El presente proyecto de investigación aborda la traducción de la variación lingüística, enfocándose específicamente, en los idiolectos y sociolectos de Ron Woodroof y Rayon, los dos personajes principales de la película Dallas Buyers Club (Jean-Marc Vallée, 2013) cuyas diversidades lingüísticas construyen su identidad y caracterizan su comunicación. Al ambientarse en el estado sureño de Texas, es posible evidenciar un marcado dialecto sureño de clase baja por parte de Ron y un sociolecto propio de una clase social más alta por parte de Rayon. Esta investigación pretende analizar cómo se han traducido los aspectos lingüísticos individuales del idiolecto de estos personajes en la subtitulación y el doblaje al español latinoamericano del filme con el fin de reconocer las técnicas de traducción empleadas, que homogenizan los rasgos sociolectales de ambos personajes en la lengua meta. Es preciso partir de la noción de traducción restringida para identificar los aspectos que condicionan el trabajo de un traductor audiovisual y que le impiden lograr una equivalencia dinámica con el texto fuente (Mayoral, Kelly & Gallardo, 1988). Asimismo, en Dallas Buyers Club, la presencia del inglés sureño y sus matices lingüísticos son aspectos relevantes para la narración audiovisual, cuya carga connotativa se neutralizaría en el doblaje, al igual que sus características gramaticales en la subtitulación. / This study addresses the translation of linguistic variation, focusing on the idiolects and sociolects of Ron Woodroof and Rayon, the two main characters of Dallas Buyers Club (Jean-Marc Vallée, 2013) whose linguistic diversities construct their identity and characterize their communication. Set in the southern state of Texas, it is possible to identify a noticeable southern dialect on Ron’s side and a higher social class sociolect on Rayon’s. This research aims to analyze how the individual linguistic aspects of these characters’ idiolect were translated in the Latin American dubbed and subtitled version of the film in order to recognize the translation techniques employed, which reached a standardized conception of both characters in the target language. It is accurate to start from the notion of constrained translation as well as the aspects that condition the work of an audiovisual translator and prevent him or her from achieving a dynamic equivalence regarding the source text (Mayoral, Kelly & Gallardo, 1988). Likewise, in Dallas Buyers Club, the presence of South American English and its linguistic nuances are important aspects whose connotative meaning is neutralized in dubbing as well as its grammatical characteristics in subtitling. / Trabajo de investigación

The main topic of this thesis is the translation of the food-related cultural references. The theoretical part is primarily focused on translation techniques and strategies which are usually used for the translation of cultural elements. Furthermore, the other objective of this part is to introduce this topic in the context of the teaching of Spanish as a foreign language. Specifically, it deals with the incorporation of a sociocultural component in the Spanish courses and the translation as a pedagogical tool. The theoretical foundations are put into practice in a translation techniques analysis and there is also a didactic proposal designed for Czech students of Translation and Interpreting.

Translation is a challenge. More than just words, languages are ways of looking at the world and these unique perspectives make it hard to talk about a reality which might not exist in the language in which we are trying to express it. It becomes a greater challenge when one tackles theater as it is not a genre translation theories have studied extensively, which means the translator cannot rely on tradition. And the challenge reaches a new level when it comes to translating humor: humor is linguistically and culturally determined. Indeed, languages do not express humor using the same tools and peoples do not laugh about the same things. Dealing with these challenges, this work presents the translation of The Dinner Party, an American play by Neil Simon. Offering more than just the translation of the play in French, it aims at blending theory and practice. It thus brings the reader's attention to the way the translation has been done, with observations about the way the two cultures have tentatively been reconciled and about the linguistic phenomena which took place thanks to tools chosen in order to stay faithful to the text while making it not only grammatically correct but also pertinent and enjoyable. The tools identified by Chuquet turned out to be very productive, but case-by-case attention and creativity were also necessary. This work also brings to light some aspects which might call for further analysis, such as a specialized speech analysis of stage directions, through the presentation of a non-exhaustive but broad outline gathering theoretical background. This analytical step is indeed the prerequisite for any serious translation work: even before looking at the piece to be translated, one should be aware of what translating implies and make some decisions concerning the role of the translator. One also needs to explore the features of the original work they feel are necessary to take into consideration when translating.

Магистерская диссертация посвящена анализу англоязычных переводов сказов П.П. Бажова. В работе рассматриваются особенности языка автора (экспрессивная, просторечная, профессиональная лексика, диалектизмы, намеренные нарушения речевых норм, активное использование уменьшительных суффиксов). Выделяются основные переводческие приемы и способы их передачи на английский язык. / The master’s thesis presents an analysis of the English translations of P.P. Bazhov’s fairy tales. It describes the author’s language peculiarities (namely colloquial, expressive and original local vocabulary, professional mining vocabulary, advised deviances, using diminutives). The author highlights the main translation techniques being used in the fairy tales’ English translations.

This study has looked into what translation techniques Tulachandra and Barang have used in their English translation of Thai personal pronouns in Pramoj’s novel Four Reigns. Thai uses different personal pronouns to different people to signify social status, gender and intimacy, which may be challenging for the English translations to achieve. With the limited material available, the personal pronouns sadet, khun, mae, pho and various kinship terms and titles were explored. The results showed that the most frequent translation technique was equivalence, that is, the translating of Thai pronouns into the English I or you. The borrowing technique was also used from time to time. Due to language and cultural differences between Thai and English, it is not possible for the translations to achieve a hundred percent accuracy in terms of underlying meaning of the personal pronouns. The translators did, however, make an effort in keeping the special traits of the pronouns by adding a proper noun into the sentence.

Tourist texts provides information to a wide variety of readers. The main functions of these texts is typically to be both informative and persuasive. When translating a tourist text, the translator should not only maintain these two functions in the target text, but is also faced with the challenge of adapting the text to the premises of the target culture.      The aim of this study is to identify the characteristics of the cultural aspects related to history and religion, as well as the stylistic features in the tourist text Los Caminos del Norte a Santiago. The techniques used in the translation of these aspects from the original spanish cultural context to the new swedish target culture are also studied, more specificly which ones of these translation techniques are the most frecuently used and why.      A cualitative as well as a cuantitative analysis of our translation has been carried out, which indicates that the translation techniques most commonly used regarding the translation of the cultural aspects related to history and religion was amplification and modulation. These were used, for example, in order to compensate for the lack of previous knowledge of the Spanish culture amongst the target text readers. Regarding the adaptation of the style to the target context, modulation and especially generalization was the most commonly used translation techniques. This is due to the intention of making the text less formal and poetic so as to better adjust to the target culture and its textual conventions.

The translation of tourist texts, in addition to the usual challenges of any translation, has to deal with the difficulty of adequately translating the advertising message. This paper, titled “The translation of advertising features of a tourist text - Spanish source text, Swedish target text”, focuses on this issue by comparing a source text in Spanish with its translation into Swedish (elaborated by the author). Attention is given to the characteristics that convey the selling message of the text: the slogan, titles, paragraph-final sentences, and a series of genre-typical features like the use of pronouns and deixis. The theoretic background and the comparison with Swedish parallel texts show that there seems to be a general similarity of characteristics between the source text and Swedish tourist texts, although an adaption of the translation to Swedish genre-traditions was considered necessary in the use of the 2nd person singular (being used considerably more often in the target text than in the source text) and in the use of imperatives (being used more often in the target text than in the source text, as a way of influencing the reader directly).

This work is concerned with romanisms which appear in the terminology of Nový občanský zákoník (Czech Civil Code) and with translation of selected terms into French while special attention is paid to legal concepts. The first chapters deal with the themes of legal language and its translation, translation techniques, loanwords in the Czech language, and romanisms. The following chapter describes the research and the methodology, in addition to analyse of the received results from the perspective of found romanisms and from the perspective of searching appropriate French equivalents. The output of this thesis is a glossary which contains the selected terms and the proposed French translations.

O presente estudo enfoca o trabalho tradutório de Franz Rosenzweig, que esse autor considerava um dos melhores exemplos de aplicação prática do sistema filosófico apresentado em sua obra maior, A Estrela da Redenção. Entender de que forma uma prática de tradução pode constituir-se em aplicação de uma filosofia tão densa e carregada de noções teológicas, bem como compreender de que maneira o minimalismo das inovadoras técnicas de tradução de Rosenzweig (que chegam a levar em conta aspectos de nível fisiológico do leitor) pode propiciar que sejam alcançados objetivos tão grandiosos quanto o preservar-se na tradução o potencial de Revelação do texto original, são alguns dos objetivos deste estudo. Na busca de superar-se uma dicotomia que é, indevidamente, pouco notada na obra de Rosenzweig, e também para se dar conta de uma certa confusão de categorias teológico-filosóficas com categorias lingüísticas, confusão essa que dificulta o trabalho de quem está voltado primordialmente a aspectos de seu trabalho de tradução, Rosenzweig é posto em diálogo principalmente com Bakhtin e Benjamin, mas também com Meschonnic. Assim, o enigmático potencial de Revelação do texto original a ser preservado na tradução vai sucessivamente se aclarando através de noções tais como a responsividade do enunciado em Bakhtin, a palavra que é resposta e a tempestividade na enunciação no próprio Rosenzweig, e o ritmo ou a oralidade do texto em Meschonnic. O passo decisivo que nos leva a concluir que o que está em jogo nessa tradução dialógica de Rosenzweig é um traduzir de vivências na língua, é dado através da noção de intensividade na linguagem [ou, na(s) língua(s)] que é aqui reconhecida e desenvolvida a partir da grande proximidade entre as filosofias de Bakhtin, Rosenzweig e Benjamin. Essa proximidade central e profunda entre as filosofias desses três autores, e que talvez não tenha sido devidamente aquilatada até aqui, é igualmente apresentada e argumentada neste trabalho. Finalmente, essas técnicas tradutórias que se voltam para vivências autorizam ainda duas conclusões, uma acerca desse traduzir, a outra acerca da natureza da linguagem e das línguas: 1) a atitude tradutória de Rosenzweig configura um bartheano writerly turn in translation; 2) é no plano da intensividade na linguagem (e não no da referência), ou seja, é a partir de vivências na língua tais como, p. ex., a da percepção do que há de polissêmico numa homofonia, que se dá o sentimento de pertença de uma língua (nativa ou não). É a partir disso que uma língua se torna para mim uma língua minha, e para uma comunidade ou para um povo uma língua nossa. / This study examines the translation work of Franz Rosenzweig (1886-1929), which he considered to be one of the best examples of a practical application of the philosophy expounded in his major work, The Star of Redemption (1921). Some of the aims of this study are to understand how a translation practice may constitute an application of such a dense philosophy so much loaded with theological concepts, and also to make sense of how the minimalism of Rosenzweigs innovative translation techniques (some of which take into account aspects that involve the physiological level of the reader) manage to reach objectives of such grandeur as the preserving, in translation, of the Revelation potentially present in the original text. Furthermore, in order to overcome a not much noticed dichotomy in Rosenzweigs thought, and also to surmount a certain confusion of theological-philosophic categories with linguistic categories which makes difficult the job of someone mainly focused in his translation work, Rosenzweig is here put in dialogue, mainly with Bakhtin and Benjamin, but also with Meschonnic. In this way, the enigmatic Revelation potential of the original text, that must be kept in translation, is clarified by a series of notions such as the respondibility of speech in Bakhtin, the word-and-response and the due-time speech in Rosenzweig himself, and the rhythm and the orality of the text in Meschonnic. The decisive step that allows us to conclude that what is here at issue is a translation of experiences lived in a language, is given via the notion of intensiveness in language (or in the languages) which we here recognize and develop. This is done by starting from key concepts in Bakhtin, Rosenzweig and Benjamin, concepts that prove to be very close to each other. This close proximity of the philosophies of these three authors is a factas far as we know not fully noted up to nowwhich we also argue for in the present work. Finally, this translation of experiences lived in a language into experiences lived in another language allows for two further conclusions to be reached in the present work, one concerning the nature of such a translation, the other concerning the nature of language: 1) Rosenzweigs attitude as translator may be understood as a Barthean writerly turn in translation; 2) it is within intensiveness (and not reference) in language, i. e., it is via experiences such as, for example, the perceiving of the polisemic potential of a homophony, that one feels that a language (native or not) belongs to him or her. It is via this kind of experiences lived in a language that this language becomes for me (one of) my language(s). Thus it becomes, for a community or a people, our language.

Este trabalho aborda a tradução, do português brasileiro para o inglês estadunidense, de itens culturais-específicos – entendidos como palavras ou expressões que, em um contexto, devido à falta de correspondentes precisos na língua-alvo, podem causar problemas de tradução – a partir de um estudo de caso: o livro-reportagem “1808: como uma rainha louca, um príncipe medroso e uma corte corrupta enganaram Napoleão e mudaram a História de Portugal e do Brasil”, de Laurentino Gomes. A pesquisa tem como objetivo principal a análise das escolhas tradutórias para os itens culturais-específicos presentes na obra em português. A motivação deste trabalho deve-se à necessidade de refletir sobre o papel da tradução de informações sobre a história e a cultura de um país. A obra “1808” discorre, de um modo acessível, sobre a época da vinda da corte portuguesa ao Brasil. O referencial teórico se baseia, entre outros, em Hurtado Albir (2011), que considera que não só o conhecimento sobre o público, mas também sobre o gênero textual e sobre a finalidade da tradução são fatores que um tradutor deve considerar no processo tradutório, e em Christiane Nord (2016), que enfatiza a importância da função textual, para o estudo referente à visão de tradução adotada. Adotou-se, neste trabalho, o conceito de itens culturais-específicos de Franco Aixelá (2013). Apresentaram-se também as estratégias de tradução de Franco Aixelá (2013), em comparação a técnicas de tradução de Hurtado Albir (2011), e as categorias culturais de Espindola (2005), consideradas para a análise. Quanto aos passos metodológicos, levantaram-se inicialmente candidatos a item cultural-específico. Após, separaram-se os candidatos por categorias culturais (dezesseis ao todo), levantaram-se as traduções dos candidatos e, por fim, filtraram-se os candidatos para a obtenção dos itens culturais-específicos em si. A partir disso, consideraram-se, principalmente, as estratégias de tradução propostas por Franco Aixelá (2013) para a classificação das escolhas tradutórias observadas. Quando estas não foram consideradas suficientes, utilizaram-se as técnicas de Hurtado Albir (2011) para a classificação. Franco Aixelá (2013) separa suas estratégias por estratégias de conservação e estratégias de substituição. Na análise, constatou-se um maior número de estratégias de conservação (245 vezes) em relação às de substituição (113 vezes) – além disso, classificaram-se duas escolhas como técnicas de Hurtado Albir (2011) –, porém concluiu-se que esse resultado não indica necessariamente que a tradução não tenha um caráter didático ou acessível, pois, em muitos momentos, essas escolhas tradutórias apresentam elementos que propiciam a aproximação do texto com a cultura alvo. / This study deals with the translation, from Brazilian Portuguese to American English, of culture-specific items – known as words or expressions that, in a context, due to the lack of precise correspondents in the target language, can cause translation problems – through a case study: the non-fiction book “1808: como uma rainha louca, um príncipe medroso e uma corte corrupta enganaram Napoleão e mudaram a História de Portugal e do Brasil”, by Laurentino Gomes. The main objective of the study is the analysis of the translation choices for culturespecific items in the source text. The motivation for this work comes from the necessity of reflecting on the role of translation of information about the history and the culture of a country. The book “1808” portrays, in an accessible way, the time of the arrival of the Portuguese royal family in Brazil. The theoretical framework is based, among others, on Hurtado Albir (2011), who considers that not only the knowledge about the audience, but also about the literary genre and the purpose of the translation are factors which a translator must consider in the translation process, and Christiane Nord (2016), who emphasizes the importance of the literary function, for the study of the adopted vision of translation. In this study, Franco Aixelá’s (2013) concept of culture-specific items was adopted. The strategies of translation of Franco Aixelá (2013), in comparison with the translation techniques of Hurtado Albir (2011), and the cultural categories of Espindola (2005), which were taken into consideration for the analysis, were also presented. Regarding the methodological steps, initially, prospective culture-specific items were identified. Then, the candidates were sorted through cultural categories (sixteen in total), the translations of the candidates were collected and, finally, the candidates were filtered for the obtention of the culture-specific items. From this, the translation strategies proposed by Franco Aixelá (2013) were primarily considered for the classification of the translation choices analyzed in this study. When the concept of Franco Aixelá (2013) could not comprise our analysis, Hurtado Albir’s (2011) translation techniques were used to categorize the translations. Franco Aixelá (2013) separates his strategies into strategies of conservation and strategies of substitution. In the analysis, a larger number of strategies of conservation was found (245 times) in comparison to strategies of substitution (113 times) – in addition to that, two choices were categorized as techniques of Hurtado Albir (2011) –, however, it was possible to conclude that this result is not necessarily an indication that the translation does not show a didactic or accessible nature, because, in many moments, these translation choices present elements that enable the approximation of the text to the target-culture.