Orientador: Maria Isabel Rodrigues / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T12:57:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Colla_Eliane_D.pdf: 1516516 bytes, checksum: 2ea39d8d8dd66d24b6ec65db5dedeea9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: A trealose é um agente natural de proteção em células de leveduras, fungos, bactérias, insetos e plantas, tendo sido indicada como componente essencial para a manutenção da viabilidade celular sob condições de estresse. Em função das diversas possibilidades de aplicação, especialmente em produtos de alto valor agregado como cosméticos e produtos farmacêuticos, onde pode exercer a função de estabilização e de proteção, a produção da trealose tem motivado inúmeras pesquisas. O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi selecionar leveduras potencialmente produtoras de trealose e otimizar as condições de produção utilizando meios de cultivo alternativos para a redução dos custos do processo. A primeira etapa consistiu na seleção de leveduras potencialmente produtoras de trealose, na qual foram testadas cepas isoladas de flores e frutos coletados no Cerrado (GO), Pantanal (MS), Floresta Amazônica (AM) e Mata Atlântica (SP), e também cepas isoladas de dornas de fermentação alcoólica de usinas produtoras de etanol do estado de São Paulo. A partir da gama de leveduras testadas, foram selecionadas duas cepas potencialmente produtoras de trealose, identificadas como Rhodotorula dairenensis e Rhodosporidium paludigenum, ambas isoladas de flores coletadas no bioma Cerrado. Na segunda etapa do estudo foi realizada a otimização do crescimento celular das leveduras citadas, uma vez que a trealose é um produto intracelular. Utilizou-se uma estratégia seqüencial de planejamento experimental, onde inicialmente foram avaliados os efeitos das concentrações de melaço, água de maceração de milho e extrato de levedura comercial Prodex Lac®, pH e temperatura de cultivo, sobre o crescimento celular de ambas leveduras, através de um planejamento fracionário. Posteriormente, um Delineamento Composto Central Rotacional (DCCR) foi utilizado para a otimização das condições de crescimento celular. Para a levedura Rhodotorula dairenensis estas condições corresponderam a 50g/L de melaço e 50g/L de água de maceração de milho, temperatura de cultivo de 30ºC e pH inicial de 5,5, obtendo-se resultados de massa seca de aproximadamente 19 g/L. Para Rhodosporidium paludigenum a massa seca atingiu 31 g/L em meio de cultivo contendo 50 g/L de melaço e 140 g/L de água de maceração de milho, a 25ºC e pH inicial de 5,5. Nestas condições, realizou-se o estudo da produção da trealose sob condições de estresse térmico onde as variáveis estudadas foram a temperatura (33-47ºC) e o tempo de exposição (60-120 minutos) dos cultivos ao estresse térmico, pela técnica de DCCR. Ambas cepas estudadas foram negativamente afetadas pelo acréscimo da temperatura de estresse térmico dentro da faixa estudada. Em temperaturas superiores a 40ºC houve diminuição do crescimento celular e viabilidade celular e, conseqüentemente, dos resultados de trealose. Para a levedura Rhodotorula dairenensis, o máximo rendimento de trealose intracelular obtido foi de aproximadamente 18% (g trealose/100g massa seca) em condições de temperatura de 34 a 35ºC e 70 - 90 minutos para o tempo de exposição ao estresse térmico. A cepa Rhodosporidium paludigenum apresentou rendimentos de aproximadamente 14 a 16% (g trealose/100g massa seca) na faixa de temperatura entre 35 e 40ºC, em qualquer tempo de exposição na faixa estudada (60 - 120 minutos) / Abstract: Trehalose is a natural cell-protecting agent that has been isolated and characterized from a large variety of plants, insects, fungi and bacteria, and many studies indicate that this disaccharide is an essential component for maintaining cell viability under stress conditions. Due to the potential application of trehalose, especially in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals fields, the interest of many research groups into the development of economically feasible production systems has increased in recent years. The present study reports on the screening for high trehalose production by yeasts and the optimization of the conditions for trehalose production using an industrial medium composed by molasses and corn steep liquor, to reduce costs of the cultivation medium. Initially, a technical screening was applied to select yeasts with a potential for trehalose production; strains isolated from pollen of flowers and fruits collected in different microhabitats in Brazil, and from alcoholic fermentation tanks were tested. Two potentially producing strains were selected and identified as Rhodotorula dairenensis and Rhodosporidium paludigenum, both isolated from flowers collected in Cerrado. Sequentially, a study for the cell growth optimization of the selected yeasts was performed, since trehalose is an intracellular product. A sequential strategy of experimental design was used; initially, the effects of the concentrations of sugar cane molasses, corn steep liquor and a commercial yeast extract Prodex Lac SD®, and of pH and temperature on the biomass were studied using a fractional design, which was followed by a central composite rotatable design (CCRD). For the yeast Rhodotorula dairenensis, the optimum values for cell growth were 50 g/L for the molasses and corn steep liquor concentrations, initial pH of 5.5 and temperature of 30 ºC, with no yeast extract, reaching values around 19 g/L for biomass. For the yeast Rhodosporidium paludigenum, biomass concentration obtained was 31 g/L in cultivation medium containing 50 g/L of molasses and 140g/L of corn steep liquor, initial pH of 5.5 and temperature of 25 ºC, with no yeast extract. Under these conditions, the production of trehalose was studied using a CCRD to optimize the temperature (33 to 47 ºC) and exposition time (60 to 120 minutes) of the cultures to the thermal stress. For both strains studied, the variable temperature presented a negative effect on trehalose accumulation, in the range studied. In conditions of temperature above 40 ºC there was a decrease of the cell growth and cell viability and, consequently, a decrease of trehalose yields. For the yeast Rhodotorula dairenensis the maximum intracellular trehalose content reached was 18% (g trehalose/100g dry cell) at temperatures of 34 and 35 ºC and between 70 and 90 min of exposition time to the thermal stress. For the strain Rhodosporidium paludigenum the statistical methodology led to maximum contents of intracellular trehalose in the range of 14 -16% (g trehalose/100g dry cell) under thermal stress temperatures of 35 - 40 ºC in all exposition time to the thermal stress in the range studied / Doutorado / Doutor em Engenharia de Alimentos

All orchid species studied so far have been shown to participate in orchideoid mycorrhizal symbiosis. Morover, this symbiosis is absolutely vital component of their life cycle. Exchange of nutrients occurs between symbionts where the fungi provides the orchid with energy and carbon supply at least in its early developmental stages. This study focuses on the possible role of trehalose in this transfer. In vitro experiments have showed in five species from three different subfamilies of Orchidaceae family that they can utilize trehalose comparably with sucrose and glucose. Thus, the ability of trehalose utilization seems to be conserved among orchids. Trehalase enzyme activity was localized histochemically in orchid mycorrhizas. The activity strongly colocalized with colonized tissue supporting a hypothesis that trehalose transfer occurs in this site and is mediated by trehalase. Using bioinformatic methods, trehalase gene duplications were identified in many taxons of Embryophyta including three orchid species. Interestingly, highest number of trehalase gene copies was identified in genome of orchid Dactylorhiza majalis. Trehalose utilization, high trehalase activity in mycorrhizas and trehalase gene duplications in some orchids together indicate that trehalose transfer in orchid myccorhizas...

Perhaps all orchids are mycotrophic at early developmental stages, while majority of species photosynthesize at adulthood and only about 200 species remain fully mycotrophic for the whole life. Mycotrophy affects orchids at many levels. In this thesis, I focus on four aspects of orchid biology, which could be connected with mycotrophy: (i) systematics, (ii) genome size and endoreduplication, (iii) regulation of seed germination and (iv) mechanism of transfer of carbon and energy from fungi to orchids. There are over 27,000 recently recognized orchid species, nevertheless new ones are still discovering and old ones are revisiting. In this work I present a description of new species, Cleisostoma yersinii, and its morphological, anatomical, ecological and systematic characterization. Phylogeny reconstruction confirmed relationship with C. birmanicum. In the subtribe Podochileae, I reappraised the genus Campanulorchis to establish monophyletic but also morphologically defined group. For both abovementioned genera I prepared the artificial identification key. In the genus Dactylorhiza I revised taxa present in our country and I prepared an identification key which firstly mentions D. maculata subsp. elodes from Czech Republic. Orchid species diversity is probably reflected in genome structure. Results...

Perhaps all orchids are mycotrophic at early developmental stages, while majority of species photosynthesize at adulthood and only about 200 species remain fully mycotrophic for the whole life. Mycotrophy affects orchids at many levels. In this thesis, I focus on four aspects of orchid biology, which could be connected with mycotrophy: (i) systematics, (ii) genome size and endoreduplication, (iii) regulation of seed germination and (iv) mechanism of transfer of carbon and energy from fungi to orchids. There are over 27,000 recently recognized orchid species, nevertheless new ones are still discovering and old ones are revisiting. In this work I present a description of new species, Cleisostoma yersinii, and its morphological, anatomical, ecological and systematic characterization. Phylogeny reconstruction confirmed relationship with C. birmanicum. In the subtribe Podochileae, I reappraised the genus Campanulorchis to establish monophyletic but also morphologically defined group. For both abovementioned genera I prepared the artificial identification key. In the genus Dactylorhiza I revised taxa present in our country and I prepared an identification key which firstly mentions D. maculata subsp. elodes from Czech Republic. Orchid species diversity is probably reflected in genome structure. Results...

No description available.

O plasma rico em plaquetas (PRP) é utilizado na medicina equina para o tratamento de lesões ósseas, articulares, tendíneas e ligamentares. No entanto o PRP deve ser preparado no momento de cada aplicação, pois seu tempo máximo de utilização após o preparo é de apenas oito horas. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o resfriamento e criopreservação como métodos de armazenamento do PRP equino utilizando dois crioprotetores: dimetil sulfóxido (DMSO) e trealose, na tentativa de manter a viabilidade plaquetária após o armazenamento a baixas temperaturas. Duas amostras de PRP foram preparadas a partir da centrifugação do sangue de seis pôneis saudáveis e foram destinadas à criopreservação a -196º C ou ao resfriamento a 4º C. Cada amostra de PRP preparada foi dividida em quatro alíquotas: fresca, com DMSO, com trealose ou sem crioprotetor. As amostras frescas foram avaliadas quanto à contagem plaquetária, determinação do volume plaquetário médio (VPM), concentração plaquetária em relação ao sangue total e quantificação do fator de crescimento de transformação beta 1 (TGF-β1). As amostras criopreservadas e resfriadas ficaram armazenadas por 14 dias e foram então submetidas às mesmas análises laboratoriais. O número de plaquetas e concentração plaquetária foram similares entre as amostras frescas e resfriadas com ou sem crioprotetor, mas foram superiores nas amostras frescas em relação às amostras criopreservadas. Observou-se aumento do VPM em todas as amostras armazenadas, indicando que as plaquetas sofreram lesões durante o armazenamento. A liberação de TGF-β1 foi superior no PRP fresco em relação ao PRP resfriado ou criopreservado, não havendo diferença entre as amostras que continham ou não crioprotetores. A adição dos crioprotetores DMSO e trealose não impediu as lesões plaquetárias de armazenamento. Por outro lado, tanto as amostras resfriadas quanto as criopreservadas liberaram quantidades significativas de TGF-β1. / Platelet rich plasma (PRP) is used in equine medicine for treatment of bone, joint, tendon and ligament injuries. However the PRP must be prepared at the time of each application, since its maximum time of use after the preparation is only eight hours. The objective of this study was to evaluate cooling and cryopreservation of equine PRP as storage methods using two cryoprotectants: dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and trehalose, in an attempt to maintain platelet viability after storage at low temperatures. Two PRP samples were prepared from the blood centrifugation of six healthy ponies and were intended for cryopreservation at -196 ° C or cooling at 4 ° C. Each prepared PRP sample was divided into four aliquots: fresh, DMSO, trehalose or without cryoprotectant. The fresh samples were evaluated for platelet count, determination of mean platelet volume (MVP), platelet concentration in relation to whole blood and quantification of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1). The cryopreserved and cooled samples were stored for 14 days and then submitted to the same laboratory tests. The number of platelets and platelet concentrations were similar between fresh and cooled samples with or without cryoprotectant, but were higher in fresh samples than in cryopreserved samples. An increase in MPV was observed in all stored samples, indicating that platelets suffered lesions during storage. The release of TGF-β1 was higher in fresh PRP than in cold or cryopreserved PRP, with no difference between samples containing or not cryoprotectants. The addition of DMSO and trehalose cryoprotectants did not prevent platelet storage lesions. On the other hand, both the cooled and cryopreserved samples released significant amounts of TGF-β1.

O sangue do cordão umbilical e placentário (SCUP) tem sido usado como fonte de células-tronco hematopoiéticas (CTH) para reconstituir a função medular (hematopoiese). A maioria das vezes, esta modalidade de transplante requer a criopreservação das CTH, que permanecem congeladas até uma possível utilização futura. Na criopreservação de CTH, o reagente químico dimetilsulfóxido (DMSO) tem sido utilizado como um crioprotetor. No entanto, tem sido provado que DMSO tem efeitos tóxicos para o corpo humano. Muitos organismos na natureza possuem uma capacidade de sobreviver ao congelamento e à desidratação acumulando dissacarídeos, como a trealose e sacarose, por isso a trealose, tem sido investigada como um crioprotetor alternativo para diversos tipos celulares. Outro dano muito comum durante o congelamento é a formação de espécie reativas de oxigênio (ERO) que diminui a viabilidade celular, por isso a adição de bioantioxidantes na solução de criopreservação das células é passo muito importante. Este estudo foi dividido em duas fases na primeira foram avaliados os resultados obtidos com a adição de antioxidantes na solução de criopreservação das células de SCUP e na segunda fase avaliou-se a hipótese que a solução de criopreservação contendo trealose intracelular e extracelular melhora a recuperação e a viabilidade das células-tronco do SCUP, após a criopreservação. SCUP foi processado e submetido à criopreservação em soluções contendo na primeira fase: soluções com diferentes concentrações de DMSO (10%, 5% e 2,5%), assim como as combinações de DMSO (5%, 2,5%) com um dos dissacarídeos (60mmol/L) e ácido ascórbico e/ou catalase (10mg/mL); e na segunda fase: soluções contendo diferentes concentrações de DMSO (10% e 2,5%), assim como as combinações de DMSO (2,5%) com trealose intra (a trealose foi introduzida na célula por meio de lipossomas) e extracelular e soluções contendo trealose intra e extracelular sem DMSO, armazenados por duas semanas em N2L, e descongeladas. As células descongeladas foram avaliadas por citometria de fluxo, pelo ensaio metabólico pelo MTT e de unidades formadoras de colônias (UFC). Na primeira fase do estudo, a catalase, melhorou a preservação das células CD34+ e CD123+, a UFC e a viabilidade celular, em comparação com a solução padrão de criopreservação. Já na segunda fase do estudo, após as análises de todos os testes vimos que a solução que continha trealose intra/extracelular e DMSO mostrou uma capacidade de manutenção da viabilidade/integridade celular superior a todas as outras testadas. A solução que continha trealose intra e extracelular sem DMSO, obteve um resultado comparável com seu controle (2,5%DMSO), porém quando avaliamos a solução que continha apenas trealose intracelular não obtivemos resultados satisfatórios. A catalase pode atuar sobre a redução dos níveis ERO na solução de criopreservação das CTH de SCUP, diminuindo os danos por ele causados e a trealose deve estar presente em ambos os lados das células durante o processo de congelamento. Portanto, em testes clínicos futuros, ela poderá ser um potencial crioprotetor das células-tronco de SCUP, podendo substituir totalmente o DMSO da solução de criopreservação, minimizando com os efeitos colaterais provenientes da infusão de produtos criopreservados nos pacientes. / The umbilical cord blood (UCB) has been used as a source of primitive hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) to reconstitute the hematopoiesis. Most often, it is required the cryopreservation of HSC, which remain frozen in banks for possible future use. For cryopreservation of HSC, the chemical reagent dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) has been used as a cryoprotectant. Many organisms in nature have a capacity of survive freezing and dehydration by accumulating disaccharides, so the trehalose, has been actively investigated as an alternative cryoprotector, other damage which is very common during freezing is oxygen free radicals formation which decreases the cellular viability after thawing, so the addition of bioantioxidants in the solution of cryopreservation of cells is very important. This study was divided into two phases: first, we evaluated the results obtained with the addition of antioxidants in the solution for cryopreservation of cord blood cells and the second phase: evaluate the hypothesis that the cryopreservation solution containing intracellular and extracellular trehalose improves recovery and viability of cord blood stem cells after cryopreservation. UBC was processed and subjected to cryopreservation solutions containing for the first phase: solutions with different concentrations of DMSO (10%, 5% and 2.5%), as well as combinations of DMSO (5%, 2.5 %) with a disaccharide (60 mmol/L), ascorbic acid and/or catalase (10mg/mL), and for the second phase: solutions containing different concentrations of DMSO (10% and 2.5%), as well as combinations of DMSO (2.5%) with intracellular trehalose (trehalose was introduced into the cell by means of liposomes) and solutions containing extra and intracellular trehalose without DMSO, stored for two weeks in N2L, and thawed. The thawed cells were assessed by flow cytometry, MTT and colony forming units (CFU) assays. In the first phase of the study our analysis showed catalase improved the preservation CD34+ and CD123+ cells, cell viability and CFU compared to standard cryopreservation solution. In the second phase, after testing of all test we observed that the solution containing intra/extracellular trehalose and DMSO showed superior capacity of maintaining the cell viability/integrity in relation to the others, the solution containing intra-and extracellular trehalose without DMSO, obtained a result that can be compared with its control (2.5% DMSO), and that the solution containing only intracellular trehalose did not generate satisfactory results. The catalase can act on reducing the levels of reactive oxygen species in the solution for cryopreservation of HSC of UCB reducing the damage it caused, trehalose must be present on both sides of the cells during the freezing process. Future clinical trials are needed to confirm that it may be a potential cryoprotectant of stem cells from cord blood, which can totally replace the DMSO in cryopreservation solution, eliminating the side effects from the infusion of cryopreserved products in patients already suffering from the disease base.

Post-translational redox-regulation is a well-known mechanism to regulate enzymes of the Calvin cycle, oxidative pentose phosphate cycle, NADPH export and ATP synthesis in response to light. The aim of the present thesis was to investigate whether a similar mechanism is also regulating carbon storage in leaves. <br><br> Previous studies have shown that the key-regulatory enzyme of starch synthesis, ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) is inactivated by formation of an intermolecular disulfide bridge between the two catalytic subunits (AGPB) of the heterotetrameric holoenzyme in potato tubers, but the relevance of this mechanism to regulate starch synthesis in leaves was not investigated. The work presented in this thesis shows that AGPase is subject to post-translational redox-regulation in leaves of pea, potato and Arabidopsis in response to day night changes. Light was shown to trigger posttranslational redox-regulation of AGPase. AGPB was rapidly converted from a dimer to a monomer when isolated pea chloroplasts were illuminated and from a monomer to a dimer when preilluminated leaves were darkened. Conversion of AGPB from dimer to monomer was accompanied by an increase in activity due to changes in the kinetik properties of the enzyme. Studies with pea chloroplast extracts showed that AGPase redox-activation is mediated by thioredoxins f and m from spinach in-vitro. In a further set of experiments it was shown that sugars provide a second input leading to AGPase redox activation and increased starch synthesis and that they can act as a signal which is independent from light. External feeding of sugars such as sucrose or trehalose to Arabidopsis leaves in the dark led to conversion of AGPB from dimer to monomer and to an increase in the rate of starch synthesis, while there were no significant changes in the level of 3PGA, an allosteric activator of the enyzme, and in the NADPH/NADP+ ratio. Experiments with transgenic Arabidopsis plants with altered levels of trehalose 6-phosphate (T6P), the precursor of trehalose synthesis, provided genetic evidence that T6P rather than trehalose is leading to AGPase redox-activation. Compared to Wt, leaves expressing E.coli trehalose-phosphate synthase (TPS) in the cytosol showed increased activation of AGPase and higher starch level during the day, while trehalose-phosphate phosphatase (TPP) overexpressing leaves showed the opposite. These changes occurred independently of changes in sugar and sugar-phosphate levels and NADPH/NADP+ ratio. External supply of sucrose to Wt and TPS-overexpressing leaves led to monomerisation of AGPB, while this response was attenuated in TPP expressing leaves, indicating that T6P is involved in the sucrose-dependent redox-activation of AGPase. To provide biochemical evidence that T6P promotes redox-activation of AGPase independently of cytosolic elements, T6P was fed to intact isolated chloroplasts for 15 min. incubation with concentrations down to 100 µM of T6P, but not with sucrose 6-phosphate, sucrose, trehalose or Pi as controls, significantly and specifically increased AGPB monomerisation and AGPase activity within 15 minutes, implying T6P as a signal reporting the cytosolic sugar status to the chloroplast. The response to T6P did not involve changes in the NADPH/NADP+ ratio consistent with T6P modulating redox-transfer to AGPase independently of changes in plastidial redox-state. <br><br> Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) is known as key-regulatory enzyme of fatty acid and lipid synthesis in plants. At the start of the present thesis there was mainly in vitro evidence in the literature showing redox-regulation of ACCase by DTT, and thioredoxins f and m. In the present thesis the in-vivo relevance of this mechanism to regulate lipid synthesis in leaves was investigated. ACCase activity measurement in leaf tissue collected at the end of the day and night in Arabidopsis leaves revealed a 3-fold higher activation state of the enzyme in the light than in the dark. Redox-activation was accompanied by change in kinetic properties of ACCase, leading to an increase affinity to its substrate acetyl-CoA . In further experiments, DTT as well as sucrose were fed to leaves, and both treatments led to a stimulation in the rate of lipid synthesis accompanied by redox-activation of ACCase and decrease in acetyl-CoA content. <br><br> In a final approach, comparison of metabolic and transcript profiling after DTT feeding and after sucrose feeding to leaves provided evidence that redox-modification is an important regulatory mechanism in central metabolic pathways such as TCA cycle and amino acid synthesis, which acts independently of transcript levels. / Es ist bereits seit längerem bekannt, dass viele Enzyme des Calvinzyklus, des oxidativen Pentosephosphatwegs, des NAD(P)H-Exports und der ATP-Synthese durch post-translationale Redox-Modifikation in Antwort auf Licht reguliert werden. In der vorliegenden Arbeit sollte untersucht werden, ob ein ähnlicher Mechanismus auch die Kohlenstoffspeicherung in Blättern reguliert. <br><br> Vorangegangene Studien mit Kartoffelknollen zeigten, dass das Schlüsselenzym der Stärkesynthese ADP-Glukose-Pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) durch die Bildung einer Disulfidbrücke zwischen den zwei kleinen Untereinheiten (AGPB) des tetrameren Proteins inaktiviert wird, die Bedeutung dieses Mechanismus für die Stärkesynthese in Blättern blieb jedoch bislang ungeklärt. Die vorliegenden Arbeiten zeigen, das AGPase in Erbsen-, Kartoffel- und Arabidopsis-Blättern über post-translationale Redox-Modifikation in Antwort auf Tag-Nacht Änderungen reguliert wird. Dies erfolgt über ein Licht-abhängiges Signal, da, erstens, AGPB in isolierten Chloroplasten durch Belichtung sehr schnell von Dimer zu Monomer umgewandelt wird und, zweitens, ein Abdunkeln der Blätter zu einer schnellen Umwandlung von AGPB von Monomer zu Dimer führt. Die Monomerisierung von AGPB ging mit Änderungen in den kinetischen Eigenschaften des Enzyms einher, die zu einer Aktivierung führten. Studien mit Extrakten aus Erbsenchloroplasten zeigten, dass die AGPase-Redoxaktivierung in-vitro durch die Thioredoxine f und m aus Spinat vermittelt wird. In einem weiteren experimentellen Ansatz konnte gezeigt werden, dass auch Zucker zu Redox-Aktivierung der AGPase und erhöhter Stärkesynthese in Blättern führen, und dass diese unabhängig von Licht wirken. Externe Zugabe von Zuckern wie Saccharose oder Trehalose an Arabidopsis-Blätter im Dunkeln führten zu Monomerisierung von AGPB und einer Erhöhung der Stärkesyntheserate / während die Spiegel des allosterischen Aktivators 3PGA unverändert blieben und keine Änderungen im NADPH/NADP+-Verhältnis auftraten. Experimente mit transgenen Arabidopsis-Pflanzen mit veränderten Spiegeln des Vorläufers der Trehalosesynthese, Trehalose-6-phosphat (T6P), zeigten, dass T6P und nicht Trehalose zu Redox-Aktivierung von AGPase führt. Expression einer E. coli T6P synthase (TPS) im Zytosol führte zu erhöhter Redox-Aktivierung von AGPase und erhöhter Stäreksynthese in Blättern, während die Expression einer T6P-Phosphatase (TPP) gegenteilige Änderungen bewirkte. Diese Auswirkungen erfolgten unabhängig von Änderungen in den Spiegeln von Zuckern und Zuckerphosphaten oder im NADPH/NADP+-Verhältnis. Externe Zugabe von Saccharose führte zu Monomerisierung von AGPB in Wildtyp und TPS exprimierenden Blättern, während diese Antwort in TPP exprimierenden Blättern stark abgeschwächt war. Dies zeigt, dass T6P eine wesentliche Komponente darstellt, die die Redox-Aktivierung der AGPase in Antwort auf Saccharose vermittelt. T6P wurde auch für 15 min direkt an intakte, isolierte Erbsenchloroplasten gefüttert. T6P Konzentrationen im Bereich von 100 µM bis 10 mM führten zu einem signifikanten und spezifischen Anstieg der AGPB-Monomersierung und der AGPase Aktivität. Dies zeigt, dass T6P auch ohne zytosolische Elemente die Redox-Aktivierung der AGPase stimuliert und somit ein Signal zwischen Zytosol und Plastid darstellt. Diese Antwort erfolgte ohne Änderungen im NADPH/NADP+-Verhältnis, was zeigt, dass T6P eher den Redox-Transfer zu AGPase als den Redoxzustand des Chloroplasten moduliert. <br><br> Acetyl-CoA-Carboxylase (ACCase) ist als Schlüsselenzym der Fettsäure- und Lipidsynthese in Pflanzen bekannt. Zu Beginn der vorliegenden Arbeit lagen hauptsächlich in-vitro Befunde vor, die zeigten, dass ACCase durch DTT und thioredoxine f und m über Redox-Modulation reguliert wird. In der Arbeit sollte daher die in-vivo Relevanz dieses Mechanismus für die Regulation der Lipidsynthese in Blättern untersucht werden. ACCase zeigte einen höheren Redox-Aktivierungszustand in Arabidopsis-Blätter, die während des Tages im Vergleich zur Nacht geerntet wurden. Die Redox-Aktivierung der ACCase wurde von Änderungen in den kinetischen Eigenschaften begleitet und führte zu einer erhöhten Affinität des Enzymes gegenüber Acetyl-CoA als Substrat. <br><br> In weiteren Versuchen wurde sowohl DTT als auch Saccharose an Blätter gefüttert, und beide Behandlungen führten zu Redox-Aktivierung von ACCase, was mit erhöhten Lipidsynthesraten und einem Rückgang des Acetyl-CoA-Spiegels einherging.

O plasma rico em plaquetas (PRP) é utilizado na medicina equina para o tratamento de lesões ósseas, articulares, tendíneas e ligamentares. No entanto o PRP deve ser preparado no momento de cada aplicação, pois seu tempo máximo de utilização após o preparo é de apenas oito horas. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o resfriamento e criopreservação como métodos de armazenamento do PRP equino utilizando dois crioprotetores: dimetil sulfóxido (DMSO) e trealose, na tentativa de manter a viabilidade plaquetária após o armazenamento a baixas temperaturas. Duas amostras de PRP foram preparadas a partir da centrifugação do sangue de seis pôneis saudáveis e foram destinadas à criopreservação a -196º C ou ao resfriamento a 4º C. Cada amostra de PRP preparada foi dividida em quatro alíquotas: fresca, com DMSO, com trealose ou sem crioprotetor. As amostras frescas foram avaliadas quanto à contagem plaquetária, determinação do volume plaquetário médio (VPM), concentração plaquetária em relação ao sangue total e quantificação do fator de crescimento de transformação beta 1 (TGF-β1). As amostras criopreservadas e resfriadas ficaram armazenadas por 14 dias e foram então submetidas às mesmas análises laboratoriais. O número de plaquetas e concentração plaquetária foram similares entre as amostras frescas e resfriadas com ou sem crioprotetor, mas foram superiores nas amostras frescas em relação às amostras criopreservadas. Observou-se aumento do VPM em todas as amostras armazenadas, indicando que as plaquetas sofreram lesões durante o armazenamento. A liberação de TGF-β1 foi superior no PRP fresco em relação ao PRP resfriado ou criopreservado, não havendo diferença entre as amostras que continham ou não crioprotetores. A adição dos crioprotetores DMSO e trealose não impediu as lesões plaquetárias de armazenamento. Por outro lado, tanto as amostras resfriadas quanto as criopreservadas liberaram quantidades significativas de TGF-β1. / Platelet rich plasma (PRP) is used in equine medicine for treatment of bone, joint, tendon and ligament injuries. However the PRP must be prepared at the time of each application, since its maximum time of use after the preparation is only eight hours. The objective of this study was to evaluate cooling and cryopreservation of equine PRP as storage methods using two cryoprotectants: dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and trehalose, in an attempt to maintain platelet viability after storage at low temperatures. Two PRP samples were prepared from the blood centrifugation of six healthy ponies and were intended for cryopreservation at -196 ° C or cooling at 4 ° C. Each prepared PRP sample was divided into four aliquots: fresh, DMSO, trehalose or without cryoprotectant. The fresh samples were evaluated for platelet count, determination of mean platelet volume (MVP), platelet concentration in relation to whole blood and quantification of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1). The cryopreserved and cooled samples were stored for 14 days and then submitted to the same laboratory tests. The number of platelets and platelet concentrations were similar between fresh and cooled samples with or without cryoprotectant, but were higher in fresh samples than in cryopreserved samples. An increase in MPV was observed in all stored samples, indicating that platelets suffered lesions during storage. The release of TGF-β1 was higher in fresh PRP than in cold or cryopreserved PRP, with no difference between samples containing or not cryoprotectants. The addition of DMSO and trehalose cryoprotectants did not prevent platelet storage lesions. On the other hand, both the cooled and cryopreserved samples released significant amounts of TGF-β1.

Submitted by Livia Mello (liviacmello@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-09-22T12:11:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissAVA.pdf: 2653238 bytes, checksum: 6ed4edf2962eb1273324c54a2e900fa6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-10T14:38:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissAVA.pdf: 2653238 bytes, checksum: 6ed4edf2962eb1273324c54a2e900fa6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-10T14:38:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissAVA.pdf: 2653238 bytes, checksum: 6ed4edf2962eb1273324c54a2e900fa6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-10T14:38:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissAVA.pdf: 2653238 bytes, checksum: 6ed4edf2962eb1273324c54a2e900fa6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-03 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Citrus canker imposes damages to citriculture by causing drop in productivity and fruit quality and the absence of effective control and cure. Thus, the economic potential of citrus is limited in part by this disease mainly caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (XAC) that presents the greatest virulence and broad spectrum of citrus hosts, compared to bacteria Xanthomonas fuscans subsp. aurantifolii types B (XauB) and C (XauC). In a proteomic analysis previously performed by our research group, periplasmic trehalase was identified as a protein which expression differed between XAC e XauC in an in vitro induction of pathogenicity. Trehalase is an enzyme that catalyzes hydrolysis reaction of trehalose, a disaccharide composed of two glucose units, which role in the plant-pathogen interaction is poorly understood. One of the objectives of the study was to obtain this enzyme in purified form using an IPTG-inducible heterologous expression system in E. coli, for purposes of partial characterization of its structure and activity. The recombinant XAC periplasmic trehalase is a monomer bearing wide pH stability and showed Michaelian kinetics. The Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) for trehalose was 0,124 ± 0,015 mM and Vmax 17,319 ± 0,035 μMol glucose.min-1.mg protein-1 . Circular dichroism spectroscopy indicated the following composition of secondary structures: 42.7% α-helices and 13% β-sheets. A gene knockout method based on double homologous recombination between the genomic DNA and suicide vector pNPTS138 has made possible to obtain a strain deleted in the gene encoding the periplasmic trehalase (XACΔ0604), which enabled to evaluate the relationship between this gene and the XAC pathogenicity in Citrus aurantifolia. Infiltrated leaves with XACΔ0604 showed drenching and necrosis of plant tissue and intense brownish pustules compared with wild XAC, suggesting greater virulence of the mutant strain. The periplasmic trehalase activity was compared in XAC and XauC cell extracts from two culture mediums, non-pathogenicity-inducing (CN) and pathogenicity-inducing (XAM-M). Interestingly, XauC has showed higher enzyme activity compared to XAC in XAM-M. Thus, the noticeable higher XACΔ0604 pathogenicity and the greater activity of XauC periplasmic trehalase compared to XAC are indicatives that trehalose may promote pathogenicity. / O cancro cítrico impõe prejuízos ao setor citricultor por ocasionar queda na produtividade e qualidade dos frutos e pela ausência de medidas eficazes de controle e cura. Assim, o potencial econômico dos citros é limitado, em parte, por essa doença causada principalmente pela bactéria Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (XAC), que apresenta maior virulência e largo espectro de hospedeiros cítricos, comparativamente às bactérias Xanthomonas fuscans subsp. aurantifolii tipos B (XauB) e C (XauC). Em um trabalho de análise proteômica anteriormente realizado por nosso grupo de pesquisa, a trealase periplasmática foi identificada como uma proteína cuja expressão foi diferencial entre XAC e XauC, em condição de indução da patogenicidade in vitro. A trealase é uma enzima que catalisa a reação de hidrólise da trealose, um dissacarídeo formado por duas unidades de glicose, cujo papel na interação planta-patógeno é ainda pouco compreendido. Um dos objetivos do trabalho foi obter esta enzima purificada, utilizando um sistema de expressão heteróloga induzível por IPTG (isopropil-β-D-tiogalactosídeo) em E. coli, para fins de caracterização parcial da sua estrutura e atividade. A trealase periplasmática de XAC de origem heteróloga apresentou-se como um monômero relativamente estável em relação ao pH, e de cinética Michaeliana,. A constante de Michaelis-Menten (Km) da enzima para a trealose foi de 0,124 ± 0,015 mM e a Vmáx 17,319 ± 0,035 μMol de glicose.min-1.mg de proteína-1. Análise de dicroísmo circular resultou na seguinte composição de estruturas secundárias: 42,7 % de α-hélices e 13 % de folhas-β. Uma metodologia de nocaute gênico baseada na dupla recombinação homóloga entre o DNA genômico e o vetor suicida pNPTS138 viabilizou a obtenção de uma linhagem mutante deletada no gene que codifica a trealase periplasmática (XAC∆0604), o que possibilitou avaliar a relação entre tal gene e a patogenicidade de XAC em Citrus aurantifolia. Folhas infiltradas com a suspensão de XAC∆0604 apresentaram maior encharcamento e necrose do tecido vegetal, além de intensas pústulas acastanhadas quando comparadas com as folhas infiltradas com XAC selvagem, sugerindo maior virulência da linhagem mutante. A atividade da trealase periplasmática foi comparada em extratos celulares brutos provenientes de cultivos de XAC e XauC em dois meios de cultura, não-indutor de patogenicidade (CN) e indutor de patogenicidade (XAM- M). A bactéria XauC apresentou maior atividade enzimática de trealase em relação à XAC em XAM-M. Sendo assim, a acentuada patogenicidade de XAC∆0604 em relação à linhagem selvagem XAC e a maior atividade da trealase periplasmática de XauC em relação à XAC reforçam os recentes trabalhos que indicam a trealose como promotora da patogenicidade em fitopatógenos.