La ville d'Antioche fut parmi les villes qui aspiraient une prédominance à la culture, à l'éloquence, à l'enseignement, à l'art mais aussi à l'artisanat et au commerce. Un lieu privilégié de la rencontre avec le reste du monde hellénique et, en même temps, la porte de l'Asie profonde, une ville puissante du Proche-Orient, une base administrative et militaire de premier ordre.Le but est de décrire une ville ottomane formée de quelques quartiers, sa campagne, sa population hétérogène qui vivent essentiellement de l'agriculture, de l'artisanat et du commerce. Une situation décrite dans les registres ottomans conçus au départ pour recenser les foyers fiscaux, les lieux habités, les activités de la population et la production locale, afin de fixer les impôts à récolter. Ce travail est renforcé par des récits de voyage qui décrivent une situation différente, mélancolique et nostalgique à la fois. L'intérêt est de peindre un tableau de la ville tout en essayant de comprendre sa viabilité dans l'espace ottoman. Associés aux sources ottomanes, les textes des voyageurs sont précieux pour un rapprochement des éléments essentiels de l'histoire de la ville.Enfin, pour mieux comprendre la situation de la ville à l'époque ottomane, survoler l'époque mamelouk nous est indispensable. Nous avons ajouté un chapitre sur la chute de la Principauté latine d'Antioche, la division administrative de la Syrie du Nord, la description de la ville par les chroniques et récits de voyage, les bouleversements et la situation générale sous les Mamelouks. Ce chapitre sert de guide afin de tracer un tableau fidèle et jeter la lumière sur une foule de points demeurés obscurs. / The city of Antioch was among the cities that aspired to a predominance culture, eloquence, education, art, but also crafts and trade. A privileged place of encounter with the rest of the Hellenic world, and at the same time, the door of deep Asia, a powerful city of the Middle East, administrative and military order first base.Meanwhile, this work is enhanced by travel stories that describe a different, melancholic and nostalgic at the same time position. The advantage of this formula is to paint a picture of the city while trying to understand the viability of the Ottoman space. Associated with the Ottoman sources, the texts of travelers are valuable for a reconciliation of the essential elements of the history of the city.In this thesis, the goal is not to show again the saga of the metropolis, but to describe an Ottoman town consisted of a few neighborhoods, countryside, its heterogeneous population that lives mainly on agriculture, crafts and trade. A situation described in the Ottoman records originally designed to identify tax households, populated places, the activities of the local population and production, to set taxes to collect.Finally, to better understand the situation of the city in the Ottoman era, fly over the previous period, the Mamluk era, is indispensable. That is why we have added a chapter on the fall of the Latin Principality of Antioch, the administrative division of the northern Syria, the description of the city and tales from travel disruption and the general situation in the Mamluks. This chapter, we consider it useful and interesting to our thesis serves as a guide to draw a fair and shed light on a host of issues remained unclear.

Esta dissertação analisa as descrições populacionais escritas por Richard Francis Burton entre os anos de 1849 e 1869, publicadas em seus relatos de viagem sobre as regiões da Índia, Península Arábica, África Oriental, Central e Ocidental, e Brasil (viagens realizadas entre 1847 e 1867). O objetivo deste trabalho é notar as transformações nestas descrições e relacioná-las ao lugar de autoridade, à experiência da viagem e à alguns conceitos oriundos da etnologia e antropologia inglesa por volta deste período. A hipótese é que estes elementos interagem na construção do texto do autor e que a compreensão do conteúdo destas descrições torna-se bastante mais efetiva quando se considera esta interação. As posições ambíguas de Burton em especial quanto aos debates entre opções teóricas monogênicas e poligênicas tornam-se mais compreensíveis a partir do ponto de vista que analisa suas descrições através da observação destes três elementos. / This dissertation analyses the populational descriptions written by Richard Francis Burton between 1849 and 1869, published in his books of travel above the regions of India, Arabic Peninsula, East, Central and West Africa, and Brazil (travels achieved between 1847-1867). The aim of this work is to note the transformations in these descriptions and connect them with the authority position, the experience of each travel, and the production of British ethnology and anthropology around those years. The hypothesis is that these elements interact in the construction of the author’s writings, and that the understanding of these descriptions’ contents become much more effective when this interaction is considered. Burton’s ambiguous positions, specially on the debates between monogenic and poligenic theoretic options, become more understandable when observed by the point of view which analyses his descriptions throughout the observation of these three elements.

It is widely assumed in both popular and scholarly imaginaries that Travellers, due to their 'nomadic mind-set' and non-sedentary uses of land, do not have a sense of place. This thesis presents an ethnographic account of an extra-legal camp in Southeast London, to argue that its Traveller inhabitants do have a sense of place, which is founded in the camp's environment and experientially significant sites throughout the city. The main suggestion is that the camp, its inhabitants, and their activities, along with significant parts of the city, are co-constitutionally involved in making a Travellers' sense of place. However, this is not self-contained or produced by them alone, as their place-making activities are embroiled in the political, economic and legal environment of the city. This includes the threat and implementation of eviction by a local council, the re-development of the camp's environs, and other manifestations of the spatial-temporalities of late-liberal urban regeneration. The thesis makes this argument through focusing on the ways that place is made, sensed, and lived by the camp's Traveller inhabitants. It builds on practice-based approaches to place, centred on the notion of dwelling, but also critically departs from previous uses of this notion by demonstrating that 'dwelling' can occur in an intensely politicised and insalubrious environment. Therefore, I consider dwelling in the context of the power asymmetries of place and urban precarity, as well as how it is crucial to making a home-in-the-world. Depicting a family fiercely and desperately striving to hold onto place in the time-space of the late-liberal city, a situation that affords them little promise of a future, the thesis destabilises established understandings and analysis of Travellers' experience, in a contemporary context. Chapter one considers how men's skilled activity, building materials and machinery are involved in creative acts of correspondence, which coalesce to make the camp a liveable place for its inhabitants. The central suggestion is that, through making and inhabiting the camp, it also comes to make and inhabit those involved in such activities. However, the family's ability to structure their own world, by building themselves a place to live, is contingent on a range of socio-political constraints that subject them to infrastructural violence. Chapter two turns from the camp's built environment to examine women's caregiving and home-making practices. It considers women's haptic involvements with their caravans, suggesting that these activities are not simply practices of creative homemaking but, due to the central role they play in raising families, they position women as world-formers. It also examines the ways that women's caregiving activities are intensified by the camp's insalubrious environmental conditions, and how these are involved in the unmaking of the family's matriarch. Chapter three considers the relationship between men's economic activity and the city. It draws correspondences between men's economic transactions with non-Travellers, and hunting, suggesting that each practice consists of the skilled capacity to procure resources from particular environments. Chapters four and five turn from Travellers' own place-making activities, to examine how a sense of place is produced from, and fractured by, the threat of eviction. In the first of these, I consider the role that state-administered documents, definitions and imaginaries play in shaping the spatial parameters of place for the Cashes. In the second I examine the ways that eviction, and the broader spatial-temporalities of late-liberal urban redevelopment, coalesce in the camp to produce a sense of place and time that is charged with affect and uncertainty.

Women are increasingly active in the participation and consumption of travel, and are now recognised as a growing force within the tourism industry. This trend is linked to changing social and political circumstances for Western women around the world. Within Australia specifically, women's opportunities for education and for earning equitable incomes through employment have improved. Furthermore, traditional ideologies of the family have shifted, so that social expectations of marriage and the production of children do not yield as much power as they once did. As a result of these shifts, women living in contemporary Australia have a wider range of resources and opportunities with which to access an ever-increasing array of leisure/travel choices. It appears that one of the many ways in which women have been exercising their relatively recent financial and social autonomy is through independent travel. The solo woman traveller represents a growing market segment, with research showing that increasing numbers of females are choosing to travel alone, without the assistance or company of partners, husbands or packaged tour groups. However, little empirical research has explored the touristic experiences of solo women travellers, or examined the constraints and challenges they may face when journeying alone. 'Constraints' have been described variously as factors which hinder one's ability to participate in desired leisure activities, to spend more time in those activities, or to attain anticipated levels of satisfaction and benefit. While the investigation of constraints has contributed to the leisure studies discipline for a number of decades, the exploration of their influence on tourist behaviour and the tourist experience has been virtually overlooked. Research has shown that despite the choices and opportunities women have today, the freedom they have to consume those choices, and to access satisfying leisure and travel experiences, may be constrained by their social and gendered location as females. Although theorisations of constraint have remained largely in the field of leisure studies, it is argued and demonstrated in this thesis that there is potential in extending constraints theory to the inquiry of the tourist experience. Grounded in theoretical frameworks offered by gender studies, feminist geography, sociology and leisure, this qualitative study set out to explore the impact of constraints on women's solo travel experiences. Forty in-depth interviews were held with Australian women who had travelled solo at some stage of their adult lives. Adopting an interpretive and feminist-influenced research paradigm, it was important to allow the women to speak of their lives, constraints and experiences in their own voices and on their own terms. In line with qualitative methodologies, it is these women's words which form the data for this study. Based on a 'grounded' approach to data analysis, the results reveal that constraints do exist and exert influence on these women's lives and travel experiences in a myriad of ways. Four inter-linking categories of constraint were identified, namely socio-cultural, personal, practical and spatial. Further definition of these categories evolved, depending on where the women were situated in their stage of the solo travel experience (that is, pre-travel or during-travel). The results of this study show that there are identifiable and very real constraints facing solo women travellers. These constraints could stem from the contexts of their home environments, or from the socio-cultural structures of the destinations through which they travelled. However, these constraints were not immutable, insurmountable or even necessarily consciously recognised by many of the women interviewed. In fact, it became increasingly evident that women were findings ways and means to 'negotiate' their constraints, challenges and limitations. Three dominant negotiation responses to constraint could be identified; the women could choose to seek access to solo travel when faced with pre-travel constraints: they could withdraw from solo travel because of those same constraints, or they could decide to continue their journeys as a result of their in-situ constraints. Evidence of women negotiating suggests that constraints are not insurmountable barriers, and confirms that constraints do not necessarily foreclose access to travel. Furthermore, a focus on negotiation re-positions women as active agents in determining the course of their lives and the enjoyment of their solo travel experiences, rather than as passive acceptors of circumstance and constraint. Linking with the concept of negotiation, solo travel was also shown to be a site of resistance, freedom and empowerment for these forty women. Through solo travel, it was apparent that the women could transgress the structures and roles which influenced and governed their lives. This thesis shows that, through solo travel, the women interviewed found an autonomous and self-determining 'journey of their own'. At the same time, the extent to which this really was a journey of their own was questioned and revealed to be problematic under a feminist/gendered lens. Thus a more appropriate concept of women's solo travel is that it is a 'relative escape'. That is, their journeys, escapes and experiences were always situated relative to the societal expectations and perceptions of home; relative to the gendered perceptions and ideologies of the destination, and relative to the limited spatial freedoms as a result of a socially constructed geography of fear.

Both tourism destination marketing and the characteristics of holiday travellers have recently undergone radical changes driven by the rapid progress of computer technology. In particular, the advent of the Internet has had a great impact on holiday travellers as well as on the development of tourism promotion and distribution channel strategies. While holiday travellers benefit from the characteristics of Internet use, for example, unlimited information retrieval, flexible accessibility, and direct interactivity with destination marketing organizations (DMOs), the Internet provides DMOs with the critical factor of an increase in operational costs incurred by running all possible online promotional activities and online distribution channels. This paper attempted to discover which Internet functions are popularly used by existing/potential online travellers or which ones are not by testing the Canberra Tourism & Event Corporation (CTEC) web site. As a result, this research intends to provide CTEC with a way to operate its website cost-effectively, which can also lead to increasing the usage satisfaction of CTEC web visitors. Online travellers visiting the CTEC website were surveyed through non-probability self-selected web survey by using segmentation procedure; two key online travel groups: direct and indirect online access groups. Based on the research methodology, this study has discovered several findings. Firstly, CTEC web visitors preferred to use the CTEC website for the purpose of gathering travel information rather than that of online booking or reservations for travel products on the CTEC website. Secondly, comprehensive travel information tailor-made to online individuals was found to be desirable through interactive online activities, while the multimedia, booking, and comparability function were not significant in helping the CTEC online visitors choose the travel destination. Based on their preferences for particular Internet functions, it is evident that web visitors wish to have comprehensive and tailormade online travel information and interaction with the CTEC. Finally, it was revealed that the demographics of the CTEC web visitors were very similar to Internet users identified by previous researchers. Therefore, this study provides insights into website development strategies.

The literature on the travel market has focused on the motivations and activities of different market segments, destination attributes, evaluation of well-being, travel behaviour and characteristics, and demographic information. Some work has been undertaken on seniors’ travel motivations but the majority of this worked reported for North America. Few comparisons have been made between baby boomers’ and seniors’ travel motivations and preferences for domestic trip. This study investigated the domestic travel motivations of baby boomer (age 50 to 60) and senior (age 61 and over) citizens in Tainan, Taiwan. The study objectives were: (1) to present demographic information on senior and baby boomer domestic travelers; (2) to examine the travel motivations, destination attributes, and well-being of senior and baby boomer travelers; (3) to determine the differences in travel-related characteristics between senior and baby boomer travelers; and (4) to investigate whether those who travel more domestically also travel more internationally. A total of 184 citizens (100 baby boomers and 84 seniors) in Tainan, Taiwan, participated in this study. The data were analyzed using simple descriptive statistics, t-tests, cross-tabulations, chi-squared tests and correlation analyses. The open-ended questions were recorded and analyzed for themes. The demographic data revealed that marital status, employment status, education, income and major source of income were significantly different between baby boomer and senior respondents, as were travel motivations. The destination attributes sought and evaluations of well-being were not significantly different between the groups. Some differences were found in travel behaviours and characteristics reported by baby boomer and senior respondents, especially in the likelihood of traveling with an organized party, spending of money on traveling, joining an all-inclusive package tour, willingness to spend extra money on recreation, perceiving that seniors should stay at home or in silver town, and perceiving that travel improves their quality of life. In addition, traveling on overnight international trips influences the frequency of taking domestic trips for both groups. This study contributes to the tourism literature by comparing baby boomer and senior respondents’ travel motivations and preferences in domestic trips. The findings provided new insights into the understanding of tourist motivations, destination attributes, positive/negative affects and tourists’ behaviors, particularly as experienced in domestic trip taken by baby boomers and seniors in Tainan, Taiwan.

The literature on the travel market has focused on the motivations and activities of different market segments, destination attributes, evaluation of well-being, travel behaviour and characteristics, and demographic information. Some work has been undertaken on seniors’ travel motivations but the majority of this worked reported for North America. Few comparisons have been made between baby boomers’ and seniors’ travel motivations and preferences for domestic trip. This study investigated the domestic travel motivations of baby boomer (age 50 to 60) and senior (age 61 and over) citizens in Tainan, Taiwan. The study objectives were: (1) to present demographic information on senior and baby boomer domestic travelers; (2) to examine the travel motivations, destination attributes, and well-being of senior and baby boomer travelers; (3) to determine the differences in travel-related characteristics between senior and baby boomer travelers; and (4) to investigate whether those who travel more domestically also travel more internationally. A total of 184 citizens (100 baby boomers and 84 seniors) in Tainan, Taiwan, participated in this study. The data were analyzed using simple descriptive statistics, t-tests, cross-tabulations, chi-squared tests and correlation analyses. The open-ended questions were recorded and analyzed for themes. The demographic data revealed that marital status, employment status, education, income and major source of income were significantly different between baby boomer and senior respondents, as were travel motivations. The destination attributes sought and evaluations of well-being were not significantly different between the groups. Some differences were found in travel behaviours and characteristics reported by baby boomer and senior respondents, especially in the likelihood of traveling with an organized party, spending of money on traveling, joining an all-inclusive package tour, willingness to spend extra money on recreation, perceiving that seniors should stay at home or in silver town, and perceiving that travel improves their quality of life. In addition, traveling on overnight international trips influences the frequency of taking domestic trips for both groups. This study contributes to the tourism literature by comparing baby boomer and senior respondents’ travel motivations and preferences in domestic trips. The findings provided new insights into the understanding of tourist motivations, destination attributes, positive/negative affects and tourists’ behaviors, particularly as experienced in domestic trip taken by baby boomers and seniors in Tainan, Taiwan.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:55:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabiana_Marreto_Secariolo.pdf: 1010325 bytes, checksum: 6dc0caff64a9d49d9d6173f9e5068595 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-04-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study is concerned about the trip stories about the Paraná state during the second half of 19th century. The travellers who compose the documentary corpus are: Nestor Borba, whose story was published in MONUMENTA collection: Stories of a Trip to Guaira and Foz do Iguaçu (1870-1920), with the title Trip to Sete Quedas (Seven Falls) dated of 1876, and the General José Cândido Muricy having a text published in the same collection, with the title Description of a Trip Done From Guarapuava To Foz do Iguassu Colony in November of 1892. It is also analyzed the story of the English engineer Thomas P. Bigg Wither, intitled New Way In Southern Brazil: The Paraná Province: Three years in its forests and fields 1872/1875. These travellers left a rich legacy of information regarding the occupation and exploration of the Paraná state, which allowed us to explore the History of the Paraná in the 19th century in others perspectives. The travellers sayings about the nature, the territory, the borders and the population had constituted a challenge for our interpretation, therefore it was necessary to identify the specificity of each one of them, as well as its cultural references to understand their trip objectives / O presente trabalho apresenta questões voltadas para relatos de viagens sobre o Paraná durante a segunda metade do século XIX. Os viajantes que compõem o corpus documental são: Nestor Borba, cujo relato foi publicado na coleção MONUMENTA: Relatos de Viagem a Guaíra e a Foz Do Iguaçu (1870-1920), sob o título Viagem às Setes Quedas datada de 1876, e o general José Cândido Muricy, texto publicado na mesma coleção, com o título Ligeira Descripção de uma Viagem Feita de Guarapuava À Colonia da Foz do Igassú em Novembro de 1892. Também analisamos o relato do engenheiro inglês Thomas P. Bigg Wither, intitulado Novo Caminho No Brasil Meridional: A Província do Paraná: Três anos em suas florestas e campos 1872/1875. Esses viajantes deixaram um legado muito rico de informações a respeito da ocupação e exploração do Paraná, que nos permitiu explorar a História deste estado no século XIX por outras perspectivas. As falas dos viajantes sobre a natureza, o território, as fronteiras e a população constituíram um desafio para nossa interpretação, pois foi necessário identificar as especificidades de cada um deles, bem como suas referências culturais para entender seus objetivos de viagem

Esta dissertação analisa as descrições populacionais escritas por Richard Francis Burton entre os anos de 1849 e 1869, publicadas em seus relatos de viagem sobre as regiões da Índia, Península Arábica, África Oriental, Central e Ocidental, e Brasil (viagens realizadas entre 1847 e 1867). O objetivo deste trabalho é notar as transformações nestas descrições e relacioná-las ao lugar de autoridade, à experiência da viagem e à alguns conceitos oriundos da etnologia e antropologia inglesa por volta deste período. A hipótese é que estes elementos interagem na construção do texto do autor e que a compreensão do conteúdo destas descrições torna-se bastante mais efetiva quando se considera esta interação. As posições ambíguas de Burton em especial quanto aos debates entre opções teóricas monogênicas e poligênicas tornam-se mais compreensíveis a partir do ponto de vista que analisa suas descrições através da observação destes três elementos. / This dissertation analyses the populational descriptions written by Richard Francis Burton between 1849 and 1869, published in his books of travel above the regions of India, Arabic Peninsula, East, Central and West Africa, and Brazil (travels achieved between 1847-1867). The aim of this work is to note the transformations in these descriptions and connect them with the authority position, the experience of each travel, and the production of British ethnology and anthropology around those years. The hypothesis is that these elements interact in the construction of the author’s writings, and that the understanding of these descriptions’ contents become much more effective when this interaction is considered. Burton’s ambiguous positions, specially on the debates between monogenic and poligenic theoretic options, become more understandable when observed by the point of view which analyses his descriptions throughout the observation of these three elements.

The main aim of the study was to assess the influence of flight delays on business travellers. Studies on flight delays have been done from a number of perspectives; these include the reasons for flights delays, the costs to airlines and airports, the effect on airline scheduling and the impact on airline market share. An area that has received little, if any, attention is the impact of flight delays on business travellers, one of the most lucrative markets for airlines. This study empirically researches the direct cost of flight delays to travellers of a specific corporation. In addition, the use of mobile technology in communicating the occurrence of flight delays to business travellers, and how this could alleviate traveller frustrations, are discussed from a theoretical perspective. The study followed a quantitative methodology to determine man-hours lost and the direct costs of flight delays to travellers from a selected corporation. Two data sets were used, one provided by the corporation on flights undertaken by their corporate travellers over a predetermined period, the other by the Air Traffic and Navigation Services (ATNS) on all flights over the same period. The two sets of data were matched and analysed to determine which flights undertaken by the corporate travellers were delayed, based on actual arrival times, and if any significant relationships could be determined between flight delays and types of traveller (frequent versus infrequent) or specific time periods (time of day, day, week and month). The results indicated that frequent travellers experienced the majority of flight delays, and consequently represented the greatest cost to the corporation. The study also found significant relationships between substantial delays and the month of the year, day of the week, and the time of day flown. The identification of patterns could provide business travellers with the information to better manage their travel arrangements and optimise their travel times and costs. In calculating the direct monetary cost, the value of time lost was found not to constitute a substantial amount to the corporation, but this result must be viewed against the limitations of the study. This study serves to provide a foundation for future research into the cost of flight delays to business travellers. Future research should include larger samples (large global or multiple companies could be used) and extend the time periods for assessing delays. Future studies could also include other direct and indirect costs not covered here and the study could be replicated in different geographical areas, particularly areas with a high density of flights such as Asia, the United States of America and Europe. Copyright / Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Tourism Management / unrestricted