Introduction: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most frequent malignancies and affects approximately 5% of worldwide population. More than 75% of CRC cases represent sporadic forms. Susceptibility to nonhereditary CRC is significantly influenced by polymorphisms and mutations in low-penetrance genes. Variations in biotransformation and DNA repair genes may result in acumulation of toxins and DNA damage in cells leading to the development of cancer. Furthermore, different gene expression profiles of membrane transporters affecting the accumulation of anticancer drugs in tumour cells, e.g. ABC drug transporters, may largely influence inter-individual variability in drug response and chemotherapy outcome. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of genetic and lifestyle factors in the risk of onset and progression of colorectal cancer. This study followed selected genetic alterations in xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes (CYP1B1, GSTM1, GSTT1, GSTP1, NQO1 and EPHX1) and genes involved in response to DNA damage (CHEK2 and NBN), as potential CRC susceptibility factors. Another aim of this study was to investigate expression profile of all human ABC transporter genes to follow their prognostic and predictive potential in colorectal carcinoma. Materials and methods: The polymorphisms and other...

Les transporteurs membranaires jouent un rôle primordial dans la pharmacocinétique de médicaments mais aussi dans le transport de composés endogènes. La maîtrise de modèle in vitro permettant d’évaluer leur implication dans des interactions médicamenteuses, notamment au niveau hépatique, est donc primordiale. L’utilisation de ces modèles permettra aussi de déterminer l’impact potentiel de contaminants environnementaux, comme les particules diesel, sur l’expression fonctionnelle de transporteurs. Nos résultats démontrent la fiabilité de modèles hépatocytaires (hépatocytes et cellules d’hépatome HepaRG) en culture monocouche pour l’étude du transport membranaire de médicaments. Grâce à ces modèles, nous avons mis en évidence que des extraits de particules diesel (DEPe) peuvent modifier l’expression et/ou la fonction de transporteurs membranaires hépatiques, les Organic Anion Polypeptide Transporter (OATP) et les Multidrug Resistance associated Protein (MRP). Au niveau pulmonaire, les DEPe peuvent aussi augmenter l’expression du complexe LAT1/CD98hc, un complexe protéique de transport d’acides aminés souvent associé à de mauvais pronostics dans les cas de cancer du poumon. En conclusion, nos résultats mettent en évidence que les DEPe peuvent intervenir dans la régulation de l’activité et de l’expression de transporteurs membranaires tant au niveau hépatique qu’au niveau pulmonaire. / Membrane transporters play a major role in the pharmacokinetic of drugs and in the transport of endogenous compounds. The development of in vitro models for the study of their expression and activity is therefore important to consider, notably for analyzing their interactions with drugs or environmental contaminants such as diesel exhaust particles. Our results demonstrated the reliability of hepatocytic cells (hepatocytes and highly differentiated hepatoma HepaRG cells) in monolayer culture for the study of membrane transport of drugs. Using these models allowed us to demonstrate that extracts of diesel exhaust particles (DEPe) can alter the expression and / or function of major liver transporters such as organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATP) and Protein Multidrug associated Resistance (MRP). In lung cells, DEPe can increase the expression of complex LAT1 / CD98hc a protein complex, that is associated with poor prognosis in lung cancer. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that DEPe can regulate activity and expression of membrane transporters at hepatic and lung level.

Le glioblastome (GBM) est le cancer du cerveau le plus fréquent et grave chez l’adulte. Son pronostic sombre est en partie dû à la résistance de ces tumeurs aux chimiothérapies. L’une des principales causes de ces résistances est l’incapacité des chimiothérapies à pénétrer dans le cerveau depuis le sang à cause de la barrière hémato-encéphalique (BHE), une spécificité des vaisseaux sanguins cérébraux. Par l’injection de microbulles et l’envoi d’ultrasons dans le cerveau, il est possible d’ouvrir cette BHE pour permettre à des chimiothérapies d’entrer dans le cerveau. Nous avons montré quela chimiothérapie carboplatine gagnait en efficacité lorsqu’elle était injectée après ce procédé. Les GBM peuvent aussi montrer une résistance aux chimiothérapies par des mécanismes génétiques intrinsèques à la tumeur. Nous avons étudié l’expression et l’impact sur le pronostique des patients atteints de GBM des gènes de la famille des transporteurs ABC, dont le membre ABCA13 s’est avéré important. / Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most frequent and severe brain cancer for adults. Its dark prognosis in partly due to the resistance of these tumors to chemotherapies. One of the main causes of these resistances is the incapacity of chemotherapies to enter the brain from the blood circulation because of the bloodbrain barrier (BBB), a specificity of cerebral blood vessels. By the injection of microbubbles and the delivery of ultrasound into the brain, it is possible to open this BBB to allow chemotherapies to enter the brain. We have showed that the chemotherapeutic agent carboplatin gained efficacy when it was injectedafter this procedure. GBM can also exhibit resistance to chemotherapies by genetic mechanisms intrinsic to the tumor. We studied the expression and the impact on prognosis for GBM patients of the genes of the ABC transporters family, which member ABCA13 appeared important.

There are localised proteins (so-called urate transporters) in the renal proximal tubules and in the intestine, which excrete and reabsorb uric acid. Polymorphisms in the genes coding these proteins can result in the disruption of the transport function and development of hyperuricemia and gout. However the serum level of uric acid is also determined by other factors which include the intake of exogenous purines in food, synthesis of endogenous purines and degradation of nucleic acids, but also certain conditions. In 250 patients with primary hyperuricemia and gout we used Sanger sequencing to analyse the exons and adjacent intron regions in ten genes coding urate transporters: ABCG2, ABCC4, SLC2A9, SLC22A12, SLC22A11, SLC22A13, SLC17A1, SLC17A3, SLC22A6 and SLC22A8. We examined a possible connection between the identified genetic variants and primary hyperuricemia and gout based on a comparison of allele frequencies with the European population, according to topological models, according to programs predicting the functional impacts of variants and searches in specialised literature. We also took into account the conclusions of functional studies analysing the impact of nonsynonymous variants in the ABCG2 and SLC2A9 genes. We also focused on the effect of the concomitant occurrence of several...

Potassium is an essential element, which is important in many plant processes. It functions as a major osmotic and is involved in the regulation of turgor during cell growth or stomatal movements. It is also important for maintaining membrane potencial. In plants, potassium transporters from the KT/HAK/KUP family are involved in the transport of K+ . Some of them are important in the uptake of K+ from the enviroment (HAK5, KUP7), others in regulation of cell turgor (KUP2, KUP6, KUP8). In Arabidopsis thaliana, less characterized KT/HAK/KUP transporters include KUP5 and KUP9, which I studied in this diploma thesis. In this diploma thesis, I analyzed the growth phenotype of kup5 mutant plants. The results show that kup5 mutant plants are not more sensitive to K+ deficiency than wild-type plants, therefore KUP5 is probably not involved in the K+ uptake from the enviroment. Kup5 mutant plants were larger than wild-type plants, had larger root and hypocotyl cells as well as longer root meristematic zone. This growth phenotype suggests that KUP5 is involved in the regulation of cell growth, probably through turgor regulation. Using the pKUP5::KUP5-GFP construct, the KUP5 protein was localized in the ER, but this localization needs further verification. Using the pKUP5:GUS construct, KUP5 expression was...

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Introduction: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most frequent malignancies and affects approximately 5% of worldwide population. More than 75% of CRC cases represent sporadic forms. Susceptibility to nonhereditary CRC is significantly influenced by polymorphisms and mutations in low-penetrance genes. Variations in biotransformation and DNA repair genes may result in acumulation of toxins and DNA damage in cells leading to the development of cancer. Furthermore, different gene expression profiles of membrane transporters affecting the accumulation of anticancer drugs in tumour cells, e.g. ABC drug transporters, may largely influence inter-individual variability in drug response and chemotherapy outcome. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of genetic and lifestyle factors in the risk of onset and progression of colorectal cancer. This study followed selected genetic alterations in xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes (CYP1B1, GSTM1, GSTT1, GSTP1, NQO1 and EPHX1) and genes involved in response to DNA damage (CHEK2 and NBN), as potential CRC susceptibility factors. Another aim of this study was to investigate expression profile of all human ABC transporter genes to follow their prognostic and predictive potential in colorectal carcinoma. Materials and methods: The polymorphisms and other...

Univerzita Karlova Farmaceutická fakulta v Hradci Králové Katedra Farmakologie a toxikologie Student: Kateřina Novotná Supervisor: doc. PharmDr. Martina Čečková, Ph.D. Title of diploma thesis: Interaction of gilteritinib with OCT1 and OCT2 transporters; relation to conventional therapy of acute myeloid leukemia. Gilteritinib is one of the recently approved drugs which is primarily used in the treatment of relapsed/refractory acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with mutated FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) receptor. In this project, gilteritinib was investigated in terms of its ability to interact with solute carrier (SLC) membrane transporters, namely with OCT1 and OCT2. These membrane proteins play a role in uptake of endogenous compounds and also drugs into the cells of main elimination organs (liver, kidney), but also to cancer cells. In particular, we wanted to examine potential interaction with daunorubicin and mitoxantrone, drugs traditionally used in AML therapy. First, we performed accumulation study and evaluated, whether gilteritinib is potential inhibitor of OCT1 and OCT2 studying differential uptake of daunorubicin and mitoxantrone into MDCKII-OCT1 and MDCKII-OCT2 cells based on OCT1 and OCT2 inhibition by gilteritinib. Secondly, the study evaluating the transfer of gilteritinib across the...