Tesis por compendio / La presente tesis doctoral está centrada en la investigación de los parámetros estructurales que determinan las propiedades catalíticas en la síntesis de Fischer-Tropsch (SFT) de catalizadores de cobalto soportados en TiO2. Por un lado, el estudio de la influencia del polimorfo de óxido de titanio (rutilo vs. anatasa) utilizado como soporte en catalizadores de Co promovidos con Ru ha permitido obtener correlaciones entre la estructura cristalina del soporte, la extensión del efecto SMSI (interacción fuerte metal-soporte) y los resultados catalíticos. Por otro lado, mediante la modificación de las propiedades texturales del soporte TiO2-anatasa con el objetivo de obtener catalizadores con baja, media y alta área superficial se ha podido avanzar en el conocimiento del efecto SMSI y su correlación con las propiedades texturales del soporte. Además, las consecuencias del aumento en área superficial del soporte en la actividad y selectividad de catalizadores CoRu/TiO2 para la SFT se han podido explicar en base a las relaciones establecidas entre estructura y efecto SMSI. Adicionalmente, el uso de técnicas de luz sincrotrón junto con caracterización espectroscópica in situ realizada a presiones superiores a la atmosférica, ha permitido explicar el papel de la adición y concentración de Ru como promotor en catalizadores CoRu/TiO2. Finalmente, se han estudiado tratamientos de reducción-oxidación-reducción (ROR) en catalizadores CoRu/TiO2 con el objetivo de mejorar su actividad catalítica. Como conclusión general, los conocimientos derivados de los resultados obtenidos en esta tesis doctoral pueden aportar estrategias adecuadas para el diseño de catalizadores de FT mejorados basados en Co empleando TiO2 como soporte. / The present doctoral thesis focused on the investigation of the structural parameters that can determine the ultimate catalytic properties for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) of TiO2-supported cobalt catalysts. On the one hand, the study of the influence of the titania polymorph (rutile vs. anatase) as support for Ru-promoted Co and Ru nanoparticles (NPs) has allowed to identify some correlations between the TiO2 crystalline phase, the SMSI (strong metal-support interaction) effect, and the catalytic performance for FTS of the catalysts. On the other hand, by preparing CoRu catalysts supported on TiO2-anatase with low, medium, and high surface area, further insights into the SMSI effect and its dependence on the textural properties of the TiO2-anatase support have been gained. Besides, the consequences of increasing the surface area of the support on the activity and selectivity of the catalysts for FTS have been explained based on the established structure-SMSI relationships. Moreover, a detailed study involving the use of in situ synchrotron-based spectroscopic characterizations at pressures higher than the ambient pressure usually applied in most previous works, has been carried out aiming at explaining the role of Ru addition and concentration as promoter in Co/TiO2 catalysts. Finally, reduction-oxidation-reduction (ROR) treatments have been applied on CoRu/TiO2 catalysts to revert the SMSI effect as a feasible strategy to enhance their catalytic activity. Overall, the results reported in this thesis provide grounds for designing TiO2-supported Co catalysts with improved activity and selectivity for FTS. / La present tesi doctoral està centrada en la investigació dels paràmetres estructurals que poden tenir influència en les propietats catalítiques dels catalitzadors que s'han aplicat a la reacció de síntesi de Fischer-Tropsch (SFT). S'ha estudiat la influència del polimorf de titani (rutil o anatasa) utilitzat com a suport de nanopartícules (NPs) de Co i Ru, observant correlacions entre l'estructura cristal·lina del suport, l'efecte SMSI (forta interacció metall-suport) i els resultats catalítics. D'altra banda, es va fer un estudi modificant les propietats texturals de la anatasa amb l'objectiu d'obtenir catalitzadors amb diferent àrea superficial, i s'ha pogut establir un coneixement més profund de l'efecte SMSI i la seua correlació amb les propietats texturals del suport. A més, la influència de l'augment de l'àrea superficial del suport per a la reacció de SFT, en termes d'activitat i selectivitat, han sigut explicats d'acord a les relacions establides entre l'estructura i l'efecte SMSI. Addicionalment, fent ús de tècniques de llum sincrotró juntament amb caracterització in situ realitzada a altes pressions, ha sigut possible explicar el paper de l'addició i concentració de Ru com a promotor en catalitzadors CoRu/TiO2. Finalment, s'han estudiat els tractaments de reducció-oxidació-reducció (ROR) en catalitzadors CoRu/TiO2 amb l'objectiu de millorar la seua activitat catalítica. En resum, els coneixements derivats dels resultats obtinguts en esta tesi doctoral permeten establir estratègies per al disseny de catalitzadors millorats per a la síntesi de FT basats en cobalt utilitzant TiO2 com a suport. / Bertella, F. (2018). Structural, promotion and metal-support interaction effects in Co/TiO2 catalysts for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/107952 / Compendio

The Hispanic population in the United States has increased to 62.1 million, significantly shaping the country's demographic landscape, with Hispanic women exhibiting the highest fertility rates. Concurrent with the population's growing trend is an increased prevalence rate of postpartum depression, with Latinas facing heightened risk factors. The inadequate representation of Latinas in postpartum depression research and healthcare guidelines exacerbates their vulnerability. The prevalence of postpartum depression among Latina women makes this condition a serious public health concern. Due to insufficient research on marginalized groups, emphasis is needed on culturally competent healthcare. This literature review aims to explore the underlying factors contributing to higher rates of postpartum depression among Latina women, analyzing existing research and any gaps or limitations in the existing body of knowledge. By examining common themes, it seeks to disclose intervention strategies that address the unique needs of this demographic. A literature review from 2020-2023 analyzed research on postpartum depression in U.S. Latina women, utilizing online databases, focusing on factors, interventions, and healthcare disparities. Identified were ten studies focusing on postpartum depression among Latina women, revealing themes such as unique risk factors, including discrimination, domestic violence, traumatic births, and healthcare access; disparities in access to treatment exacerbated by stigmatization and healthcare coverage gaps; and the effectiveness of community health worker in screening and treatment interventions. In conclusion, various risk factors and disparities were identified, with community health workers' involvement presenting a promising approach to addressing the unique experience of postpartum depression among Latina women.

Imports of fresh fruits and vegetables to the United States have grown by more than 350 percent since 1989. Factors such as rising consumer incomes, the desire for greater variety and availability of fresh produce throughout the year, and a reduction in trade barriers through multi-lateral and bi-lateral trade agreements have contributed to this growth in imports. In addition, since the implementation of the Agreement on Agriculture and the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures from the Uruguay Round of the World Trade Organization negotiations, there have been numerous requests to export fresh fruits and vegetables to the United States. From 1996 to 2008, the United States has granted new market access to 204 exporter/commodity combinations. Given this large increase in new market access, this thesis assesses the success of the new entrants in terms of contributing to the increase in fresh fruit and vegetable imports and whether they exported on a continual basis after gaining import eligibility. In addition, this thesis estimates a gravity model to assess the differences in fresh fruit and vegetable exports from new entrants subject to phytosanitary measures relative to those with no such restrictions in place and to determine whether these effects vary by commodity sector and exporter's size. The major finding of this thesis is that in general, new entrants have contributed little to the growth in U.S. fresh fruit and vegetable imports. For most commodities, new entrants do not provide a significant proportion of imports potentially because new entrants are not able to compete with existing suppliers. This study finds differences in fresh fruit and vegetable exports from new entrants subject to specific phytosanitary treatments relative to entrants with no such restrictions in place. / Master of Science

Historical land use and changes in climate have altered fire behavior and severity in fire-prone ecosystems of western North America. A variety of fuels treatments are used to abate fire hazard, restore ecosystem processes, and increase forest resilience. Mechanical fuels treatments are increasingly used to alter forest structure and fuel continuity due to impediments to the use of prescribed fire. An increasingly common fuels treatment is mechanical mastication. Mastication does not remove fuels, but instead rearranges live and dead vertical woody fuels into a compacted layer on the forest floor. While mastication reduces potential fire intensity, these compacted fuels are flammable and capable of causing tree mortality and other negative ecological consequences when they burn in prescribed fires or wildfires. A current knowledge gap is quantitative information about the rate at which masticated fuels decompose and the rate at which vegetation reestablishes within sites previously masticated. Using 25 sites across northern California and southern Oregon, this thesis examines how masticated fuels change over time. Results from this study demonstrate that the majority of mass lost from masticated fuel beds occurred in the 1 and 10-hour woody fuel classes. Because surface fire behavior is driven by these fine fuels, these findings are valuable to the planning and retreatment of masticated fuels treatments and the corresponding fire suppression efforts in masticated sites. In combination with masticated wood surface fuels, shrubs and small trees play an important role in fire behavior, acting as ladder fuels that exacerbate surface fire behavior and threaten to ignite residual trees. A lack of understanding of how woody vegetation recovers following masticated fuel treatments gives rise to questions and challenges regarding treatment longevity. In this study, species with the ability to resprout tended to recover more quickly than obligate seeding species. Residual conifer saplings or trees that establish in masticated fuelbeds also recovered rapidly, reducing the efficacy of fuels treatments. Future implementation of masticated fuels treatments should consider both woody fuel decomposition and the corresponding recovery of shrubs and small trees to maximize treatment longevity. / Master of Science

Two field trials were conducted to determine the impact of water management on the efficacy of insecticide seed treatments against rice water weevil, Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel, in rice at the Delta Research and Extension Center during 2011 and 2012. The performance of thiamethoxam, chlorantraniliprole, and clothianidin was evaluated when the permanent flood was established at different timings (6 and 8 weeks after planting) and the effect of flush number (0, 1, or 2) on seed treatment performance was evaluated. Seed treatment efficacy was not impacted by delayed flooding, but 2 flushes reduced efficacy of some seed treatments. Experiments were also conducted to determine the impact of reduced seeding rates found in hybrid rice production on the efficacy of insecticide seed treatments targeting rice water weevil. Efficacy was similar when comparing currently labeled rates of thiamethoxam, chlorantraniliprole, and clothianidin with higher rates of these products.

Tesis por compendio / [EN] Citrus spp. (Rutaceae) are the most widely produced fruits and they are grown in over a hundred countries. During postharvest, major losses are caused by fungal diseases, that for decades have been controlled by treatments with synthetic fungicides. However, their use is continuously more restricted by distributors and supermarket chains, which lower the Maximum Residue Level (MRL) to one third of the authorized or even ban the use of certain fungicides. This has loss of efficacy of treatments and development of resistant strains of pathogens. Alternatives are necessary to substitute or combine the use of synthetic fungicides. The objective of the present work was to evaluate alternative treatments against green and blue molds, caused by Penicillium digitatum (Pers.: Fr.) Sacc. and Penicillium italicum Wehmer, respectively. Food additives and GRAS substances were tested in in vivo preliminary tests against green and blue molds. Potassium sorbate (PS) (Chapter 2) and sodium benzoate (SB) (Chapter 1) were the most effective. 60-s dips in 3% (w/v) SB above 50°C reduced by 90% green and blue mold incidence on 'Valencia' oranges after 7 days at 20°C. This treatment was also effective on 'Lanelate' oranges, 'Fino' lemons and 'Ortanique' mandarins, but not on 'Clemenules' mandarins. Heated solutions combining SB with low doses of imazalil (IMZ) were synergistic. In semi-commercial trials with 'Marisol' Clementine mandarins, the combination PS+IMZ at 20°C allowed a significant reduction of the IMZ doses still controlling green mold. A new colorimetric method that employed extraction of PS from macerated fruit, followed by reaction with 2-thiobarbituric acid (Chapter 3) showed that in oranges treated with PS and stored at 15°C, residues declined initially rapidly and later more slowly, until residues stopped declining after 6 d. A brief double-dip rinse in tap water, immediately after immersion of lemons in a 2% (w/v) PS, removed more than 90% of PS residue. Exposure at 33ºC with 15 kPa CO2 for 24 h or 30 kPa O2 for 48 h effectively controlled both green and blue molds after 7 days of incubation at 20ºC, but control of both diseases lowered after 15 days (Chapter 4). Combining PS dip treatments with gas exposure showed a synergistic effect, that maintained the efficacy of combined treatments during 15 days. In cold storage, after 14, 28, and 42 days, green mold incidence on 'Clemenules' and 'Ortanique' mandarins treated with PS dips and 30kPa O2 for 48h was reduced by 100, 96 and 68%, and 100, 97 and 79%, respectively. Again, a synergistic effect between treatments was observed (Chapter 5). Postharvest green mold and blue molds were effectively controlled by fumigation of lemons and oranges for 6 h at 22ºC with two applied dosages of 3000 ¿L L-1 of ammonia that was injected initially and again 2 h later (Chapter 6). Ammonia fumigation controlled an IMZ-resistant isolate of P. digitatum. When fruit were first immersed in 10 or 30 mg L-1 IMZ (about 10% of typical commercial rates) before ammonia fumigation, a single fumigation with 1500 ¿L L-1 of ammonia was adequate to control both diseases and the increase in effectiveness was additive or synergistic. All these treatments, at different degrees, could replace synthetic fungicides or augment IMZ performance in citrus postharvest decay management. The development of green and blue molds on the most commercially important citrus species and cultivars was assessed for four consecutive harvest seasons and associated with fruit quality parameters (Chapter 7). Fruit susceptibility of the cultivars to green mold in increasing order was Nova, Sanguinelli, Ortanique, Lanelate, Navelate, Fortune, Clemenules, Valencia, W. Navel, Oronules, Clemenpons, Marisol, Salustiana, Hernandina, and Nadorcott. Peel characteristics were the most influencing quality parameters on the susceptibility of citrus fruit to green and blue molds. / [ES] Los cítricos (Citrus spp. fam. Rutaceae) son la fruta más consumida a nivel mundial y se cultivan en más de un centenar de países. Durante el manejo en poscosecha, la mayor parte de las pérdidas se deben a enfermedades fúngicas, que durante décadas se han controlado mediante tratamientos con fungicidas de síntesis. Sin embargo, su uso está continuamente más restringido por parte de los distribuidores y cadenas de supermercados, que reducen el Límite Máximo de Residuos (LMR) a un tercio del establecido o incluso prohíben el uso de ciertos fungicidas. Esto ha provocado la pérdida de eficacia de los tratamientos y el desarrollo de cepas de patógenos resistentes a los fungicidas. Se necesitan pues alternativas para sustituir o combinar con el uso de fungicidas de síntesis. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar tratamientos alternativos contra las podredumbres verde y azul, causadas por Penicillium digitatum (Pers.: Fr.) Sacc. y Penicillium italicum Wehmer, respectivamente. Aditivos alimentarios y sustancias GRAS se probaron en test in vivo preliminaries contra los mohos verde y azul. El benzoato sódico (BS; Capítulo 1) y el sorbato potásico (SP; Capítulo 2) fueron los más eficaces. Baños de 60 s en 3% (p/v) BS sobre 50°C redujeron en un 90% la incidencia de las podredumbres verde y azul en naranjas 'Valencia Late' tras 7 días a 20°C. Estos tratamientos fueron también efectivos en naranjas 'Lanelate', limones 'Fino' y mandarinas híbridas 'Ortanique', pero no en mandarinas 'Clemenules'. La combinación de baños calientes de BS con dosis bajas de imazalil (IMZ) fueron sinérgicas. Un nuevo método colorimétrico que empleó la extracción del SP de la fruta macerada, seguido de una reacción con ácido 2-tiobabitúrico (Capítulo 3) mostró que en naranjas tratadas con SP almacenadas a 15°C, los residuos descendieron rápidamente al inicio y lentamente más tarde, hasta que dejaron de descender tras 6 días. Un doble aclarado rápido con agua corriente inmediatamente después de la inmersión de limones en SP al 2% (p/v), eliminó más del 90% del residuo de SP. Los choques gaseosos a 33ºC y 15kPa CO2 durante 24 h o 30 kPa O2 durante 48 h controlaron de manera eficaz las podredumbres verde y azul tras 7 días de incubación a 20ºC, pero el control de las dos podredumbres descendió tras 15 días (Capítulo 4). En almacenamiento en frío, tras 14, 28 y 42 días, la incidencia de moho verde en mandarinas 'Clemenules' y 'Ortanique' tratadas con baños con SP y 30kPa O2 durante 48h se redujo en un 100, 96 y 68%, y 100, 97 y 79%, respectivamente. De nuevo, una fuerte sinergia se observó entre los tratamientos (Capítulo 5). Las podredumbres verde y azul se controlaron eficazmente mediante la fumigación de limones y naranjas durante 6 h a 22ºC con dos dosis de 3000 ¿L L-1 amoniaco, inyectadas al inicio del tratamiento y 2 h después (Capítulo 6). El tratamiento con amoniaco controló una cepa de P. digitatum resistente a IMZ. Cuando la fruta se bañó en 10 o 30 mg L-1 IMZ (un 10% de la dosis comercial) antes de la fumigación con amoniaco, una sola aplicación con 1500 ¿L L-1 amoniaco fue suficiente para controlar las dos podredumbres, y el incremento en la eficacia fue aditivo o sinérgico. Todos estos tratamientos, a diferentes niveles, podrían sustituir a los fungicidas de síntesis o aumentar la eficacia de los tratamientos con IMZ en el manejo poscosecha de los cítricos. El desarrollo de las podredumbres verde y azul en las especies y variedades de cítricos más importantes comercialmente se evaluó durante cuatro campañas consecutivas y se relacionó con los parámetros de calidad de la fruta (Capítulo 7). La susceptibilidad de los cultivares en orden creciente fue Nova, Sanguinelli, Ortanique, Lanelate, Navelate, Fortune, Clemenules, Valencia, W. Navel, Oronules, Clemenpons, Marisol, Salustiana, Hernandina, y Nadorcott. Las características de la corteza fueron los parámetros de calidad / [CA] Els cítrics (Citrus spp. fam. Rutaceae) son la fruita més consumida a nivell mundial i es cultiven en un centenar de països. Durant la poscollita, la major part de les pèrdues es deuen a malalties fúngiques, que durant dècades s'han controlat mitjançant tractaments amb fungicides de síntesi. No obstant, l'ús d'aquestes pràctiques està contínuament més restringit per part dels distribuïdors y cadenes de supermercats, que redueixen el Límit Màxim de Residus (LMR) a un terç del permès per la legislació o inclús prohibeixen l'ús d'alguns fungicides. Açò ha provocat la minora de l'eficàcia dels tractaments poscollita i el desenvolupament de soques dels patògens resistents als fungicides. Es necessari per lo tant trobar i implementar alternatives per a substituir o combinar l'ús de fungicides de síntesi. L'objectiu d'aquest treball ha sigut avaluar tractaments alternatius contra les podridures verda i blava, causades per Penicillium digitatum (Pers.: Fr.) Sacc. i Penicillium italicum Wehmer, respectivament. Additius alimentaris i substàncies GRAS es provaren en test in vivo preliminars contra les podridures verda i blava. El benzoat sòdic (BS; Capítol 1) i el sorbat potàsic (SP; Capítol 2) foren els més eficaços. Solucions calentes de BS combinades amb baixes dosis d'imazalil (IMZ) foren sinèrgiques. Esta combinació va reduir l'incidència de les podridures verda i blava en quasi el 100% en taronges 'Valencia Late' després de 8 setmanes a 5°C i 7 dies a 20°C. En assajos semicomercials mandarines 'Marisol', la combinació SP+IMZ a 20°C va permetre una baixada significativa de la dosis de IMZ sense perdre eficàcia contra la podridura verda. Un nou mètode colorimètric que inclou l'extracció del SP de la fruita macerada, seguit d'una reacció amb àcid 2-tiobabitúric (Capítol 3) mostrà que en taronges tractades amb SP conservades a 15°C, els residus descendiren ràpidament al inici i lentament mes tard, fins que deixaren de descendir després de 6 dies. Un doble rentat ràpid amb aigua corrent immediatament després de d'immersió de llimones en SP al 2% (p/v), eliminà més del 90% del residu de SP. Els xocs gasosos a 33ºC i 15kPa CO2 durant 24 h o 30 kPa O2 durant 48 h controlaren de manera eficaç les podridures verda i blava després de 7 dies d'incubació a 20ºC, però el control de les dos podridures descendí després de 15 dies (Capítol 4). La combinació de banys amb SP i xocs gasosos mostrà un efecte sinèrgic, que mantingué l'eficàcia dels tractaments combinats durant 15 dies. En conservacions en fred, després de 14, 28 i 42 dies, d'incidència de podridura verda en mandarines 'Clemenules' i 'Ortanique' tractades en banys amb SP i 30kPa O2 durant 48h es reduí en un 100, 96 i 68%, i 100, 97 i 79%, respectivament. De nou, una forta sinergia s'observà entre els tractaments (Capítol 5). Les podridures verda i blava es controlaren eficaçment mitjançant la fumigació de llimones i taronges durant 6 h a 22ºC amb dos dosis de 3000 ¿L L-1 amoníac, injectades al inici del tractament i 2 h després (Capítol 6). El tractament amb amoníac controlà una soca de P. digitatum amb un alt nivell de resistència a IMZ. Tots estos tractaments, a diferents nivells, podrien substituir als fungicides de síntesis o augmentar l'eficàcia dels tractaments amb IMZ en el maneig poscollita dels cítrics. El desenvolupament de les podridures verda i blava en les especies y varietats de cítrics més importants comercialment s'avaluà durant quatre campanyes consecutives i es relacionà amb els paràmetres de qualitat de la fruita (Capítol 7). La susceptibilitat dels distints cultivars en ordre creixent fon Nova, Sanguinelli, Ortanique, Lanelate, Navelate, Fortune, Clemenules, Valencia, W. Navel, Oronules, Clemenpons, Marisol, Salustiana, Hernandina, i Nadorcott. Les característiques de la pell foren els paràmetres de qualitat més influents en la susceptibilitat dels cítrics a les pod / Montesinos Herrero, CI. (2016). Evaluation of alternatives to synthetic fungicides to control citrus postharvest diseases [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/63662 / Compendio

Two groups of eleven retarded adults each were used as subjects. An individually consequated token economy was in effect during baseline-1 for both groups. The treatment phase of the experiment consisted of group consequation, the first group receiving a high rate of reinforcement and the second group receiving a low rate. The individual token system was reinstated for both groups during baseline-2 measures. Attending behavior and work output were measured during each phase of the experiment. Significant differences were found between group versus individually contingent reinforcement treatments on attending behaviors, and between high and low contingency groups on performance behaviors. Differences between the high contingency and low contingency groups were found to be non-significant in regard to attending behaviors.

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