Often arbitration has been closely related to issues that are likely to be arbitrated, including commercial, corporate or investment matters.However, the sporting matter has been less related to arbitration issues.In the present article, a relatively new and very interesting issue is develop: the sport arbitration, which has been gaining space in various sport organizations to become an instrument of great importance in the sports world. In this way, the author, through the experience of the Tribunal Arbitral Du Sport, shows us the way that sports arbitration has followed, its strengths, its composition and the importance it has achieved in these issues until forging an integral and solid relationship between arbitration and sport. / Muchas veces el arbitraje ha sido muy relacionado con temas que son susceptibles de ser arbitrados, entre los cuales se encuentran materias comerciales, corporativas o de inversión. Sin embargo, la materia deportiva ha sido menos relacionada con temas arbitrales.En el presente artículo, se desarrolla un tema relativamente nuevo y muy interesante: el arbitraje deportivo, el cual ha ido ganando espacio en diversos organismos deportivos hasta convertirse en un instrumento de gran importancia en el mundo deportivo. De esta manera, el autor, a través de la experiencia del Tribunal Arbitral Du Sport, nos muestra el camino que ha seguido el arbitraje deportivo, sus fortalezas, su composición y la importancia que ha conseguido en dichos temas hasta forjarse una relación íntegra y sólida entre el arbitraje y el deporte.

A preocupação com os recursos hídricos é mundial, devido principalmente ao seu grave estado atual. Esta tese aborda a atuação do estado brasileiro quanto à gestão de suas águas internas, compreendidas nessa gestão as principais normas jurídicas materiais existentes e verificação de sua aplicabilidade pelos tribunais nacionais, através das ações judiciais. O contributo deste trabalho é pesquisar onde reside o problema. Para isso, foi estudada a principal lei aplicável aos recursos hídricos, Lei 9.433/97, para conseqüente constatação da existência, no Brasil, de boas leis disciplinadoras da atuação do homem em relação aos recursos hídricos e cujas sanções não estão sendo devidamente aplicadas pelos tribunais tradicionais, através das ações judiciais existentes. Residindo o problema na forma como essas normas jurídicas são aplicadas, foram estudados quais são os meios judiciais atualmente existentes e suas eficiências. Assim, mostrou-se ser possível a utilização de outros métodos, como a criação de uma Justiça especializada em meio ambiente; a arbitragem tradicional após algumas alterações legislativas; e a efetiva participação de câmaras técnicas para solução de controvérsias, no seio dos comitês de bacia, junto ao Ministério Público a fim de que se consiga chegar a um termo de ajustamento de conduta mais eficaz; e apresentaram-se justificativas jurídicas destinadas a uma alteração do sistema atual. Este trabalho identificou os dispositivos legislativos que têm de ser alterados de maneira a dar legalidade aos novos métodos de solução das controvérsias propostas. / The concern with the water resources is a world-wide concern, mainly because of its serious current condition. This thesis approaches the performance of the brazilian state on the management of its internal waters. This management comprehends the main existing material rules of law as well as the verification of its application by national courts, through legal actions. The contribution of this work is to find out exactly where the problem is. For this, it was studied the main brazilian law applied to water resources, the law 9.433/1997. This legal tool demonstrated that Brazil has a good disciplinarian law about the performance of human beings in relation to water resources. It was also evidenced however, that the sanctions it brings are not being duly applied by the traditional courts, through the existing legal actions. Considering that the problem is on the way that these rules of law are applied, the currently existing judicial means and their efficiencies were analysed. Thus the use of other methods was shown to be possible, as the mediation, and legal justifications were presented for an alteration of the current system. This work identified the legislative devices that have to be modified with the means of conferring legality to the new proposed method of solution of controversies.

A preocupação com os recursos hídricos é mundial, devido principalmente ao seu grave estado atual. Esta tese aborda a atuação do estado brasileiro quanto à gestão de suas águas internas, compreendidas nessa gestão as principais normas jurídicas materiais existentes e verificação de sua aplicabilidade pelos tribunais nacionais, através das ações judiciais. O contributo deste trabalho é pesquisar onde reside o problema. Para isso, foi estudada a principal lei aplicável aos recursos hídricos, Lei 9.433/97, para conseqüente constatação da existência, no Brasil, de boas leis disciplinadoras da atuação do homem em relação aos recursos hídricos e cujas sanções não estão sendo devidamente aplicadas pelos tribunais tradicionais, através das ações judiciais existentes. Residindo o problema na forma como essas normas jurídicas são aplicadas, foram estudados quais são os meios judiciais atualmente existentes e suas eficiências. Assim, mostrou-se ser possível a utilização de outros métodos, como a criação de uma Justiça especializada em meio ambiente; a arbitragem tradicional após algumas alterações legislativas; e a efetiva participação de câmaras técnicas para solução de controvérsias, no seio dos comitês de bacia, junto ao Ministério Público a fim de que se consiga chegar a um termo de ajustamento de conduta mais eficaz; e apresentaram-se justificativas jurídicas destinadas a uma alteração do sistema atual. Este trabalho identificou os dispositivos legislativos que têm de ser alterados de maneira a dar legalidade aos novos métodos de solução das controvérsias propostas. / The concern with the water resources is a world-wide concern, mainly because of its serious current condition. This thesis approaches the performance of the brazilian state on the management of its internal waters. This management comprehends the main existing material rules of law as well as the verification of its application by national courts, through legal actions. The contribution of this work is to find out exactly where the problem is. For this, it was studied the main brazilian law applied to water resources, the law 9.433/1997. This legal tool demonstrated that Brazil has a good disciplinarian law about the performance of human beings in relation to water resources. It was also evidenced however, that the sanctions it brings are not being duly applied by the traditional courts, through the existing legal actions. Considering that the problem is on the way that these rules of law are applied, the currently existing judicial means and their efficiencies were analysed. Thus the use of other methods was shown to be possible, as the mediation, and legal justifications were presented for an alteration of the current system. This work identified the legislative devices that have to be modified with the means of conferring legality to the new proposed method of solution of controversies.

The author makes a critical analysis of the current situation of the Arbitration in Peru, from various court decisions that have identified the standard of motivation that must have an arbitration award. In this way, the author indicates that the consequences of annulling arbitral awards by improper motivation, insufficient motivation or follow criteria of the Arbitral Tribunal are severe and it affects all the progress that has been obtained in the arbitration in these last two decades. / El autor hace un análisis crítico la situación actual del Arbitraje en el Perú, a partir de diversas decisiones de las cortes al momento de identificar el estándar de la motivación que debe tener un laudo arbitral. De esta forma, precisa que las consecuencias de anular laudos arbitrales por indebida motivación, insuficiente motivación o por calificar criterios del Tribunal Arbitral son graves y afecta todo el avance que se ha obtenido en el Arbitraje en estas dos últimas décadas.

This paper discusses the main variables, analysis and conclusions of the studies conducted by the Centro de Análisis y Resolución de Conflictos de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú and the Contraloría General de la República from Peru. The author bases its investigation on the comparison between the two organisms; furthermore, he contrasts its conclusions andproposals with the data collected in the development of arbitration. / El artículo comenta las principales variables, análisis y conclusiones de los estudios efectuados por Centro de Análisis y Resolución de Conflictos de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú y de la Contraloría General de la República. Para ello, el autor efectúa una comparación entre ambos, así como contrasta ambas conclusiones y propuestas con los datos que recoge en el desenvolvimiento del arbitraje.

The facultative arbitration in labor matters procedures allows either party of   the employment relationship to compel the other to submit their disputes to an arbitral tribunal. One of the application assumptions of the facultative arbitration in labor mattersprocedures when bad faith of a party during the negotiation of the statement is noticed,which should be tested.What happens with the decision of the Arbitral Tribunal which admits the claim and establishes that it has jurisdiction to hear the case? In this article, the author analyzes the procedural effects of this decision, in the light of the doctrine and jurisprudence. / El arbitraje potestativo en materia laboral permite que cualquiera de las partes de la relación de trabajo pueda forzar a la otra parte a someter sus diferencias a un Tribunal Arbitral. Uno de los supuestos de procedencia del arbitraje potestativo  en materia  laboral es que se advierta la mala fe de una de las partes durante la negociación del pliego, lo cual deberá ser probado.Ahora bien, ¿qué ocurre con aquella decisión del Tribunal Arbitral que admite a trámite la demanda y se declara competente para conocer el caso? En el presente artículo, el autor analiza los efectos procesales de esta decisión, a la luz de la doctrina y la jurisprudencia.

L'arbitrage est considéré comme l'un des principaux moyens alternatifs de règlement des contentieux nés des contrats de commerce international, dont notamment les contrats d'investissements pétroliers. Il bénéficie en effet de la confiance et du soutien des sociétés étrangères opérant dans le secteur de la mise en valeur des richesses pétrolières. On observe un regain d'intérêt pour l'arbitrage aux plans international et étatique. Au plan international, de nombreuses conventions relatives à l'arbitrage ont été conclues et des institutions d'arbitrage à caractère international ont été créées avec pour mission de régler les contentieux que les parties concernées sont convenues de résoudre par voie d'arbitrage. Ces institutions ont élaboré leurs règlements d'arbitrage en tant que cadres juridiques offert au règlement des contentieux qui leur sont soumis. Elles mettent à jour leurs règlements de façon régulière afin de se conformer aux évolutions constantes que connaît l'arbitrage. Au plan national, la plupart des législateurs s'efforcent, dans les États qui se préoccupent du développement de la justice arbitrale, d'en accompagner les évolutions, en promulguant des lois nouvelles ou en mettant à jour celles qui régissent déjà l'arbitrage. Il en va de même pour les tribunaux étatiques qui partagent cette préoccupation et qui s'efforcent de pallier les manques ou de remédier par l'interprétation aux ambiguïtés qui obscurcissent le sens des dispositions législatives relatives à l'arbitrage. Nous avons donc choisi d'aborder certaines des problématiques que soulève l'arbitrage, et de le faire en prenant pour illustration de cette étude les contrats d'investissements pétroliers. Ces derniers comptent en effet parmi les contrats de commerce international les plus importants, du fait du caractère stratégique du pétrole lui-même qui est une denrée tout autant politique que commerciale. L'objectif de cette recherche est de cerner la définition des contrats d'investissements pétroliers, en caractérisant leur nature juridique et les formes juridiques qu'ils prennent. D'autre part, il conviendra de se pencher sur les principales questions soulevées par l'arbitrage relativement à ces contrats, - que ce soit à la phase de conclusion de l'accord sur l'arbitrage, en déterminant la relation qu'entretient la convention d'arbitrage avec le contrat principal ainsi que les effets juridiques produits par la convention d'arbitrage ainsi que les conséquences qu'il faut tirer de la présence, parmi les parties, de l’État producteur ou de l'un de ses démembrements,- ou à la phase de l'instance arbitrale en examinant, entre autres problématiques centrales, la question de la détermination du droit applicable à la procédure arbitrale et celle de la détermination du droit applicable au fond du litige. / Arbitration is considered a major alternative means of dispute settlement born of international trade agreements, including the oil investment contracts. It benefits from the trust and support of foreign companies operating in the sector of the development of oil wealth. There is renewed interest in international arbitration and state plans. Internationally, many conventions were concluded arbitration and arbitration in international institutions were created with the task of settling disputes that the parties have agreed to resolve by arbitration. These institutions have developed their arbitration rules as legal frameworks offered to the settlement of disputes submitted to them. They update their regularly regulations to conform to the constant developments affecting the arbitration. Nationally, most legislators are working in the States concerned with the development of arbitral justice, to support changes, by enacting new laws or updating those that already govern the arbitration. It's the same for state courts who share this concern and striving to fill the gaps or correct the interpretation ambiguities that obscure the meaning of the statutory provisions relating to arbitration. We have therefore chosen to address some of the issues raised by arbitration, and do so by taking for illustration of this study the oil investment contracts. These have indeed among the contracts of international trade the most important, because of the strategic nature of oil itself is a commodity just as much political as commercial. The objective of this research is to identify the definition of oil investment contracts, characterizing their legal nature and the legal forms they take. On the other hand, should be to address the main issues raised by the relatively arbitration to these contracts,- Whether the phase of concluding the agreement on arbitration, determining the relationship of the arbitration agreement with the main contract and the legal effects of the arbitration agreement and the consequences to be drawn from the presence among the parties, the producer State or one of its branches,- Or phase of the arbitration proceedings by examining, among other central issues, the question of determining the law applicable to the arbitration proceedings and that of determining the law applicable to the substance of the dispute.

"Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures En vue de l'obtention du grade de Maîtrise en droit (L.L.M)" / Cette étude vise à définir et à préciser l'étendue ainsi que le contenu de la notion de compétence du tribunal arbitral dans l'arbitrage commercial. L'analogie des statuts du juge étatique et de l'arbitre nous permettra d'étendre l'application de certaines notions propres à la justice étatique, telles que «juridiction», «compétence» et «pouvoir», à l'arbitrage commercial. Ainsi, dans la première partie, à travers l'identification des principaux pouvoirs qu'un tribunal arbitral possède ou peut posséder, nous aurons à préciser la notion de juridiction arbitrale. L'étude sera axée sur la détermination du contenu et sur l'identification de la source de chacun des pouvoirs traités. Par ailleurs, dans la deuxième partie, l'identification des limites desdits pouvoirs nous permettra de préciser la notion de compétence arbitrale. L'étude nous permettra de conclure que, sauf exception, telle que le recours à la force, les pouvoirs d'un juge étatique sont les mêmes que ceux qu'un tribunal arbitral peut posséder. En fait, ce dernier, grâce à la volonté des parties, pourrait en avoir plus que le premier. Toutefois, le caractère hybride de l'arbitrage nous amènera à affirmer que, sauf exception, telle que la justice naturelle, les limites des pouvoirs du juge étatique diffèrent de celles du tribunal arbitral. / The objective of this study is to define and specify the scope as well as the content of the concept of arbitral tribunal jurisdiction in commercial arbitration. An analogy between the status of national judge and of arbitrator enables us to expand the application of certain concepts specifie to national justice, such as "jurisdiction", "authority" and "powers", to commercial arbitration. Thus, in the first part, by identifying the principal powers an arbitral tribunal has or could have, we specify the concept of arbitral authority. The study focuses on determining the content and identifying the source of each of the powers treated. Moreover, in the second part, identifying the limits of said powers enables us to specify the concept of arbitral jurisdiction. The study allows us to conclude that, with a few exceptions such as physical imposition, the powers of a national judge are the same as those of an arbitral tribunal. In fact, the latter, owing to the intention of the parties, may have more than the former. However, the hybrid character of arbitration leads us to assert that, with a few exceptions such as natural justice, the limits of the national judge's powers differ from those of the arbitral tribunal.

Cette étude vise à définir et à préciser l'étendue ainsi que le contenu de la notion de compétence du tribunal arbitral dans l'arbitrage commercial. L'analogie des statuts du juge étatique et de l'arbitre nous permettra d'étendre l'application de certaines notions propres à la justice étatique, telles que «juridiction», «compétence» et «pouvoir», à l'arbitrage commercial. Ainsi, dans la première partie, à travers l'identification des principaux pouvoirs qu'un tribunal arbitral possède ou peut posséder, nous aurons à préciser la notion de juridiction arbitrale. L'étude sera axée sur la détermination du contenu et sur l'identification de la source de chacun des pouvoirs traités. Par ailleurs, dans la deuxième partie, l'identification des limites desdits pouvoirs nous permettra de préciser la notion de compétence arbitrale. L'étude nous permettra de conclure que, sauf exception, telle que le recours à la force, les pouvoirs d'un juge étatique sont les mêmes que ceux qu'un tribunal arbitral peut posséder. En fait, ce dernier, grâce à la volonté des parties, pourrait en avoir plus que le premier. Toutefois, le caractère hybride de l'arbitrage nous amènera à affirmer que, sauf exception, telle que la justice naturelle, les limites des pouvoirs du juge étatique diffèrent de celles du tribunal arbitral. / The objective of this study is to define and specify the scope as well as the content of the concept of arbitral tribunal jurisdiction in commercial arbitration. An analogy between the status of national judge and of arbitrator enables us to expand the application of certain concepts specifie to national justice, such as "jurisdiction", "authority" and "powers", to commercial arbitration. Thus, in the first part, by identifying the principal powers an arbitral tribunal has or could have, we specify the concept of arbitral authority. The study focuses on determining the content and identifying the source of each of the powers treated. Moreover, in the second part, identifying the limits of said powers enables us to specify the concept of arbitral jurisdiction. The study allows us to conclude that, with a few exceptions such as physical imposition, the powers of a national judge are the same as those of an arbitral tribunal. In fact, the latter, owing to the intention of the parties, may have more than the former. However, the hybrid character of arbitration leads us to assert that, with a few exceptions such as natural justice, the limits of the national judge's powers differ from those of the arbitral tribunal. / "Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures En vue de l'obtention du grade de Maîtrise en droit (L.L.M)"

Le Code de procédure civile prévoit, en ses articles 1492 et 1520, les cas d’ouverture permettant d’obtenir l’annulation d’une sentence ou l’infirmation d’une ordonnance ayant accordé son exequatur. Le troisième de ces cas ouvre les recours lorsque « le tribunal arbitral a statué sans se conformer à la mission qui lui avait été confiée ». Or, le terme de mission est vague, rendant imprécises les frontières de ce cas d’ouverture. Cette incertitude fait courir un risque d’inflation des recours et est source d’insécurité juridique. Elle nuit à l’efficacité du droit français de l’arbitrage, dans un contexte de forte concurrence entre les places arbitrales. L’analyse de la notion de mission permet de définir celle visée à l’indice 3 des articles précités comme les éléments conventionnels participant directement de l’exercice de la mission juridictionnelle arbitrale.Cette définition dessine en creux les deux critères permettant d’énumérer les violations relevant de ce cas d’ouverture. Leur mise en oeuvre contribue alors à une conception raisonnée de ce recours et en démontre la pertinence.Saisi d’un recours arguant d’une violation de sa mission par l’arbitre, le juge accompagne ce mouvement de rationalisation, tant dans le contrôle qu’il opère que dans la sanction qu’il prononce.Se dégage ainsi un mouvement progressif de délimitation restrictive des frontières du cas d’ouverture de la violation de sa mission par l’arbitre. A tous les stades de l’analyse – définition de la mission,détermination des griefs relevant de ce cas d’ouverture, contrôle opéré par le juge et prononcé de la sanction -, une conception cohérente, rationnelle et raisonnée se découvre. Elle constitue un rempart efficace contre la dérive expansionniste que faisait craindre sa formulation – une crainte d’ailleurs contredite par l’étude statistique – et témoigne de la pertinence et de la légitimité de ce cas d’ouverture / . Articles 1492 and 1520 of the French Code of Civil Procedure (applying to domestic and international arbitration respectively) set out the possible grounds for setting aside a domestic orinternational arbitral award or denying its enforcement. The third of these grounds states that a challenge may be initiated when “the arbitral tribunal ruled without complying with the mandate conferred upon it”.The notion of “mandate” – translation of the French “mission” – is vague, rendering the limits of this ground unclear. This poses a risk of significant increase in the number of challenges of awards and resultsin legal uncertainty. It might also hamper the efficiency of French arbitration law, especially in the contextof a strong competition among seats of arbitration.The analysis of the notion of “mission” provides insight into the particular mandate referred to underArticles 1492 and 1520, item 3, and can be defined as the contractual elements which are directly involved in the performance of the arbitral jurisdictional task. This definition sets out the two criteria – i.e. the contractual elements and the direct involvement in the performance of the arbitral jurisdictional task – that allow listing the breaches that could give rise to an annulment under this third ground relating to the arbitrator’s mission. Applying both criteria clarifies the scope of this ground and strengthens its relevance.While ruling on a challenge that the arbitral tribunal breached its mission, the annulment judge follows the same rational approach, both when analyzing the breach and when considering a possible annulment. The work undertaken in this thesis highlights the gradual restriction of the scope of this third ground relating to the arbitrator’s mission. Every stage of our study– the definition of the mission, the list of grounds covered by this third ground, the judge’s control and the potential annulment of the award –demonstrates that a clear, coherent and rational understanding of the third ground is possible. Such anunderstanding prevents this ground from being construed in an excessively broad sense, as its unclear wording may have suggested. The conducted statistical survey corroborates these theoretical results. All these ideas confirm that the third ground is a relevant and legitimate one.