SAMMANFATTNING  Bakgrund: Sexuella övergrepp ökar i det svenska samhället, vilket kan leda till posttraumatiskt stressyndrom. De kvinnor som utsatts för övergrepp befinner sig i ett stort behov av professionell hjälp och stöd från vårdpersonal under återhämtningsprocessen. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur kvinnor som varit utsatta fören traumatisk livshändelse i form av sexuellt våld upplever det stöd de har fått från vårdpersonalen. Metod: Den metod som valdes var litteraturstudie med granskning av tio vetenskapliga artiklar med kvalitativ design publicerade mellan år 2000 och 2017 i Psychinfo och PubMed. De inkluderade artiklarna kvalitetsgranskades med hjälp av en granskningsmall. Resultat: Studien resulterade i sex olika kategorier: känslan av skam i möte med vårdpersonalen, vårdpersonalens sätt att se hela människan, vikten av att anmäla, samverkan mellan olika yrkesprofessioner och brist på kunskap hos vårdpersonalen. Slutsats: Studien visar att fler kvalitativa studier behövs för att ge bästa möjliga stöd till kvinnliga patienter, som har upplevt en traumatisk livshändelse i form av sexuellt våld. Vårdpersonalen har en bristande förmåga att bemöta och ge dessa kvinnor korrekt stöd utifrån en holistisk syn. Kvinnorna uttryckte att stödet de fick som otillräckligt, där den medicinska vården var bra men omvårdnaden i helhet var otillräcklig. Vårdpersonal behöver mer och bättre utbildning inom detta område, för att ge dessa kvinnor det stöd och den omvårdnad de har behov av.   Nyckelord: Trauma, sjuksköterska, sexuella övergrepp / ABSTRACT Background: Sexual abuse of women is increasing dramatically in the society, therefore the topic is relevant for the individual, the society and health care. Sexual abuse often leads to a post-traumatic stress disorder. The women is in great need of professional help and support from the nursing staff during the recovery process. Aim: The aim of the study was to investigate how female patients who have experinced a traumatic life event by sexual violence perceive the support from the health care professionals. Method: The design of study was a literature review. A total of ten scientific articles were included. The articles had a qualitative design and were published between 2000 and 2017 in the databases PsychInfo and PubMed. The included articles were reviewed by using a review template. Results: The study resulted in six different categories: sense of shame in the meeting with the nursing staff, nursing staff way to see the whole person, the importance of notification, collaboration between professional professions and lack of knowledge among health professionals. Conclusion: The study shows that more research with a qualitative design is needed to develope the knowledge to provide the best possible support for the women who have experienced a traumatic life event by sexual abuse. The nursing staff does not provide sufficient support and do not meet the patients need in a holistic view. The women expressed the support they received as insufficient, in which medical care was good but the care of the whole was insufficient. There is a need for an improved education among health care professionals regarding the support and caring of these women. Keywords: trauma, nurse, sexual assault

It is critical that anyone responding to a traumatic event must be able to fulfill his or her purpose in the situation. The US Army Chaplain must be prepared to provide valued minisry during times of traumatic injury and death in a combat environment. The purpose of the investigation was to establish core ministry actions based upon identified common expectations and standards between chaplains, officers, and Soldiers of their command relating to ministry during times of traumatic injury and death in a combat environment. The intent was met though a series of steps beginning with the identification of the problem that US Army Chaplains have not been adequately prepared for the task of Combat Trauma Ministry. A review of current scholarship in the field demonstrated that significant works on Combat Trauma Ministry are almost non-existent. In order to accomplish the investigation two research methodologies were employed. There was use of quantitative data and large scale use of qualitiative research. The qualitative research provoed to be particualrly useful becauise of its focus on the study of problems in the social context. Research of the issue began with an examination of chaplain qualifications. This included a rebiew of the educational and ministerial prerequsities applicants must meet. A study of the training provided by the Army to those newly entering the US Army Chaplain Corps follows. This process revealed the challenges posed in trying to teach clergy from civilian parishes tom minister in the Army context of which many have no experience. The heart of the research is the body of interviews of chaplains, officers, and Soldiers. These personal accounts of ministry done, and failing to be done, with the theological impetus behind it provided the groundwork from which to draw the research conclusions. The research concludes that preparation for Combat Trauma Ministry within theArmy is still lacking but improving. In order to covercome remaining deficiencies individual chaplains, supervisory chaplains, and the US Army Chaplain Corps need to personally and professional augment training to ensure that the Chaplain Corps' Core Competencies Continuum - Nuture the Living, Care for the Wounded, and Honor the Dead - are adequately performed. The research identified three priorities of ministry to accomplish this intent. They are: Maintain Composure, Give them Something Tangible, and Share in the Burden. Finally, there is the recognition that the US Army Chaplain Corps must become more stringent in three specific concerns: Training and Qualification standards, developing self and supervisory care for chaplains, and prepating for the long-lasting effects of combat exposure and PTSD with a Soul Care emphasis.

This thesis focuses on the topic of human trafficking and exploitation from the perspective of the trafficked persons themselves. Using the interpretative phenomenological analysis seeks to determine the lived experience of these people. Data were obtained through semi-structured interviews with 4 respondents who are clients of the organization La Strada ČR. These interviews were recorded and they were subsequently analyzed according to IPA. Trafficking and exploitation had a significant impact on the lives and experiences of these people. Interpersonal relationships are affected the most, especially the ability to establish contacts with strangers. Also relationships with families are disturbed because of fear of rejection and misunderstanding of what you went through. People live in fear for their safety and future. Interpersonal relationships are on the other side one of the elements helping to manage the traumatic event and their absence deepens negative experiences. KEY WORDS Trafficking in human beings and exploitation, interpretative phenomenological analysis, experience of trafficked people, psychological trauma

Thesis advisor: V. Paul Poteat / Intimate partner violence (IPV) occurs in LGBTQ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer) relationships at rates equal to or even higher than cisgender heterosexual relationships (Walters, Chen, & Breidig, 2013). The health consequences of IPV are well documented (Kwako et al., 2011). Trauma-informed care (TIC) is one service approach receiving increasing support for use with IPV survivors (Warshaw, Lyon, Phillips, & Hooper, 2014). Nevertheless, there is little research exploring the association between TIC and health among LGBTQ IPV survivors. Immobilization is prevalent for IPV survivors for whom fight or flight may increase risk of violence during traumatic situations (van der Kolk, 1989). TIC might be well-positioned to counter these immobilizing effects in effort to facilitate mobilization and better health for IPV survivors. The relationship between TIC and health through mobilizing mechanisms has not yet been tested. This study examined several mobilizing mechanisms as mediating the relationship between TIC and health including: 1) lower social withdrawal; 2) lower shame; 3) greater emotion regulation; and, 4) greater empowerment. Among 227 LGBTQ adults, structural equation modeling analyses tested the relationship between TIC and health, and the mediating effects of lower social withdrawal and shame, and greater emotion regulation and empowerment on the relationship between TIC and health. Results indicated that the direct effects of TIC on mental and physical health were not significant. Indirect effects of TIC on mental and physical health through the set of mobilizing mechanisms were not significant. However, TIC did predict greater empowerment and emotion regulation and lower social withdrawal. Lower social withdrawal and lower shame also predicted better mental health, while lower shame and emotion regulation predicted better physical health. Practitioners need to uncover additional services and resources beyond TIC that could improve health among LGBTQ IPV survivors. Research should continue to examine the potential effects of TIC in addition to how it is applied in the context of evidence-based treatment programs that are adapted for sexual and gender minorities. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2018. / Submitted to: Boston College. Lynch School of Education. / Discipline: Counseling, Developmental and Educational Psychology.

Foi realizado estudo experimental com ratos Wistar Albinos, com o objetivo de avaliar diferentes modelos de estudo da lesão da medula espinhal. Os controles foram formados pelos grupos Anestesia, Divulsionamento dos tecidos moles pré-vertebrais e Laminectomia. Os grupos para estudo da lesão da medula espinhal foram formados por animais nos quais o segmento vertebral localizado entre T10 e L1 foi submetido à secção total da medula espinhal, secção parcial (hemissecção), secção total precedida da aplicação local de anestésico e compressão vertebral. Os animais foram avaliados 2 e 24 horas após a realização dos procedimentos, por meio da Escala de Avaliação Locomotora, Teste do Campo Aberto, Teste de Retirada da Cauda, Teste da Placa Quente e Teste do Pinçamento da Pata (reflexos segmentares e supra-segmentares) e também por métodos histológicos, utilizando-se as colorações de Níssl, HematoxHina-Eosina e Glees. Foi observado que as escalas de avaliação locomotora utilizadas foram menos sensíveis à detecção de mudanças funcionais nos animais se comparadas com os testes de comportamento sensório-motores. O teste Exploração no Plano Vertical foi o mais sensível para detectar deficiências sensório-motoras nos diferentes grupos experimentais. Por esse método detectamos uma diminuição da capacidade de exploração do plano vertical nos animais 24 horas após os procedimentos. O teste de função reflexa mais sensível à detecção de deficiências sensório-motoras nos animais após trauma raquimedular leve, moderado e grave, foi o Teste da Placa Quente. Portanto, este estudo demonstrou que, além das Escalas de Avaliação Locomotora, o Teste do Campo Aberto e o Teste da Placa Quente são de utilização fácil, simples, barata, reprodutível e quantitativa, com sensibilidade para detectar deficiências funcionais em animais que tenham sofrido trauma raquimedular leve, moderado ou grave. A análise histológica em segmentos da medula espinhal abrangendo o sítio da lesão permitiu a avaliação da lesão e correlação entre a lesão sensitiva e motora. / An experimental study was carried out using Wistar Albine rats, aiming at an evaluation of different models for the study of spinal injury. Controls included the following groups: Anesthesia, Divulsion of the soft prevertebral tissues and Laminectomy. Groups for the study of spinal injury were composed by animals whose vertebral segment between T10 and L1 was submitted to Total Section of the Spinal cord, Partial Section (hemissection), Total Section Preceded of Application of Local Anesthetic and Vertebral Compression. Animals were evaluated, 2 and 24 hours after the experimental procedures, by means of the Locomotor Evaluation Scale, Open Field Test, Tail Flick Test, Hot Plate Test and Paw Nippering Test (segmentary and suprasegmentary reflex), as well as by means of histological methods using Níssl, Hematoxilin-Eosin and Glees Stainning. lt was observed that the Locomotor Evaluation Scales so far used were less sensitive to detection of functional changes in animals when compared with the sensorio-motor behaviour tests. The vertical Plain Exploration Test was the most sensitive for detection of sensorio-motor deficiences in different experimental groups. By means of this method we could detect a decrease in the ability to explore the Vertical Plain in the animals of 24 hours. The more sensitive reflex function test to detect sensorio-motor deficiences of animals, following light, moderate or severe spinal cord injury, was the Hot Plate Test. Therefore, this study showed that, in addition to the locomotor Evaluation scales, the Open Field Test and Hot Plate Test are of easy, simple, cheap, reproducible and quantitative utilization, showing enough sensitivity to detect functional deficiences in animals previously submitted to light, moderate or severe spinal cord injury. Histological analysis of spinal cord segments which enclosed the injured site allowed the evaluation of the injury and the relationship between sensitive and motor lesions.

O objetivo deste estudo foi compreender o significado cultural de qualidade de vida para pessoas que vivenciam o processo de reabilitação de múltiplos traumas. A antropologia interpretativa, a etnografia e o Modelo Conceitual de Qualidade de Vida do Centre for Health Promotion foram utilizados como referencial teórico, nesta investigação. Participaram, deste estudo etnográfico, 11 sujeitos que estiveram internados, na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva do Hospital Escola da Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, e dez familiares. Para a coleta de dados, foram utilizadas a entrevista semiestruturada e a observação direta no domicílio dos participantes. A partir da análise e interpretação dos dados, constatou-se que os sentidos atribuídos pelos participantes à experiência do trauma estão relacionados às sequelas do trauma e a suas consequências, aos sentimentos de medo e insegurança, à vulnerabilidade vivenciada no pós-trauma associada ao surgimento de novas patologias e agravamento do quadro clínico e às percepções negativas da imagem corporal e das limitações físicas. Os sujeitos atribuíram o trauma e suas consequências aos desígnios de Deus, a hábitos como bebidas e uso de drogas ilícitas, ao ambiente de trabalho inseguro. Mencionaram que, apesar das consequências do trauma (incapacidades físicas, mudanças nas relações sociais, mudanças no estilo de vida), a experiência trouxe um melhor convívio familiar. As dimensões de qualidade de vida consideradas importantes para o grupo social foram ter saúde, trabalho e apoio. Considerando o Modelo Conceitual de Qualidade de Vida do Centre for Health Promotion, apresentado por Renwick (2004), a dimensão ser para os participantes deste estudo refere-se ao aspecto físico (dependência física, a preservação da imagem corporal), psicológico (ter felicidade) e espiritual (ter fé em Deus). Ao mencionarem o trabalho como um importante aspecto de reinserção social, observaram-se em suas narrativas as noções de ser já que é preciso ter saúde, recuperar a mobilidade e a independência; o que requer a noção pertencer, ou seja, o apoio social, espiritual e familiar, e associado à noção tornar-se, à medida que auxiliaram nas adaptações às mudanças vivenciadas no pós-trauma. . Os participantes expressaram que o trauma possibilitou a oportunidade de ver a vida com outro olhar. Os familiares e os pacientes procuraram reestruturar suas vidas em função do trauma, das dificuldades encontradas e de seu significado social. / The aim of this study was to understand the cultural meaning of quality of life for the people who live the rehabilitation process of multiple traumas. The interpretative anthropology, the ethnography and the Conceptual Model of Quality of Life of Centre for Health Promotion were used as theoretical reference in this investigation. In this ethnographic study, eleven subjects who were hospitalizes at the Intensive Care Unit of School Hospital of Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro and ten relatives. For the data collection, semi-structured interview and the direct observation at the participants domicile were used. From data analysis and interpretation, it was observed that the senses attributed by the participants to the trauma experience are related to the sequelas and their consequences, to the feelings of fear and lack of confidence, to the vulnerability lived at post trauma associated with the upcoming of new pathologies and aggravation of clinical situation and to negative perceptions of body image and physical limitations. The subjects attributed trauma and its consequences to Gods will, to habits such as drugs and alcohol abuse, to the unsafe working place. It was mentioned that, in spite of trauma consequence (physical disability, social relationship changes, life style changes), the experience has brought a better familiar relationship. The quality of life dimensions considered important for the social group were those of having health, work and support. Considering the Conceptual Model of Quality of Life of Center for Health Promotion presented by Renwick (2004), the dimension of being for the participants of this study refer to the physical aspect (physical dependence, body image preservation), psychological (having happiness) and spiritual one (having faith in God). At mentioning the job as an important aspect of social reinsertion, it was observed, in their narratives, the notions of being, once it is necessary to have health, recover mobility and independence; which requires the notion belonging, which is, the social, spiritual and familiar support, and associated with the notion becoming, as they have helped in the adaptations to the changes lived at posttrauma. The participants expressed that trauma made possible the opportunity to see life with other eyes. The relatives and the patients tried to re-structure their lives due to the trauma, to the difficulties and their social meaning.

A presente dissertação configura-se como uma interrogação à teoria psicanalítica acerca das ressonâncias do traumatismo na função psíquica da memória. Ambos são conceitos que remetem aos fundamentos da psicanálise, apontando para a constituição do psiquismo, bem como para seus limites. A dissertação procura ampliar o estudo da temática para além da obra de Freud e alcançar as contribuições de Sandor Ferenczi e seus desdobramentos na obra de Nicolas Abraham e Maria Torok. Em Freud, as relações de trauma e memória, principalmente a partir da conceituação de um além do princípio do prazer, apontam para o funcionamento, ou melhor, às falhas de funcionamento nos limites do psíquico - entre corpo e psique, entre percepção e representação - responsáveis pela instauração da memória e a diferenciação psíquica. O traumático foi associado à dinâmica da pulsão de morte e a da angústia automática, que faz continuamente uma demanda de trabalho psíquico, de ligação, anterior à instauração do princípio de prazer. Quando não há possibilidade de ligação e transcrição do acontecimento, seus efeitos apresentam-se de forma negativa como danos narcísicos. Ferenczi considera o papel do objeto como determinante em relação ao destino traumático de um acontecimento. Caso o objeto não possa adaptar-se às necessidades do sujeito e fornecer ou legitimar um sentido ao vivido, interrompe-se o processo de introjeção e inscrição psíquica. Frente ao desamparo psíquico decorrente da ausência de investimento do objeto, o psiquismo se defende por meio da clivagem das impressões traumáticas ou imerge em comoção, da qual não resta memória. Nicolas Abraham e Maria Torok acrescentam que um acontecimento que permaneceu clivado no psiquismo de uma geração - impossibilitado de circulação e figurabilidade - é transmitido enquanto lacuna de memória para a próxima geração. A imagem do trauma como avesso da memória é paradoxal, pois remete tanto às impressões que aguardam uma revelação por meio de uma ligação com uma imagem, no modelo dos sonhos traumáticos, como à pura negatividade relativa à falta de representação, da qual um sentido pode advir mediante somente uma construção que produza um sentimento de convicção. Tal imagem paradoxal pretende oferecer uma reserva psíquica/teórica ao analista enquanto uma figurabilidade possível das ressonâncias do traumático na memória. / The present essay comprises of an interrogation to psychoanalysis theory about the consequences of trauma in the memory psychic role. Both of them are concepts that refer to the psychoanalysis fundamentals, leading to the psychism constitution, as well as to its boundaries. The dissertation attempts to expand the set of themes beyond Freuds work and reaches out Sandor Ferenczis contributions and its unfoldings into Nicolas Abraham and Maria Toroks works. In Freuds, the connections within trauma and memory, especially from the conceptualization of a further than the pleasure principle, point out to the functioning, or even better, the non-functioning gaps at the psychism boundaries - between body and psyche, within perception and representation responsible for memory establishment and psychic differentiation. The traumatic was associated to death instinct and the automatic anguish, which continuously calls forth a psychic work demand, of connection, prior to the pleasure principle instauration. When there is no possibility of connection and transcription of the incident, its effects present themselves in a negative way such as narcissistic damage. Ferenczi considers the object role as determinant on the traumatic event destination. In case the object can not adapt to the subjects needs and provide or legitimate a meaning to what was lived, there is an interruption on the process of introjection and psychic inscription. Face the psychic abandonment due to the absence of the object investment, the psychism defends itself through the cleavage of the traumatic impressions or it immerges in comotion, of which remains no memory. Nicolas Abraham and Maria Torok add that an event that has remained cleaved in the psychism of a generation incapable of circulation and figurability is forwarded to the next generation as a memory lacuna. The image of trauma as the inverted side of the memory is paradoxical, once it refers to the impressions that await a revelation through a link with an image, in the traumatic dreams model, as much as to the pure negativity related to the lack of representation, from which a meaning can only occur by means of a construction that produces a conviction feeling. Such self-contradictory image intends to offer a theoretic/psychic restraint to the analist as a possible figurability of the resonances of the traumatic in the memory.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar funcional, biomecânica e histologicamente a influência da eletroacupuntura em músculos gastrocnêmios submetidos à lesão experimental por mecanismo de impacto. Foram utilizadas 96 ratas Wistar, de peso inicial de 239,93 ± 12,45 g, divididas em grupos experimentais: grupo lesão 3 e 5 dias (GL3 e GL5); grupo tratado com eletroacupuntura 3 e 5 dias (GT3 e GT5) e grupo simulado, utilizando ditos não-pontos, 3 e 5 dias (GS3 e GS5). O controle (GC) foi composto pelos músculos contralaterais à pata lesada dos grupos GT3 e GT5; A lesão direta foi provocada no músculo gastrocnêmio por mecanismo de impacto com a queda de uma carga de 200 g de altura de 30 cm. Os pontos E-36 (Zusanli) e BP-6 (Sanyinjiao) foram localizados e estimulados através do localizador de pontos Plexus Point Scanner e do aparelho eletroestimulador Accurate Pulse 195 Microprocessado (VMV Biotherapy São Carlos / SP). A análise funcional foi designada de forma a realizar a quantificação do tempo do passo da pata lesada. Esta análise foi realizada através da filmagem da caminhada dos animais sobre um trilho de acrílico, sendo gravadas as imagens antes da lesão, um dia após a lesão e, neste mesmo dia, após a aplicação da eletroacupuntura, tanto no grupo simulado como no grupo tratado. Os músculos gastrocnêmios foram submetidos a ensaios mecânicos na máquina universal de ensaio EMIC® e calculadas as respectivas propriedades mecânicas: força máxima e rigidez. A análise histológica foi utilizada para determinar a extensão da regeneração e reparo, verificando área de lesão. O músculo removido foi fixado em formol 10% por sete dias, desidratado com diferentes concentrações de álcool, incluído em parafina e os cortes semi-finos (6 µm de espessura) foram corados com H&E. A análise da marcha demonstrou constantes de tempos, para o grupo simulado, de: 0,53 ± 0,12 para antes da lesão, 0,20 ± 0,05 para o animal lesado e, 0,33 ± 0,05 para depois da eletroacupuntura. Para o grupo tratado, 0,52 ± 0,09 para antes da lesão, 0,22 ± 0,06 para o animal lesado e, 0,36 ± 0,03 para depois da eletroacupuntura Os valores médios das forças máximas e rigidez foram, respectivamente: para GC de (37,21 ± 4,28)N e (4,30 ± 0,79) N/mm, GL3 de (32,32 ± 3,00)N e (3,7 ± 0,9)N/mm, para o GT3 de (29,93 ± 5,23)N e (3,83 ± 0,90)N/mm, e, para o GS3 de (31,78 ± 3,71)N e (4,25 ± 0,69)N/mm. Além disso, para GL5 de (36,02 ± 6,26)N e (4,11 ± 1,17)N/mm, GT5 de (36,37 ± 4,98)N e (4,70 ± 1,14)N/mm, e, para o GS5 de (36,34 ± 5,33)N e (4,50 ± 0,71)N/mm. A análise histológica, dos grupos de 3 dias, lesado, tratado e placebo, mostrou áreas de lesão evidente, observando infiltrado de células em locais de hematoma, não demonstrando diferenças entre os grupos. Nos grupos de 5 dias, o tratado apresentou melhora em relação aos demais grupos. Os resultados encontrados sugerem uma melhora funcional e histológica com a utilização da técnica da eletroacupuntura, porém não foi observada melhora biomecânica. / The purpose of this study was to evaluate functional, histological and biomechanical influence of acupuncture in injury of gastrocnemius muscle (contusion). We used 96 Wistar rats with initial weight of 239.93 ± 12.45 g, divided into experimental groups: injury group 3 and 5 days (GL3 and GL5); group treated with electroacupuncture for 3 and 5 days (GT3 and GT5) and simulated group, using non-points, for 3 and 5 days (GS3 and GS5). A control (GC) was composed of contralateral leg muscle groups of injured rats. Gastrocnemius muscle injury was caused directly by a mechanism of impact with a load of 200 g and height of 30 cm. E-36 (Zusanli) and BP-6 (Sanyinjiao) points were located and stimulated through a finder of points Plexus Point Scanner and a unit stimulated Accurate Pulse 195 microprocessor (VMV Biotherapy - San Carlos / SP). Functional (walking test), biomechanical (mechanical tests) and histological analysis were performed. The assessment of walk was used to achieve the quantification of the time step of the injured leg, hypothesized that this time is lower than a normal step. Animals walked on a trail of acrylic, and images were recorded before the injury, a day after the injury and, in the same day, after the implementation of electroacupuncture in both sham and treatment group. The left gastrocnemius muscles were subjected to mechanical tests in the universal test machine EMIC® and through a microcomputer interface generated graphics force x stretching from which were calculated their mechanical properties: maximum strength and stiffness. The histological analysis was used to determine the extent of the regeneration and repair, noting area of injury. The muscle removed was fixed in formalin 10% for seven days, dehydrated with different concentrations of alcohol, included in paraffin and cut semi-thin (6 mm of thickness) were stained with hematoxylin-eosin. The walk analysis showed the constant of time for the simulated group: 0.53 ± 0.12 before injury, 0.20 ± 0.05 for the injured animal, and then 0.33 ± 0.05 after electroacupuncture. For treated group, 0.52 ± 0.09 before injury, 0.22 ± 0.06 for injured animal, and 0.36 ± 0.03 after electroacupuncture The average values of maximum strength and stiffness were, respectively: for GC (37.21 ± 4.28) N and (4.30 ± 0.79) N/mm, GL3 (32.32 ± 3.00) N and (3.7 ± 0, 9) N/mm, GT3 (29.93 ± 5.23) N and (3.83 ± 0.90) N/mm, and for GS3 (31.78 ± 3.71) N and (4.25 ± 0.69) N/mm. Moreover, GL5 showed (36.02 ± 6.26) N of maximum strength and (4.11 ± 1.17) N/mm of stiffness, GT5 (36.37 ± 4.98) N and (4.70 ± 1.14) N/mm, and GS5 (36.34 ± 5.33) N and (4.50 ± 0.71) N/mm. The histological analysis showed in three days slides of with areas of evident bruising, there were differences between groups. In 5 days-treatment group were areas of bruises but in process of advanced repairing in comparison with sham and injured groups. The results suggest a histological and functional improvement with the use of electroacupuncture, but there was no biomechanical improvement.

O aumento de casos de professores vitimados por violência, velada e desvelada, e, também, aqueles que, por motivos diversos, são afastados e adaptados funcionalmente por sofrimento psíquico, despertou minha atenção e meu interesse. O problema desta pesquisa foi se constituindo à medida que, ao conhecer a história desses professores, percebeu-se que a maioria parecia inibir-se e sucumbir com alguma doença e poucos pareciam se recuperar, ou até dinamizar e otimizar seu trabalho. A condição de desordem psíquica, impotência, fragilidade e inibição permite supor a produção do trauma. Por conseguinte, formulou-se a questão nuclear de pesquisa: na produção do trauma, alguns docentes sucumbem e outros se dinamizam. Quais são os aspectos determinantes de tais posicionamentos? Isso posto propõese a seguinte hipótese: o trauma pode ter efeito positivo. Postulou-se como objetivo estabelecer a relação entre o evento traumático, a produção do trauma e suas vicissitudes, e ainda, especificamente, compreender os efeitos psíquicos do trauma e os mecanismos que determinam o adoecimento e a prática criativa e inovadora. Os fundamentos teóricos se amparam na Psicanálise freudolacaniana e em seus principais interlocutores. O corpus para análise foi constituído a partir de oito entrevistas com professores em condição de sofrimento psíquico. A análise dos dados e a fundamentação teórica permitiram considerar que o estado de desamparo torna o sujeito suscetível ao trauma e indicam que a orientação por um desejo decidido (LACAN, 1974/1993), diante do encontro com o real, pode movê-lo à invenção (LACAN, 1975-1976/2007). / The increase in the number of cases of teachers who have been victims of violence, covert or overt, and also of those who, for many reasons, are removed and functionally adapted due to psychological distress, has aroused my attention and interest. The focus of this research was built by getting to know these teachers histories and noticing that most of them seemed to inhibit themselves and succumb to some disease and few seemed to recover, or even to dynamize and optimize their work. The condition of psychiatric disorder, impotence, fragility and inhibition allows us to assume the production of trauma. Therefore, the nuclear question of research was formulated: in the production of trauma, some teachers succumb and others become dynamic. What are the determining factors of such outcomes? This poses the following hypothesis: trauma can have a positive effect. The aim of this study was to establish the relationship between the traumatic event, the production of trauma and its vicissitudes and, specifically, to understand the psychological effects of trauma and the mechanisms that determine illness, and creative and innovative practice. The theoretical foundations are the Freudolacanian Psychoanalysis and its main interlocutors. The corpus for analysis was constituted of eight interviews with teachers in conditions of psychological distress. The analysis of the data and the theoretical basis allowed to consider that the state of helplessness makes the subject susceptible to the trauma and indicate that the orientation by a determined desire (LACAN, 1974/1993), when facing reality, can move him/her to invention (LACAN, 1975-1976 / 2007).

Notre question de recherche part de l'une des dernières élaborations théoriques de J. Lacan, les formules de la sexuation élaborées pour rendre raison des choix de jouissance des parlêtres. On se demande si les formules de la sexuation peuvent aussi nous éclairer sur la question de l’identification, sur le choix du symptôme, sur le choix d’objet et sur le choix de l’orientation sexuelle, pour interroger les diverses façons des liens entre les parlêtres, liens du couple, couple mère-enfant, mère-fille, homme-femme, ou liens du groupe.On parte de la théorie des pulsions que Lacan developpe à partir de celle de Freud. Lacan soutient depuis toujours la thèse que l’objet ne serait l’objet de la connaissance, chose qu’impliquerait la connaissance par le moi, parce que le sujet de l’inconscient depuis Freud n’est pas le sujet aristotélique, et donc le monde n’est pas conforme ou complaisant à le pensée (Télévision). Le rapport entre S1 et S2, fait surgir le $ que dans sa division perte quelque chose, c’est à dire a. On rappelle le schéma qui montre l’intersection entre Être et Autre qui cause la perte de a. À partir de cette division « a » n’appartient pas ni à l’être ni à l'Autre (S XI). La théorie des quatre discours, est encore une théorisation qui tente d'expliquer la relation entre sujet et objet, ou entre le sujet et la pulsion, qui fait le tour pour attraper l’objet et ainsi le manque. On peut penser la question du sexe étant liée à la question de l’objet a, soit pour le choix du sexe, soit pour le choix du partenaire sexuel. Si on pense à la question du choix du sexe et du choix du partenaire sexuel par rapport à la théorie des quatre discours, nous faisons l’hypothèse que pas tous les sujets arrivent au choix du sexe, en s‘arrêtant parfois au choix du semblant que permet aussi bien de choisir un partenaire. Soit dans la théorie des discours, représentés graphiquement par quatre algorithmes, soit dans le schéma des formules de sexuation, les flèches représentent le mouvement du sujet vers l'Autre ou vers la jouissance. C’est la question que nous avons posée au début et que nous voulons développer au cours de notre recherche : comment le sujet atteint l’objet de sa jouissance, objet qui lui vient de l'Autre. / Our research question starts from one of Lacan's latest theoretical elaborations, the formulas of sexuation elaborated to explain the choice of enjoyment of speaking beings.We ask ourselves whether the formulas of sexuation that Lacan develops after the theory of the discourses and simultaneously to the Borromean knot topology can clarify questions concerning the identification, the choice of sex and sexual orientation. At the same time if they can help us understand the different ways of relationship between speaking beings, differents pair bonds, man-woman, mother-child, mother-daughter or group bonds. We start from the theory of drives that Lacan develops from that of Freud. The dualism of Freud's theory of drives reflects that between subject and object. Lacan has always supported the thesis that the object is not the object of knowledge which implies the ego, because the subject of the unconscious since Freud is not the Aristotelian subject, that’s why the world is not complaisant to thought. Between S1 and S2, raises $ that in this division loose something namely the object a. We recall the schema that shows the intersection between Being and Other that cause the loss of a which, from this division, doesn‘t belong neither to Being nor the Other. The theory of the four discourses is still a theory that attempts to explain the relation between subject and object, or between the subject and the drive that goes around to catch the object in a way that always misses it. We could think the question of sex being linked to the question of the object a, either for the choice of sex or for the choice of the sexual partner. If we consider the question of choice of sex and the choice of the sexual partner related to the theory of the four discourses, we make the hypothesis that not all subjects arrive at the choice of sex, sometimes stopping at the choice of semblance that allows as well to the choice of a partner. Either in the theory of discourses, represented graphically by four algorithms, or in the schema of the formulas of sexuation, the arrows represent the movement of the subject towards the Other or towards the enjoyment. That is the question we posed at the beginning that we want to develop in our research: how the subject reaches the object of his enjoyment, an object that comes to him from the Other.