This master thesis deals with new approach to development planning in transmission system. As an introduction to the topic the current ways of planning the development of the transmission system are presented in the beginning of the theoretical part of the thesis. The following section analyze the projected scenarios of the development of energy sector from three different sources. The theoretical part is followed by modelling of the electricity market with an explanation of its use for planning the development of the transmission system. The next chapter deals with the use of market modelling results in the network calculation of steady state with and without contingency. The last part of the master thesis analyzes the results of the simulations and proposes appropriate steps and new projects.

This thesis provides a basic overview of the ancillary services in a transmission system. It summarizes changes regarding the implementation of European directives SOGL and EBGL. It describes in detail a portfolio of non-frequency ancillary services used in the distribution systems. It evaluates the demand of E.ON distribution system potential for those services in particular locations. Practical part is focused on a potential of reactive power management in this distribution area. It evaluates reactive power flow into transmission system and indicates the most critical substations. This thesis also covers analysis of existing resources in this distribution area and assign their possible potential in reactive power management.

This thesis deals with steady running and short-circuit conditions in the 110 kV network, E. ON, fed from 110 kV Otrokovice. Substation Otrokovice ensures system transformation from 400 kV to 110 kV system through three transformers. In order to increase reliability of power supply and improved economy is considered to bridge the transition from the operation of two transformers in bridge operations of the three transformers. However, this brings with it significant worsening of short-circuit conditions in the 110 kV network. The task of this work is to evaluate and compare the two variants of operation in terms of steady running and short-circuit conditions in the network at 110 kV and then implement operational and technical measures. The introduction describes the electricity system and its parts. The theoretical part of the paper discusses ways of dealing with steady running and short circuit conditions of long lines. Practical part will deal with applications of knowledge on the network. The conclusion summarizes the most relevant information and the results assessed both variants.

Resumo: O principal objetivo deste estudo é realizar uma análise de aspectos críticos que surgem na modelagem matemática do problema de planejamento da expansão de sistemas de transmissão a longo prazo, assim como o desenvolvimento de ferramentas computacionais para a prova de novos modelos e metodologias que possam contribuir na solução do problema de planejamento de sistemas de transmissão de energia elétrica considerando as condições dos sistemas modernos de energia elétrica. Com esta metodologia, busca-se obter uma rede de transmissão mais eficiente, e com o menor custo possível, que se adapte as novas exigências produzidas pela introdução da desregulação nos sistemas elétricos. Para isto combinam-se três aspectos: rede futura livre de congestionamento, desplanificação e incerteza na geração e na demanda futura, os quais são manipuladas desde a perspectiva mono-objetivo e multiobjetivo. A possibilidade de eliminar completamente o congestionamento na rede de transmissão é analisada através da inclusão no modelo de todos os cenários de geração factíveis futuros, e não somente alguns cenários como outros estudos. Considerar uma operação sem congestionamento para o futuro está associado a grandes custos de investimento. Para atenuar este grande custo uma opção é incluir a possibilidade de desplanificação e a inclusão dos efeitos das incertezas presentes na geração e na demanda futura no problema de planejamento. O problema de planejamento de sistemas de transmissão é um problema de programação não linear inteira mista (PNLIM) quando é usado o modelo DC. Praticamente todos os algoritmos usados para resolver este problema utilizam uma sub-rotina de programação linear (PL) para resolver problemas de PL resultantes do algoritmo de solucão do problema de planejamento, os quais são denominados... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The main goal for this study is to do an analysis of the critical issues that appear in the mathematical modeling of the transmission system expansion planning problem, when long term is considered. A methodology was developed and a computational tool, to solve the transmission expansion planning in modern electrical systems. With this methodology more efficient electrical networks are obtained, at low investment costs. This is accomplished taking into account three important aspects: open access, or congestion-free planning, uncertainty in demand and generation, and de-planning. The problem is solved using mono-objective and multi-objective methodologies. For this investigation, congestion-free transmission networks should consider all the future and feasible scenarios of generation, unlike some papers, where only a few scenarios are taken in to account. This feature is associated to high investment costs. Lower costs are often obtained by the inclusion of uncertainty in future demand and future generation. The transmission system expansion planning problem is a no-linear integer-mixed programming problem (PNLIM) when the DC model is used. Practically, all the algorithms used in the solution process, for this problem, use one subroutine of linear programming (PL) for solved the PL problems that result during the solution process, in the denominated operative problem. The solution of the PL's is the part of the problem that requires the biggest computational effort, because during the solution process is necessary to solved thousands or millions of PL's, for high size problems. the PNLIM problem is solved through the combination of a meta-heuristic method and a linear programming method. The meta-heuristic method solves the denominated investment problem and the PL the denominated operational problem. The transmission planning problem considering multiples generation scenarios... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: Rubén Augusto Romero Lázaro / Coorientador: José Roberto Sanches Mantovani / Banca: Carlos Roberto Minussi / Banca: Sérgio Azevedo de Oliveira / Banca: Ariovaldo Verandio Garcia / Banca: Ramón Alfonso Gallego Rendón / Doutor

El presente trabajo tiene por finalidad identificar las causas que ralentizan las adjudicaciones de los proyectos del Sistema Garantizado de Transmisión del Plan de Transmisión cuya entrega en concesión al sector privado le es encargada a la Agencia de Promoción de la Inversión Privada (PROINVERSIÓN) por parte del Ministerio de Energía y Minas (MINEM). De la revisión de la normativa para el desarrollo de las Asociaciones Público Privadas (APP) que rige el actuar de PROINVERSIÓN, aunada a la investigación realizada respecto de los procesos de promoción de la inversión privada de los proyectos tramitados en el periodo comprendido de 2007 a 2020, se observa que, a medida que la mencionada regulación ha venido siendo modificada, se han incrementado los requerimientos y procedimientos de cada una de las fases de desarrollo de las APP aplicables a los proyectos. Resulta relevante que la normativa de APP tenga en consideración la regulación sectorial en materia de electricidad, a fin de evitar la duplicidad de esfuerzos y su tramitología asociada, lo cual redunda en el mayor tiempo que insumen los procesos de promoción de la inversión privada. Habiendo identificado las causas que generaron dicha situación, se presenta una propuesta modificatoria de la normativa de las APP, la cual coadyuvará a que los procesos de promoción de la inversión privada de los proyectos del Sistema Garantizado de Transmisión del Plan de Transmisión resulten ágiles para su oportuna implementación, cumpliendo con los objetivos de mantener o mejorar la calidad, fiabilidad y seguridad del sistema de transmisión. / The purpose of this work is to identify the causes that slow down the allocations of the projects of the Guaranteed Transmission System of the Transmission Plan, whose delivery in concession to the private sector is entrusted to the Agency for the Promotion of Private Investment – PROINVERSION- by the Ministry of Energy and Mines. According to the review of the regulations for the development of Private-Public Partnerships (PPP), which runs the actions of PROINVERSION, along with the research carried out regarding the processes of promotion of private investment of the projects processed from 2007 to 2020, it is observed that as the aforementioned regulations have been modified, the requirements and procedures of each of the development phases of the PPP applicable to the projects have increased. It is relevant that the PPP regulations take into account the sectorial policies in the matter of electricity, in order to avoid duplication of efforts and its associated paperwork, which result in increasing greatly the time the private investment promotion processes take. Having identified the causes that generated this situation, a proposal to modify the PPP regulations is presented, which will help the processes of promoting private investment in the projects of the Guaranteed Transmission System of the Transmission Plan to be more flexible for their timely implementation, meeting the objectives of maintaining or improving the quality, reliability and safety of the transmission system. / Trabajo de investigación

Au cours des dernières décennies, le monde a subi une révolution majeure qui a profondément affecté comment on utilise les réseaux de communication. De nouveaux services et applications ont été apparus, tels que les réseaux sociaux, les jeux en ligne ou le streaming en direct, qui exigent une augmentation constante de la capacité des systèmes optiques. La motivation de ce travail est donc d'étudier la mise en œuvre d'un nouvel amplificateur SOA à très large bande avec une bande passante de plus de 100 nm afin d’étendre la capacité du système. L'utilisation de l'amplification SOA change complètement le paradigme dans la conception d'un système optique puisque toutes les dégradations ajoutées par la SOA doivent être considérées. Ainsi, la recherche d'un modèle analytique ou numérique capable de caractériser la nature non linéaire de ce dispositif est d'abord étudiée. Ensuite, on montre comment un SOA bien conçu peut non seulement amplifier un signal à large bande, mais également surmonter certains des principaux inconvénients du SOA devant EDFA. Finalement, on évalue la capacité de ce nouveau UWB SOA pour les applications d'interconnexion de centres de données avec deux expériences en transmettant jusqu'à 115 Tbps de données dans une liaison à bande passante continue de 100 nm sur 100 km de fibre et en testant la stabilité du système avec cartes de ligne en temps réelle entre deux points de présence (POP) de Facebook déployés dans la région parisienne / Over the last few decades the world has undergone a major revolution that has deeply affected the way we use communication networks. New services and applications have appeared demanding a constant increase of the channel capacity. In this period, optical systems have been upgraded at pair with advanced signal processing techniques which have permitted the increase of the spectral efficiency approaching the system capacity to the fundamental limit. It is because is becoming extremely challenging to keep growing the system capacity by this means. In this work, an orthogonal direction is studied to further increase the fibre capacity: extending the optical bandwidth. With this purpose, the use of semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOA) is investigated to be implemented in future ultra-wideband (UWB) systems. The use of SOA amplification changes completely the paradigm in the design of an optical system since all the impairments added by the SOA must be considered. In this work, we assess the reservoir model, a simple yet powerful model, to analyze numerically the nonlinear regime of the SOA for WDM systems. We also show for the first that the linewidth enhancement factor of an SOA can be estimated with a coherent receiver. Finally, it is also studied how the correlation between channels degrades significantly the performance of the SOA and the inclusion of a decorrelation fibre is investigated. The conception of a UWB system is then studied. We characterize a novel ultra-wideband SOA developed by the French project CALIPSO which presents high gain in a 100-nm optical bandwidth with high output saturation power and 6-8 dB of noise figure. We analyze its nonlinear regime for WDM systems and we show for QPSK and 16 QAM modulation formats that the input saturation power can be overtaken by serveral dBs without important nonlinear penalty. On the other hand, a novel technique is studied to compensate fibre nonlinearities in UWB systems: the multicarrier multiplexing, which tries to exploit the concept of symbol rate optimization. Finally, we assess the capabilities of this novel UWB SOA for data-centre interconnection applications with two experiments transmitting up to 113 Tbps data troughput in a 100-nm continuous bandwidth link over 100 km of fibre and then testings is stability with real-time line cards between two points of presence (POP)of Facebook deployed in the Paris area

An experimental investigation of an M level (M = 16, 64 and 256) Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) transmission system suitable for video transmission is presented. The communication system is based on layered video coding and unequal error protection to make the video bitstream robust to channel errors. An implementation is described in which H.264 video is protected unequally by partitioning the compressed data into two layers of different visual importance. The partition scheme is based on a separation of the group of pictures (GoP) in the intra-coded frame (I-frame) and predictive coded frame (P frame). This partition scheme is then applied to split the H.264-coded video bitstream and is suitable for Constant Bit Rate (CBR) transmission. Unequal error protection is based on uniform and non-uniform M-QAM constellations in conjunction with different scenarios of splitting the transmitted symbol for protection of the more important information of the video data; different constellation arrangements are proposed and evaluated to increase the capacity of the high priority layer. The performance of the transmission system is evaluated under Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) and Rayleigh fading conditions. Simulation results showed that in noisy channels the decoded video can be improved by assigning a larger portion of the video data to the enhancement layer in conjunction with non-uniform constellation arrangements; in better channel conditions the quality of the received video can be improved by assigning more bits in the high priority channel and using uniform constellations. The aforementioned varying conditions can make the video transmission more successful over error-prone channels. Further techniques were developed to combat various channel impairments by considering channel coding methods suitable for layered video coding applications. It is shown that a combination of non-uniform M-QAM and forward error correction (FEC) will yield a better performance. Additionally, antenna diversity techniques are examined and introduced to the transmission system that can offer a significant improvement in the quality of service of mobile video communication systems in environments that can be modelled by a Rayleigh fading channel.

Ces travaux s’inscrivent dans le cadre du projet EDIT(Efficient Distribution Truck, FUI19), piloté par le groupe Volvo Trucks, dont l’objectif de réduction de consommation pour 2020 est fixé à 13% par rapport à un véhicule actuel EURO-6. Le projet EDIT porte sur cinq axes techniques d’amélioration dont un consiste en l’obtention d’un système optimisé de transmission par courroie poly-V au regard des pertes de puissance. Actuellement les faces avant de moteur sont perfectionnées sur le plan mécanique ; cela signifie que la durée de vie de ses composants est optimisée, et que les nuisances vibratoires sont réduites. Par contre, des améliorations peuvent être apportées sur le plan énergétique. Cette thèse, qui a pour objectif d’investiguer les possibilités de réduction et d’optimisation des pertes de puissance sur les façades accessoires, se décline en trois parties : une caractérisation par l’analyse mécanique dynamique des matériaux viscoélastiques des courroies poly-V et des composantes de façade ; une modélisation, une optimisation et une implémentation logicielle des modèles de pertes de puissance ; validées par une dernière partie expérimentale sur banc d’essais. Les pertes de puissances dans une face avant moteur sont de plusieurs types : des pertes internes à la courroie poly-V (hystérésis du caoutchouc), des pertes externes à la courroie (glissement poulie/courroie) et des pertes internes aux composants (frottement dans les roulements). Ces pertes peuvent désormais être quantifiées et optimisées grâce aux modèles développés durant cette thèse. Ces modèles ont été validés et implémentés dans un outil de simulation (PLFead, Power Loss Front engine accessory drive), qui a été développé pour optimiser les pertes de puissance en tenant compte des paramètres de design et de fonctionnement des faces avant moteur. / This work is a part of the Efficient Distribution Truck (EDIT, FUI 19) project, led by Volvo Trucks, whose objective is to reduce distribution vehicles’ fuel consumption for 2020 by 13% when compared with the current production vehicle EURO-6. The EDIT project targets five areas of research and technical solutions, one of which consists of obtaining an optimized poly-V belt transmission concerning the power losses. In terms of lifetime of the mechanical components, reduction of noise and vibrations, the Front Engine Accessory Drives (FEADs) are currently one of the most technologically sophisticated systems. However, further improvements can be made to make the vehicles more energy efficient. This thesis, which aims at investigating possibilities for reducing and optimizing the power losses in the FEADs, is composed of three main parts: the characterization of the viscoelastic materials of the poly-V belts via Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) and the FEAD components; the modeling, the optimization and the implementation of the power loss models in a simulation tool; and their experimental validation through a test bench. The power losses occurring in a FEAD are of several types: poly-V internal losses (hysteresis of the belt-rubber), poly-V external losses (belt/pulley slip) and losses from the accessory drives (friction inside the bearings). These power losses can be quantified and optimized thanks to the models developed throughout this thesis. These models have been validated and implemented in a simulation tool (PLFead, Power Loss Front engine accessory drive), which has been developed to optimize the power losses taking into consideration the design parameters and operating conditions of the FEAD.

[pt] Na década de noventa, no Brasil, havia uma predominância de empresas verticalizadas no setor elétrico, pertencentes aos governos estaduais e federais, que no decorrer do processo de reestruturação e privatização sofreram uma desverticalização das suas atividades, em geração, transmissão, distribuição e comercialização. Após iniciada a privatização das companhias foi criada a Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica (ANEEL),responsável por regular as atividades do setor elétrico brasileiro. Estas mudanças acarretaram em diferentes modelos de mercado caracterizados pelo acentuado uso dos sistemas de transmissão. Neste cenário, foi definido pela ANEEL que as concessionárias de distribuição devem pagar às transmissoras pela utilização de suas instalações o Encargo de Uso do Sistema de Transmissão (EUST). Para isso, é necessário informar o Montante de Uso do Sistema de Transmissão (MUST) para cada ponto de conexão e período tarifário por meio do Contrato de Uso do Sistema de Transmissão (CUST). Em caso de ultrapassagem dos valores firmados neste contrato acima de um percentual estipulado, a contratante terá que pagar uma penalidade. Esta dissertação tem por finalidade apresentar uma nova metodologia na determinação do valor ótimo do MUST, baseado em equivalentes estáticos flexíveis, fluxo de potência probabilístico e técnicas de otimização estocástica de modo a equilibrar o custo do transporte de energia e o custo da penalidade. Primeiro, utiliza-se uma técnica de redução de rede, flexível e precisa. Segundo, as incertezas provenientes das cargas, geração e topologia da rede são mapeadas nos pontos de conexão em análise. Terceiro, utiliza-se uma técnica simples de otimização estocástica para obter o MUST a ser contratado, pela distribuidora de energia elétrica, em cada barra de fronteira. Por último, a metodologia proposta é empregada no sistema acadêmico IEEE RTS com o objetivo de demonstrar a sua eficiência sendo os resultados obtidos amplamente discutidos. / [en] In Brazil, during the 1990s, there was a predominance of vertical companies in the electricity sector, belonging to the state and federal governments, which in the course of the restructuring and privatization process suffered a deverticalization of their activities into generation, transmission, distribution, and commercialization. After the beginning of this privatization process, the National Electric Energy Agency (ANEEL) was created, which is responsible for regulating the activities of the Brazilian electricity sector. These changes have led to different market models characterized by the strong use of the transmission systems. In this scenario, it was defined by ANEEL that the distribution concessionaires must pay the transmission companies for the use of their equipment. Thus, it is necessary to inform the Transmission System Usage Amount (MUST) for each connection point and tariff period by means of the Transmission System Use Agreement (CUST). In case of exceeding a specified percentage of the contracted amounts, the contractor will have to pay penalties. This dissertation aims to present a new methodology to determine the optimal value of MUST, based on flexible static equivalents, probabilistic power flow, and stochastic optimization techniques, in order to balance the energy transport and penalty costs. First, a flexible and accurate network reduction technique is used. Second, the uncertainties arising from the load, generation, and topology of the network are mapped at the connection points under analysis. Third, a simple stochastic optimization technique is used to obtain the MUST to be contracted by the electric power distributor at each border bus. Finally, the proposed methodology is used in the IEEE RTS academic system in order to demonstrate its efficiency, and the obtained results are widely discussed.

This thesis deals with a system for operation of directly driven offshore wave energy converters. The work that has been carried out includes laboratory testing of a permanent magnet linear generator, wave energy converter mechanical design and offshore testing, and finally design, implementation, and offshore testing of an underwater collector substation. Long-term testing of a single point absorber, which was installed in March 2006, has been performed in real ocean waves in linear and in non-linear damping mode. The two different damping modes were realized by, first, a resistive load, and second, a rectifier with voltage smoothing capacitors and a resistive load in the DC-link. The loads are placed on land about 2 km east of the Lysekil wave energy research site, where the offshore experiments have been conducted. In the spring of 2009, another two wave energy converter prototypes were installed. Records of array operation were taken with two and three devices in the array. With two units, non-linear damping was used, and with three units, linear damping was employed. The point absorbers in the array are connected to the underwater substation, which is based on a 3 m3 pressure vessel standing on the seabed. In the substation, rectification of the frequency and amplitude modulated voltages from the linear generators is made. The DC voltage is smoothened by capacitors and inverted to 50 Hz electrical frequency, transformed and finally transmitted to the on-shore measuring station. Results show that the absorption is heavily dependent on the damping. It has also been shown that by increasing the damping, the standard deviation of electrical power can be reduced. The standard deviation of electrical power is reduced by array operation compared to single unit operation. Ongoing and future work include the construction and installation of a second underwater substation, which will connect the first substation and seven new WECs.