To qualify for a diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder the DSM-IV requires that individuals report dominant emotions of fear, helplessness, and horror during the trauma. Despite this stipulation, traumatic events can elicit a myriad of emotions other than fear such as anger, guilt or shame, sadness, and numbing. The present study examined which emotional reactions to a stressful event in a college student sample are associated with the highest levels of PTSD symptoms. Results suggest mixed support for the DSM-IV criteria. Although participants who experienced a dominant emotion of fear reported high PTSD symptomatology, participants who experienced anger, disgust-related emotions, and sadness reported PTSD symptoms of equivalent severity. Participants also reported experiencing other emotions more frequently than they reported experiencing fear. Coping style was unrelated to dominant emotion experienced; however, dysfunctional coping was associated with worse outcomes in terms of PTSD symptoms. These results have diagnostic and treatment limitations.

Athletes participating in professional soccer are at an increased risk for long-term neurologic disease due to exposure of repetitive head trauma (MacKay et al., 2019). Recent studies have confirmed cases of dementia and chronic traumatic encephalopathy in retired professional soccer players who played during 1966 (McKee et al., 2014; Hales et al., 2014; Bieniek et al., 2015; Ling et al., 2017; Grinberg et al., 2016). It is suspected that repetitive sub concussive impacts from heading may be a contributing factor to the development of chronic neurological deficits (Matser et al., 1998; Witol & Webbe, 2003). It is unknown if current soccer players are at similar risk of brain trauma. Differences of soccer balls, rules changes, and evolution of the game, may have influenced total frequency and impact magnitude of heading. A comparison of frequency and impact magnitude of heading between 1966 and 2018, highlights the potential risk of chronic neurodegeneration in professional soccer players. Ten 1966 and ten 2018 FIFA World Cup matches were randomly chosen for video analysis. Total frequency of headers were documented for each game. Header exemplar reconstructions were completed in the laboratory using a 1966 Slazenger Challenge and 2018 Telstar 18 ball. A pneumatic linear impactor and projectile launcher were used to hit the ball and impact a Hybrid III head form to measure dynamic head response. A finite element model was then used to determine heading magnitudes as measured by Maximal Principal Strain (MPS). The study revealed there were no significant differences in overall frequency of headers between the 1966 and 2018 games. The year 2018 had significantly higher frequency of headers in the medium MPS category while, 1966 had significantly higher frequency in the high category. There were no significant differences of linear acceleration, angular acceleration, and MPS values when comparing the 2018 dry and 1966 dry ball at the same velocity and location. Current athletes who are heading the 2018 Telstar 18 are sustaining similar frequency and magnitudes of heading as athletes in 1966 under the same velocity and impact locations.

This dissertation research has two purposes: (1) to broaden our knowledge on trauma resilience, and (2) to propose and test a methodology to help a development worker develop a program to address trauma resilience while taking into account the local context. To do this a group of Israeli experts on trauma resilience was recruited, for the purpose of developing a set of axioms about trauma resilience and how these axioms have been or should be applied in Israel. Israel has had to face ongoing terror and war through its history, which has led to a very experienced professional class of academics and practitioners in trauma resilience. The first part of the paper discusses the purpose of the research and the concept behind the research; the use of an expert panel, the Variable Generating Activity (VGA), and the Delphi Technique. The literature review on trauma resilience concentrates on research done in Israel dealing with trauma and trauma resilience and helps develop the framework to categorize the trauma resilience axioms around different societal contexts of analysis: individual, family, community, and national. There were 83 axioms identified. These axioms served as the basis for two follow-up surveys of the Expert Panel. The first survey asked the Panel to rate the 83 axioms identified from the interviews using a 5-point Likert scale (strongly disagree "u2013 strongly agree), and the second survey was to allow the expert panel to provide examples of how the top consensus axioms have been or should be applied in Israel. The methodology was able to successfully broaden our understanding of trauma resilience with the identification of 83 trauma resilience axioms. The axioms spanned all four contexts of analysis, but the majority of trauma resilience axioms, 59%, focused on the individual context. The top consensus axioms emphasized the importance of connections and support within and between contexts, also resilience characteristics within individuals and communities were identified. The methodology also was able to identify strategies to address the axioms. These ideas could help a development worker to develop a plan to address trauma resilience and to take local perspectives and ideas into account. / Eric Corzine

Revisión por pares / El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado. / OBJECTIVE: To examine the construct validity of the 9 item Traumatic Events Questionnaire (TEQ) and to evaluate the extent to which experiences of trauma assessed using the TEQ are associated with symptoms of psychiatric disorders among 3342 pregnant women in Lima, Peru. METHODS: Symptoms of depression were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) while the PTSD Checklist-civilian (PCL-C) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) were used to assess symptoms of PTSD and generalized anxiety. Hierarchical logistic regression procedures were used to evaluate relations between TEQ and symptoms of psychiatric disorders. RESULTS: The majority of participants (87.8%) experienced at least one traumatic event (mean = 2.5 events). The trauma occurrence score was moderately correlated with symptoms of PTSD (PCL-C: rho = 0.38, P-value < 0.0001), depression (EPDS: rho = 0.31, P-value < 0.0001; PHQ-9: rho = 0.20, P-value < 0.0001), and GAD (GAD-7: rho = 0.29, P-value < 0.0001). Stronger correlations were observed between the trauma intensity score with symptoms of psychiatric disorders (PCL-C: rho = 0.49, P-value < 0.0001; EPDS: rho = 0.36, P-value < 0.0001; PHQ-9: rho = 0.31, P-value < 0.0001; GAD-7: rho = 0.39, P-value < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Given the high burden of trauma experiences and the enduring adverse consequences on maternal and child health, there is an urgent need for integrating evidence-based trauma informed care programs in obstetrical practices serving Peruvian patients. / Revisión por pares

In this essay, the aim is to analyse the representation of collective and cultural trauma within the narrative of Tommy Orange's novel There There, as well as how the novel is redressing the experience of traumatisation, leading a way towards healing. To do this, the essay will focus on six of the novel's characters as well as the title, prologue and interlude. By using concepts of colonial and transgenerational trauma as well as survivance to approach the novel, the essay will argue that, as it makes the trauma visible, the narrative shows that healing can still be possible after traumatisation.

The present research examines the effects of multiple different implements on long bones to determine if there is a point at which blunt force trauma becomes distinguishable from hacking trauma. Limb bones of the white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) were used in this research as a substitute for human bone. In addition to the use of purchased tools, seven of the implements used in the present research were created and designed to imitate the size and impact angle of other surfaces possibly found in hacking and blunt force trauma. A hacking machine was used to inflict trauma on the long bones at a consistent, controlled level of force. The resulting trauma was then photographed and analyzed to determine if there is a macroscopically distinguishable point at which an implement will inflict characteristics of blunt force trauma, with no visible hacking trauma characteristics. The analytical observations of the trauma involved scoring for elements such as hacking characteristic appearance as well as the amount of fracturing and fragmentation. The author hypothesized that when the angle of the implement’s striking surface reaches 60 degrees, the trauma would consist of blunt force characteristics and not of hacking characteristics, and a V-shaped kerf would cease to appear. The author also hypothesized that there would be an increase in comminuted fractures in more blunt blade angles, while hacking trauma would exhibit more transverse and oblique fractures. The present study found that there was a statistically significant relationship between the composite hacking scores and the blade angles (the striking surface of the implement), with a p-value of 0.011. The author concluded that blunt force trauma and hacking trauma can be distinguished by the composite hacking scores, with a score of one indicating blunt force implements and scores of three or four indicating hacking implements. The entrance widths of the impacts also had a statistically significant relationship with the implement blade angles, with a p-value of 0.037. When the elements were bisected as a result of the impact, the data generated was characterized into having bisected into three identifiable fragments or a minimum of four identifiable fragments. With regards to the data for elements with three identifiable fragments, it was found that there was a statistically significant relationship between fragmentation and the implement blade angle, with a p-value of 0.036. When examining the visibility of a V-shaped kerf in the bones, the author concluded that there is a statistically significant relationship between the blade angles and the visibility of these kerfs, with the visibility decreasing around the 60 blade angle (p-value = 0.003). With regards to the fracture patterns, there was a correlation between the appearance of transverse fractures, with a decrease in more blunt blade angles (p-value = 0.004). Additionally, the author discovered a correlation between clean cut impact site appearances and smaller blade angles, as well as with crushing and fragmentation correlating to more blunt blade angles. The data from this research should assist in establishing guidelines to determine the type of trauma inflicted in forensic cases of hacking trauma and blunt force skeletal trauma.

Blood Brothers as a media project works as a diptych. There are two – seemingly identical – pieces of the project that must both be experienced to understand the project as a whole. The first piece of the project is the linear documentary. This part captures the experience as it exists in the past. It exists as a master copy of the original story of mine and my foster brother’s relationship. This version of the story will always exist in the past. The second part is the live-cinema documentary performance. In this version of the story, my foster brother and I are no longer only images on a screen; we are living, breathing, and emotional subjects in the present. Our presence alters how the audience consumes the material.

The purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore teachers? experiences working with children impacted by adverse childhood experiences. As a dissertation in practice, this qualitative study was intended to examine the lived experiences of educators in regard to how trauma presents itself in the classroom setting and to explore their perceptions on the greater impact of trauma towards curricular outcomes, the classroom environment, and implications with regard to their role as educators. Data were collected from 12 interviews with six female middle school educators, employed within a school district that serves a medium sized community and the surrounding rural communities. Colaizzi?s (1978) phenomenological data analysis strategy was used for data analysis and coding. Four major themes emerged in the findings to describe teachers? experiences working in their classroom settings with students with trauma histories: the overall impact of trauma, trauma impacts on educators, trauma impacts on classroom practices, and needs identified by educators. An Executive Summary and Recommendations are included as an actionable response to the complex problem of practice that underpinned this dissertation in practice.

Background: Endoscopic retrograde pancreatography (ERP) has various applications in the diagnosis and management of pancreatic trauma. The utility of ERP in pancreatic trauma presenting to a level 1 equivalent trauma centre was analysed. Methods: Patients who sustained pancreatic trauma and underwent ERP were identified. Patient demographics, mechanism of injury, time to presentation, diagnostic modalities, associated injuries, clinical management, endoscopic interventions and their timing, surgical treatment and patient outcomes were recorded. Results: Forty-eight patients with pancreatic trauma were referred for ERP after blunt (26), gunshot (15), or stab (7) injury. The average time from injury to ERP was 38 days (range 2 – 365). An ERP visualized the duct in 47 patients. Twenty-four patients had a pancreatic fistula, 12 patients had a main pancreatic duct stricture or cut-off and 10 patients had a pseudocyst. Endoscopic interventions were pancreatic duct sphincterotomy (15), pancreatic duct stent (7) or pseudocyst drainage (6). Ten patients demonstrated minor injuries and no interventions were performed. One patient had a normal pancreatogram. Ten patients required pancreatic surgery following ERP (distal pancreatectomy n=6, pancreaticojejenostomy n=3 and cystjejenostomy n=1). One patient unable to tolerate ERP had a distal pancreatectomy. Conclusion: The majority of ERPs were performed post surgery or after a delayed presentation. Diagnostic success was high and in conjunction with therapeutic interventions 77% of patients avoided surgery for their pancreatic complications. ERP is an effective tool in the delayed management of the local complications of pancreatic trauma.

No description available.