. Apoptosis and necrosis of sperm cells were not influenced by amount, size and structure of exogenous DNA

A transferência gênica mediada por espermatozóide (TGME) por ser um método teoricamente simples e barato tem sido usada na produção de animais transgênicos. Entretanto, os resultados são variáveis e inconstantes. Para otimizar a TGME é necessário estabelecer o tempo, a quantidade e o tipo de DNA exógeno que será incubado com os espermatozóides. O estudo dos efeitos destes parâmetros na TGME foi o objetivo deste trabalho. Para avaliar o efeito da adição do DNA exógeno durante 0, 1, 2, 3 e 4 horas de incubação na viabilidade espermática foram utilizadas as sondas fluorescentes Hoechst 33342, Iodeto de propídeo, JC-1 e FITC-PSA. Na avaliação do efeito do tempo de incubação (60, 90 e 120 minutos) nos índices de apoptose e necrose, os espermatozóides foram corados com as sondas fluorescentes Yo-pro e Iodetoto de propídeo e avaliados pelo citômetro de fluxo, e os índices de transfecção avaliados pela PCR em tempo real. Para avaliar o efeito da quantidade e da seqüência de DNA exógeno foram construídas seqüências de tamanhos e estruturas diferentes. Para as seqüências de tamanhos diferentes, foram utilizadas seqüências de 2,2; 5,5 e 8,5kb nas concentrações de 500ng ou 130ng da seqüência de 2,2kb, 323ng da seqüência 5,5kb e 500ng da seqüência de 8,5kb. Para as seqüências de diferentes estruturas foram utilizadas seqüências ricas em oligonucleotideos AT, GC ou intermediária (IN). Foram avaliados o efeito das seqüências de diferentes tamanhos, estruturas e concentrações na indução de apoptose dos espermatozóides pelo citômetro de fluxo e os índices de transfecção por PCR em tempo real. Os resultados mostraram que não houve efeito da adição do DNA exógeno sobre a viabilidade espermática. Entretanto, houve efeito do tempo de incubação onde foi observado maior viabilidade espermática com 1 hora de incubação (35,7%). O tempo de incubação não teve efeito na indução de apoptose, mas foi observado efeito no índice de transfecção apresentando maior quantidade de DNA exógeno associado aos espermatozóides às 2 horas de incubação. A quantidade, o tamanho e a estrutura de DNA exógeno não influenciaram o índice de apoptose, assim como a quantidade de DNA não teve efeito nos índice de transfecção. Entretanto, foi observado efeito do tamanho e da estrutura do DNA, no qual a seqüência de 5,5kb apresentou melhores resultados de transfecção tanto na quantidade de 500ng e 323ng. A seqüência rica em AT também apresentou melhor resultado de transfecção em relação à seqüência rica em GC e a intermediária. Em conclusão, o tempo de incubação reduziu a viabilidade espermática, porém, aumentou os índices de transfecção. A transfecção dos espermatozóides não foi influenciada pela quantidade da seqüência, mas foi influenciada pelo tamanho e estrutura da seqüência. A apoptose e necrose das células espermáticas não foram influenciadas pela quantidade, tamanho e estrutura do DNA exógeno / Sperm-mediated gene transfer (SMGT) has been used for transgenic animal production because it is a theoretically simple and low cost method. However, results are various and without repetibility. In order to optimize SMGT it is necessary to determine the time, amount and sequence of exogenous DNA for incubation with spermatozoa. The objective of this study was to verify the effect of these three parameters on SMGT. To assess the effect of exogenous DNA addition on sperm viability after 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 hours of incubation, fluorescent probes Hoechst 33342, propidium iodide, JC-1 and FITC-PSA were used. To evaluate effects of incubation time (60, 90 and 120 minutes) on apoptosis and necrosis rates, spermatozoa were stained with fluorescent probes Yo-pro and propidium iodide and analyzed by flow cytometry; transfection rates were evaluated by real-time PCR. To assess the effect of exogenous DNA amount and sequence, different sized and structured sequences were made. Different sized sequences of 2.2, 5.5 and 8.5kb were used, with concentration of 500ng or 130ng of 2.2 sequence, 500 or 323ng of 5.5 sequence and 500ng of 8.5 sequence. Different structured sequences were rich in AT, GC or intermediate (IN). The effect of different size, structure and concentration on spermatozoa apoptosis induction were analyzed by flow cytometer and transfection rates by real-time PCR. Results show that no effects occurred on spermatozoa viability after exogenous DNA addition. However, time effect occurred: higher spermatozoa viability was observed after 1 hour of incubation (35.7%). Incubation time had no effect on apoptosis induction; otherwise, transfection rates presented higher amounts of exogenous DNA associated to spermatozoa after 2 hours of incubation. Amount, size and structure of DNA did not influence apoptosis and necrosis rates and DNA amount had no effect on transfection rates. However, size and structure effect were observed: 5.5kb sequence presented better transfection results using 500ng or 323ng. AT- rich sequence also presented better transfection rates than GC-rich and IN sequences. In conclusion, incubation time reduced spermatozoa viability, although enhanced the transfection levels. Spermatozoa transfection was not influenced by DNA sequence amount, but was influenced by the size and structure of the sequence. Apoptosis and necrosis of sperm cells were not influenced by amount, size and structure of exogenous DNA

La compréhension des mécanismes régissant la recombinaison méiotique chez le blé tendre (Triticum aestivum L.) devient essentielle puisqu’elle est le levier principal utilisé par les sélectionneurs pour le brassage génétique et obtenir de nouvelles variétés élites comportant des introgressions de régions d’intérêt provenant de ressources génétiques exotiques. A cette fin, l’utilisation chez le blé tendre d’une nouvelle biotechnologie de ciblage de la recombinaison méiotique développée chez la levure par la société Meiogenix semble être prometteuse. Cette biotechnologie, nommée SpiX, fait intervenir un domaine protéique de liaison à l’ADN couplé à la protéine SPO11 responsable des cassures double-brins de l’ADN, initiatrices de la recombinaison méiotique ou crossovers (CO). Le développement d’une nouvelle technique de conservation des embryons immatures a permis d’améliorer les conditions de transformation par biolistique du blé tendre pour l’application de la technologie SpiX. L’exploitation de la séquence du génome du blé a permis d’isoler les gènes codant pour les protéines SPO11 du blé tendre. La complémentation hétérologue inédite de mutants pour les protéines SPO11 d’Arabidopsis thaliana avec les orthologues ainsi découverts chez le blé tendre montre leur grande conservation de séquence et de fonction au sein des plantes et leur potentielle fonctionnalité pour la biotechnologie SpiX. Enfin le test de différents domaines de liaison à l’ADN et de différentes cibles le long du chromosome 3B de blé tendre montre que la biotechnologie SpiX requiert des ajustements en fonction de l’espèce chez laquelle celle-ci doit fonctionner. Ces résultats sont ainsi l’opportunité de lever un premier voile sur le ciblage de la recombinaison méiotique chez une espèce de grande culture et de mieux comprendre les mécanismes de détermination des sites de cassures double-brins initiatrices de la recombinaison méiotique chez le blé tendre. / Understanding the mechanisms governing meiotic recombination in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is essential since it is the main tool used by breeders for genetic admixing and obtaining new elite varieties with introgression of regions of interest from exotic genetic resources. To this end, the use in bread wheat of a new biotechnology targeting meiotic recombination developed in yeast by Meiogenix seems to be promising. This biotechnology, named SpiX, involves a DNA-binding domain fused to the SPO11 protein responsible for DNA double-strand breaks, initiating meiotic recombination or crossovers (CO). The development of a new conservation protocol for wheat immature embryos has improved the conditions for bread wheat transformation through biolistic, and thus for the application of SpiX technology. The exploitation of the wheat genome sequence made it possible to isolate the bread wheat genes for SPO11 proteins. A novel heterologous complementation of Arabidopsis thaliana mutants for SPO11s with the bread wheat orthologous freshly discovered shows their great conservation of sequence and function within plants and their potential functionality for SpiX biotechnology. Finally, the testing of different DNA-binding domains and different targets along bread wheat 3B chromosome shows that SpiX biotechnology requires adjustments depending on the species in which it has to function. These results are the opportunity to uncover the targeting of meiotic recombination in a widely cultivated crop species and to understand the mechanisms determining sites for double-strand breaks prior to meiotic recombination in wheat.

The vertebrate Dlx gene family consists of multiple convergently transcribed bigene clusters and encodes a group of homeodomain-containing transcription factors crucial for the development of forebrain, branchial arches, sensory organs and limbs. At least four cis-regulatory elements (CREs) are responsible for Dlx expression in the forebrain: URE2 and I12b in the Dlx1/Dlx2 (zebrafish dlx1a/dlx2a) locus, and, I56i and I56ii in the Dlx5/Dlx6 (zebrafish dlx5a/dlx6a) locus. Here, we first show that unlike the other three enhancers, mouse I56ii CRE targets a group of GABAergic projection neurons expressing striatal markers Meis2 and Islet1. Meis2 and Islet1 proteins can activate reporter gene transcription via the I56ii CRE, suggesting that they may be potential upstream regulators of Dlx genes in vivo. To determine whether there exists a dlx-mediated regulatory pathway during zebrafish GABAergic neuron formation, we establish two independent lines of transgenic fish in which the GFP reporter gene is controlled by a 1.4kb dlx5a/dlx6a intergenic sequence (encompassing zebrafish I56i and I56ii) and a 1.1kb fragment containing only I56i CRE, respectively. Our observations reveal that dlx5a/dlx6a regulatory elements exhibit a fairly specific activity in the zebrafish forebrain and may be essential for GABAergic neuron generation, while I56i and I56ii are likely to play distinct roles in modulating this process in different subpopulations of cells. Disruption of dlx1a/dlx2a or dlx5a/dlx6a function leads to a marked decrease of enhancer activity in the diencephalon and midbrain as well as a comparatively lesser extent of reduction in the telencephalon. In order to define the specific contribution of various individual CREs to overall Dlx regulation, we also generate a mutant mouse model in which I12b CRE is selectively deleted. Despite that mice homozygous for I12b loss develop normally and harbor no overt morphological defects in the forebrain, targeted deletion of this enhancer results in a significant reduction of Dlx1/Dlx2 transcript levels and seemingly perturbs cell proliferation in the subpallial telencephalon, particularly in the ventricular and subventricular zones of ganglionic eminences. Taken together, these data illustrate a complex and dynamic Dlx regulation in the early developing forebrain through the implications of multiple Dlx CREs with overlapping and diverse functions.

Estrogen-receptor-related receptor gamma, ERRγ, is highly expressed in cartilage and upregulates the chondrogenic transcription factor, Sox9, in a chondrocytic cell line. To assess the effect of increasing ERRγ activity on cartilage in vivo, we generated transgenic animals driving ERRγ expression with a chondrocyte-specific promoter. I verified that one transgenic line exhibited 26% increased ERRγ protein at E14.5. No major morphological defects were seen at this stage, but I observed significant reduction in the size of the appendicular skeleton in P7 mice, such that all elements of the appendicular skeleton were significantly reduced by 4 – 10%. I continued the phenotype analysis at the histological level and found that the P7 animals displayed significantly reduced growth plate height, caused by deficiencies in the size of the proliferative and hypertrophic zones of the growth plate. This suggests a previously unknown role for ERRγ in regulating endochondral ossification in growth plate chondrocytes.