This final thesis deals with outgoing tourism of young Czechs to Germany. The theoretical part presents characteristics of tourism destination marketing and a definition of Youth Travel. The analytical part is concerned with the potential of Germany as a destination of young people from the Czech Republic and presents results of a conducted survey for the demand of young Czechs for destination Germany.

Cette thèse analyse la manière dont les voyageurs créent leurs espaces de vie dans la mobilité aujourd’hui en France et plus particulièrement dans l’Hérault où la chercheuse a exercé la fonction de médiatrice départementale auprès des gens du voyage entre 2004 et 2013. La thèse s’appuie sur le webdocumentaire Des Aires. Vivre en habitat mobile (www.desaires.fr) que la chercheuse a réalisé en 2017. Les acteurs étudiés sont principalement des Manouches, Sintis, Yéniches, Gitans ou Roms français mais aussi des Gadjé (non-Tsiganes) qui déclinent leur identité à partir de la catégorie administrative « gens du voyage » utilisée par l’administration française. Prenant pour objet les espaces de vie voyageurs, cette thèse examine les processus à l’œuvre dans l’émergence, la co-construction et la stabilisation temporaire de ces espaces où les vies des voyageurs comptent, où elles sont « en jeu », négociées, influentes ou mises en scène. La particularité de cette thèse repose sur une analyse des conflits de territoire entre nomades et sédentaires à partir de la circonscription des effets attachés à la présence des gens du voyage ; cette notion de présence voyageuse devenant au fil de cette thèse un « bien fictif » faisant l’objet de négociations qui s’apparentent à des « nœuds » permettant de stabiliser un mode de vie mobile. Ce parti pris rend possible l’identification des paradoxes qui régissent le mode de vie « sur le voyage », au-delà des effets de catégorisation. Le concept utilisé pour analyser le processus d’ouverture de l’espace voyageur est celui d’odologie forgé à partir du grec odos qui se rapporte à la fois au chemin et au seuil. La thèse est découpée en trois parties portant sur l’omniprésence voyageuse (partie I), les médiations sur le voyage (partie II) et les bifurcations voyageuses (partie III). / This thesis analyzes the way in which travelers create their living spaces in mobility and / or from their mobile housing today in France and more particularly in Hérault where the researcher has been involved as a departmental mediator for Gypsies and Travellers between 2004 and 2013. The thesis is focused on the webdocumentary Des Aires. Living in mobile housing (www.desaires.fr) that the researcher realized in 2017. This thesis examines the processes at work in the emergence, co-construction and temporary stabilization of these spaces where the lives of travelers count, where they are "in play", negotiated. , influential or staged. The peculiarity of this thesis rests on an analysis of territorial conflicts between nomads and sedentaries from the constituency of the effects attached to the presence of Travelers; this notion of traveling presence becoming, over the course of this thesis, a "fictitious good" being the subject of negotiations that are similar to "nodes" making possible to stabilize a mobile lifestyle. This bias makes it possible to identify the paradoxes that govern the way of life "on the journey" beyond the effects of categorization. The concept used to analyze the opening process of the traveler's space is that of odology forged from the Greek odos which refers to both the path and the threshold. The thesis is divided into three sections dealing with traveling omnipresence (part I), mediations on travel (part II) and traveling bifurcations (part III).

<p>This research project asks: to what extent are voluntary organizations included in the policy processes that make decisions regarding the needs and interests of atypical groups? Both urban Aboriginal peoples and Travellers are defined as atypical groups due to their indigeneity and their separate treatment by the state because of cultural differences characterized by nomadism, language and distinctive lifeways preserved by oral traditions. Their marginalization was exacerbated as they transitioned to urban centres after the middle of the twentieth century and the state, although it acknowledged these groups, did not accommodate their needs and interests. In an era of neoliberalism where significant responsibility for welfare has shifted to the voluntary sector, marginalized groups still require disproportionate assistance by the state in policy areas of education, health and housing and they rely on voluntary organizations to provide culturally appropriate programs and services and to advocate for their needs and interests. Applying a scalar analysis, this project isolated three key concepts that are interdependent yet distinct, that are critical to inclusion. First, is incorporation of culturally relevant programs on the micro scale. Second, is atypical group representation in policy processes on the meso scale. And third, their collaboration with government on the macro scale. On balance it appears that urban Aboriginal peoples in Canada have moved closer to inclusion in policy processes due to their success in incorporation, representation and collaboration. In contrast, Travellers in Ireland face greater obstacles in collaborating with government, which impacts on their representation in policy processes and their incorporation of programs and services to meet the needs and interests. The trajectory of these findings suggest that urban Aboriginal peoples will continue to collaborate with government and move closer to goals self-determination while Travellers will continue to struggle against prevailing societal domination to achieve ethnic minority status.</p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Esta pesquisa procurou descrever e explicar a permanência, a variação e a mudança dos topônimos na região da Estrada Real Os estudos toponímicos, no alcance pluridisciplinar de seu objeto de estudo, constituem um caminho possível para o conhecimento da cosmovisão das diversas comunidades linguísticas, que ocupam ou ocuparam um determinado espaço. Revelam-se de grande importância para o conhecimento de aspectos histórico-culturais de um povo, pois permitem a identificação de fatos linguísticos, de ideologias e crenças presentes no ato denominativo e, posteriormente, na permanência ou não de uma comunidade. O homem tem a necessidade de nomear o ambiente físico e social que o cerca, sendo esta uma condição sine qua non para a garantia de sua sobrevivência. Por meio da Toponímia, ramo da Onomástica que tem por objeto de estudo o exame da origem e do significado dos nomes dos lugares, pode-se analisar a estreita relação que se estabelece entre o homem e o topos que designa o espaço que o circunscreve. Este trabalho centra-se no estudo da motivação toponímica da Estrada Real tendo por base os relatos dos Viajantes Naturalistas dos séculos XVIII e XIX que passaram por estes caminhos. A pesquisa foi realizada através do mapa elaborado pelo Instituto Estrada Real. O presente trabalho está inserido no ATB Atlas Toponímico do Brasil Diversidade e Variedades Regionais (Dick, 1996). Da análise das fichas toponímicas propostas para cada um desses itens, verifica-se que os topônimos de natureza antropocultural são a maioria e que, dentre esses, predomina a taxe dos antropotopônimos. / For the present work, a description and an explanation of the toponimic maintenance, variation and change within this area was attempted of Royal Road. The toponimic studies, in the multidisciplinary reach of its object of study, constituye a possible way for a cosmovision knowledge of the diverse linguistic communities, which occupy or did in the past a certain area. The toponimic studies are of great relevance to the sociohistorical and cultural aspects of a community since they enable the identification of various linguistic facts, ideologies and beliefs which are present in the naming act later in their maintenance within a community. Human beings occupy space and, as they need to locate themselves geographically in the environment, they had to name the physical-social environment around. This process of name giving is a sine qua non condition that assures mans survival. Though Toponymy, a branch of Onomastics that studies the origin and the meaning of the names of places, it is possible to analyze the close relationship developed between men and topos.This work focuses on the study of motivation toponymic Royal Road based on the reports of Travelers Naturalists of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries that have gone through these paths. The survey was conducted across the map prepared by the Instituto Estrada Real. This work is inserted in ATB Atlas Toponymic Brazil Diversity and Variety Regional (Dick, 1996). From the analysis of the toponimic cards proposed one verifies that the toponimy of antropocultural nature are the majority and among them the anthropotoponimy class predominates.

Notre travail examine le processus de l'implantation de nouvelles idées littéraires anglaises en France au XIXe siècle. La personnalité à laquelle est consacrée cette étude est Amédée Pichot. La question principale qui se pose ici est la suivante : quelle est l'importance de cet écrivain dans le développement de la littérature française dans une époque dominée par de grands écrivains comme Chateaubriand, Hugo, Lamartine, Stendhal et beaucoup d'autres ?C'est à travers l'étude de trois grands axes de sa carrière littéraire que nous allons essayer de montrer ce qu'un écrivain mineur comme Amédée Pichot a apporté à la littérature française. Son ouvrage, intitulé Voyage historique et littéraire en Angleterre et en Écosse, publié en 1825, son rôle comme journaliste et directeur de différentes revues littéraires et ses travaux dans le domaine de la traduction sont les points principaux que nous allons aborder pour montrer comment il a enrichi la littérature française en révélant aux écrivains de nouveaux aspects de la littérature anglaise. / Our work examines the process of the establishment of new ideas of English literature in France in the XIXth century. The essential personality of this study is Amédée Pichot. The main question that arises here is the following: what is the importance of this writer in the development of French literature in an era dominated by other major writers, such as Chateaubriand, Hugo, Lamartine, Stendhal and many others?It is through the study of three parties of his literary career that we want to emphasize what a minor writer as Amédée Pichot can do to improve the French literature. His book, entitled Voyage historique et littéraire en Angleterre et en Écosse, published in 1825, his role as a journalist and director of various literary journals and his great efforts in the field of translation are the principal axes which will reveal to us up to what point it was able to participate in enriching the French literature by new aspects of English literature.

Objetiva-se traçar um panorama do turismo estrangeiro independente e econômico, denominado backpacker, a nível mundial e nacionalmente, apresentando sua representatividade e taxa de crescimento no período de 1996 a 2000. Comparam-se as origens e os destinos tanto no turismo convencional quanto no turismo backpacker, compreendendo que há diferenças significativas entre os mesmos. Abordam-se os aspectos que possibilitam determinar o perfil desse segmento de turistas estrangeiros, como faixa etária, sexo, renda, nível educacional e origem, assim como as características das viagens que os backpackers estrangeiros empreendem pelo Brasil como duração, roteiro, meios de locomoção e principais atividades desenvolvidas. Provoca-se discussão sobre o tratamento dispensado pelos órgãos governamentais que estabelecem as diretrizes do turismo nacional a esse segmento de turistas estrangeiros, haja vista que o Brasil oferece condições apropriadas para atrair os backpackers e sua visita propiciaria aspectos econômicos, sociais e ambientais de nosso interesse: incentivaria a abertura de pequenos empreendimentos de capital nacional, as receitas geradas por esse público seriam de valor considerável, o intercâmbio sociocultural entre turista-comunidade seria ampliado, dar-se-ia maior valor aos artefatos produzidos localmente e a maior conscientização dos turistas às questões ambientais seria benéfica / The purpose of this study is to provide an overview of independent and budget-minded tourists from abroad, denominated backpackers, travelling around the world and in Brazil, presenting its level of representation and growth in the period from 1996 to 2000. A comparison about the origin and destination of the conventional and backpacking tourist is demonstrated, highlighting the significant differences between both. Profile of this foreign tourist market segment, comprising age, gender, income, education level and nationality, is demonstrated, as well as the characteristics of backpackers\' travelling around Brazil, referent their stay, itinerary, transportation and major activities. A discussion concerning government institutions directives for determining national targets in the tourism area as for this foreign tourist segment is demonstrated, whereby Brazil offers appropriate conditions to attract backpackers. Their visits is shown to favour economic, social and environmental issues, encouraging the opening of small businesses, income generation stimulated by these tourists, enhancing a large social and cultural interchange between the tourist and the community, adding value to products made in Brazil and raising the consciousness of tourists about environmental matters which are beneficial to everyone

Esta pesquisa procurou descrever e explicar a permanência, a variação e a mudança dos topônimos na região da Estrada Real Os estudos toponímicos, no alcance pluridisciplinar de seu objeto de estudo, constituem um caminho possível para o conhecimento da cosmovisão das diversas comunidades linguísticas, que ocupam ou ocuparam um determinado espaço. Revelam-se de grande importância para o conhecimento de aspectos histórico-culturais de um povo, pois permitem a identificação de fatos linguísticos, de ideologias e crenças presentes no ato denominativo e, posteriormente, na permanência ou não de uma comunidade. O homem tem a necessidade de nomear o ambiente físico e social que o cerca, sendo esta uma condição sine qua non para a garantia de sua sobrevivência. Por meio da Toponímia, ramo da Onomástica que tem por objeto de estudo o exame da origem e do significado dos nomes dos lugares, pode-se analisar a estreita relação que se estabelece entre o homem e o topos que designa o espaço que o circunscreve. Este trabalho centra-se no estudo da motivação toponímica da Estrada Real tendo por base os relatos dos Viajantes Naturalistas dos séculos XVIII e XIX que passaram por estes caminhos. A pesquisa foi realizada através do mapa elaborado pelo Instituto Estrada Real. O presente trabalho está inserido no ATB Atlas Toponímico do Brasil Diversidade e Variedades Regionais (Dick, 1996). Da análise das fichas toponímicas propostas para cada um desses itens, verifica-se que os topônimos de natureza antropocultural são a maioria e que, dentre esses, predomina a taxe dos antropotopônimos. / For the present work, a description and an explanation of the toponimic maintenance, variation and change within this area was attempted of Royal Road. The toponimic studies, in the multidisciplinary reach of its object of study, constituye a possible way for a cosmovision knowledge of the diverse linguistic communities, which occupy or did in the past a certain area. The toponimic studies are of great relevance to the sociohistorical and cultural aspects of a community since they enable the identification of various linguistic facts, ideologies and beliefs which are present in the naming act later in their maintenance within a community. Human beings occupy space and, as they need to locate themselves geographically in the environment, they had to name the physical-social environment around. This process of name giving is a sine qua non condition that assures mans survival. Though Toponymy, a branch of Onomastics that studies the origin and the meaning of the names of places, it is possible to analyze the close relationship developed between men and topos.This work focuses on the study of motivation toponymic Royal Road based on the reports of Travelers Naturalists of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries that have gone through these paths. The survey was conducted across the map prepared by the Instituto Estrada Real. This work is inserted in ATB Atlas Toponymic Brazil Diversity and Variety Regional (Dick, 1996). From the analysis of the toponimic cards proposed one verifies that the toponimy of antropocultural nature are the majority and among them the anthropotoponimy class predominates.

<p>Bakgrund: Flygtransportbranschen är hårt konkurrensutsatt genom stark etablering av lågprisbolag. Därtill har händelser såsom terrordådet i New York och SARS påverkat marknaden negativt; branschen har dessutom drabbats av förändrat kundbeteende, bland annat hos privatkunder, och flygbolagen finner det allt svårare att förutse kundernas köp. En medvetenhet om att resenärerna ser priset som en primär faktor vid val av flygbolag finns, men det har visat sig svårt att identifiera andra faktorer.</p><p>Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att öka förståelsen för privatresenärers köpbeteende vid val av flygbolag. Vidare skall vi genom detta dra slutsatser om faktorer som påverkar kundtroheten inom flygtransportbranschen.</p><p>Genomförande: Uppsatsen bygger på kvalitativ metod, där empirisk rådata har insamlats genom 48 intervjuer med privatresenärer, fyra intervjuer med anställda på marknadsavdelningen på Scandinavian Airlines Sverige AB och en oberoende intervju med en professor vid Handelshögskolan i Stockholm.</p><p>Resultat: Våra resultat bekräftar prisets betydelse vid val av flygbolag, men utöver detta har vi kunnat se ett antal för privatresenären värdeskapande faktorer, bland annat personalens bemötande, som påverkar valet av flygbolag. För att beskriva privatresenärernas köpbeteende har vi utvecklat en anpassad behovshierarki för flygtransportbranschen baserat på Maslow, där olika värdeskapande faktorer beskrivs. Studien visar att privatresenären, i huvudsak, ser flygresan inrikes och inom Europa som en transport och efterfrågar därmed främst en enkel, smärtfri och billig resa. Vid interkontinentala flygresor får andra värden en större vikt. Studien har även visat att privatresenärernas motiv för att återkommande efterfråga ett flygbolag inte går att beskrivas på ett generellt plan. Av den anledningen har vi utvecklat lojalitetsbegreppet genom identifiering och beskrivning av sju olika typer av lojaliteter, vilka utvärderas i relation till troheten till företaget, engagemanget till köpprocessen och engagemanget till företaget.</p> / <p>Background: The commercial airline business is facing keen competition from low fares airlines. Air transport has also been effected by incidents like terrorist attacks and SARS. On top of this, the airlines are seeing a change in their customers’ behaviours, which makes it harder to foresee their purchases. The airlines know that the primary factor for choosing an airline is price, but it has proven to be difficult to identify other factors.</p><p>Purpose: The purpose of our master thesis is to increase the comprehension about leisure travellers’ buying behaviour, when choosing a specific airline. Further, we shall draw conclusions about factors that have an effect on loyalty within the commercial airline business.</p><p>Research method: The master thesis is based on an empirical study. 48 interviews have been conducted with leisure travellers, and four with staff members from the marketing department at Scandinavian Airlines Sverige AB; one independent interview with a professor at Stockholm School of Economics was also conducted.</p><p>Results: Our study confirms the importance of price when choosing a specific airline, but we have also seen that other value-based factors have an influence on the choice; among other things kind treatment from the airline staff. To be able to describe the leisure travellers’ buying behaviour, we developed a suited hierarchy of needs for the commercial airline business, based on Maslow, where you can find different value-based factors. Our results show that the leisure traveller sees the flight only as a transport, when travelling domestic or within Europe, and therefore searches for an easy way of travelling to the best price available. When travelling on intercontinental flights, customers attach more importance to other values. The study has also shown that the leisure travellers’ motives for repurchasing from the same airline cannot be described on a general level. We have therefore developed the concept of loyalty by identifying and describing seven types of loyalties. All are being evaluated in relation to the loyalty to the company, the commitment to the buying process and the commitment to the company.</p>

Bakgrund: Flygtransportbranschen är hårt konkurrensutsatt genom stark etablering av lågprisbolag. Därtill har händelser såsom terrordådet i New York och SARS påverkat marknaden negativt; branschen har dessutom drabbats av förändrat kundbeteende, bland annat hos privatkunder, och flygbolagen finner det allt svårare att förutse kundernas köp. En medvetenhet om att resenärerna ser priset som en primär faktor vid val av flygbolag finns, men det har visat sig svårt att identifiera andra faktorer. Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att öka förståelsen för privatresenärers köpbeteende vid val av flygbolag. Vidare skall vi genom detta dra slutsatser om faktorer som påverkar kundtroheten inom flygtransportbranschen. Genomförande: Uppsatsen bygger på kvalitativ metod, där empirisk rådata har insamlats genom 48 intervjuer med privatresenärer, fyra intervjuer med anställda på marknadsavdelningen på Scandinavian Airlines Sverige AB och en oberoende intervju med en professor vid Handelshögskolan i Stockholm. Resultat: Våra resultat bekräftar prisets betydelse vid val av flygbolag, men utöver detta har vi kunnat se ett antal för privatresenären värdeskapande faktorer, bland annat personalens bemötande, som påverkar valet av flygbolag. För att beskriva privatresenärernas köpbeteende har vi utvecklat en anpassad behovshierarki för flygtransportbranschen baserat på Maslow, där olika värdeskapande faktorer beskrivs. Studien visar att privatresenären, i huvudsak, ser flygresan inrikes och inom Europa som en transport och efterfrågar därmed främst en enkel, smärtfri och billig resa. Vid interkontinentala flygresor får andra värden en större vikt. Studien har även visat att privatresenärernas motiv för att återkommande efterfråga ett flygbolag inte går att beskrivas på ett generellt plan. Av den anledningen har vi utvecklat lojalitetsbegreppet genom identifiering och beskrivning av sju olika typer av lojaliteter, vilka utvärderas i relation till troheten till företaget, engagemanget till köpprocessen och engagemanget till företaget. / Background: The commercial airline business is facing keen competition from low fares airlines. Air transport has also been effected by incidents like terrorist attacks and SARS. On top of this, the airlines are seeing a change in their customers’ behaviours, which makes it harder to foresee their purchases. The airlines know that the primary factor for choosing an airline is price, but it has proven to be difficult to identify other factors. Purpose: The purpose of our master thesis is to increase the comprehension about leisure travellers’ buying behaviour, when choosing a specific airline. Further, we shall draw conclusions about factors that have an effect on loyalty within the commercial airline business. Research method: The master thesis is based on an empirical study. 48 interviews have been conducted with leisure travellers, and four with staff members from the marketing department at Scandinavian Airlines Sverige AB; one independent interview with a professor at Stockholm School of Economics was also conducted. Results: Our study confirms the importance of price when choosing a specific airline, but we have also seen that other value-based factors have an influence on the choice; among other things kind treatment from the airline staff. To be able to describe the leisure travellers’ buying behaviour, we developed a suited hierarchy of needs for the commercial airline business, based on Maslow, where you can find different value-based factors. Our results show that the leisure traveller sees the flight only as a transport, when travelling domestic or within Europe, and therefore searches for an easy way of travelling to the best price available. When travelling on intercontinental flights, customers attach more importance to other values. The study has also shown that the leisure travellers’ motives for repurchasing from the same airline cannot be described on a general level. We have therefore developed the concept of loyalty by identifying and describing seven types of loyalties. All are being evaluated in relation to the loyalty to the company, the commitment to the buying process and the commitment to the company.

Magistro darbo objektas – kelionės samprata XIX amžiuje, tikslas – išanalizuoti mažiau žinomų ir nagrinėtų keliautojų po Lietuvą tekstus, atskleisti ir suvokti kelionės motyvą XIX amžiaus poezijoje ir prozoje. Tikslo įgyvendinimui darbas suskirstytas į tris dalis ir pasirinkti šie autoriai bei jų kūriniai: V. Sirokomlė „Nemunas nuo versmių iki žiočių“, K. Tiškevičius „Neris ir jos krantai“, A.H. Kirkoras „Pasivaikščiojimai po Vilnių ir jo apylinkes“, M. Balinskis „Vilniaus miesto istorija“, L. A. Jucevičius „Žemaičių žemės prisiminimai“ – tai realios kelionės po Lietuvą; poetinė XIX amžiaus kelionė A.Baranauskas, A. Mickevičius, Maironis, A. Vienažindys, P. Vaičaitis, jų kūryboje stengtasi atskleisti – kaip poetai perteikė kelionės motyvą, kokias prasmes įgyja realiosios kelionės virsdamos dvasinėmis; J. S. Dovydaitis „Šiaulėniškis senelis“, P. Gomalevskis „Aplankymas seniuko“, M. Akelaitis „Kwestorius po Lietuwa wažinedamas žmonis bemokinąsis“, M. Valančius „Palangos Juzė“ – didaktų kelionės, kur aiškinamasi moralinės vertybės, bei kaupiama įvairi medžiaga. Darbo metodai pasirinkti atsižvelgiant į išsikeltus uždavinius: apžvelgti Lietuvą XIX amžiaus keliautojų akimis; išnagrinėti skirtingų autorių kelionių sampratas; ieškoti tekstuose tarpdisciplininių – etnografinių, folklorinių ryšių. Tad daugiausia naudojamas aprašomasis metodas bei remiamasi mitokritikos ir istorizmo metodais. Išanalizavus pirmosios dalies autorius, galima teigti, kad kiekvienas savo kelionėje... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The object of the master’s work dealing with the travel conception in the XIX century is aimed to the analysis of the lesser-known and studied texts concerning travelers’ and their travels around Lithuania, developing and perceiving travel’s motive in the poetry and prose of the XIX century. With the view of the fulfillment of the aim the work is divided into three units and the writings of the following authors are opted: “The Nemunas from the Springhead to the Outfall” by V. Sirokomlė, “The Neris and its Banks” by K. Tiškevičius, “Strolling around Vilnius and its Surroundings” by A.H. Kirkoras, “The History of Vilnius Town” by M. Balinskis, “The Memories of the Land of the Lowlanders” by L. A. Jucevičius involving real travels around Lithuania; while A.Baranauskas, A. Mickevičius, Maironis, A. Vienažindys, P. Vaičaitis introduce poetical travel of the XIX century aiming to display the methods conveying the travel motifs and expressing significance of the real travels which convert into the spiritual ones; “Grandfather from Siauliai” by J. S. Dovydaitis, “Visiting the Old Codger” by P. Gomalevskis, “Quest Teaching People Traveling around Lithuania” by M. Akelaitis, “ Palangos Juze” by M. Valančius comprehending peregrination by didacts, interpreting moral values and collecting multifarious material. The work methods are chosen according to the set problems: reviewing Lithuania from the point of view of the travelers of the XIX century; approaching travel conceptions... [to full text]