Submitted by Neusa Fagundes (neusa.fagundes@unioeste.br) on 2018-06-15T14:40:42Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Suian_Granella2018.pdf: 12037340 bytes, checksum: e79d50a23a20a18669ee3d99f5f048a2 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-15T14:40:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Suian_Granella2018.pdf: 12037340 bytes, checksum: e79d50a23a20a18669ee3d99f5f048a2 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The development of seeds with high quality has demanded effective techniques throughout yield and trading chain, based on searching for increasingly technological procedures. Considering wheat as a source of essential energy in human and animal diet, and despite the occurrence of research advances on the production sector, further studies are needed to assure the safety of wheat seed quality. Thus, this trial aimed at studying the hygroscopicity of wheat seeds, and evaluating drying-ozonation process on kinetics of drying, total fungi counting and seeds physiological properties. Hygroscopic and thermodynamic properties were determined during water desorption in seeds for different psychrometric conditions of air, kinetics and thermodynamic properties of drying for different air temperatures and ozonation time. It was also evaluated the influence of ozone exposure time and air temperature during drying by the reduction of fungi and physiological properties (electrical conductivity, vigor and germination). It should be highlighted that the evaluations were repeated after 45 days of storage. The obtained results allowed the following conclusion: a) water content of wheat seeds balance was directly proportional to the relative humidity and decreases with the temperature increase to the same value of relative humidity, as it occurs for most hygroscopic products. Chung-Pfost was the model that best fitted to experimental data. The required energy (heat desorption isoteric) increased in order to remove water from the product due to water content decrease; b) Midili was the best model to represent the drying curves of wheat seeds. The effective diffusion coefficient increased as there was an increase on drying air temperature, whose values ranged from 6.1492×10−11 to 13.3568×10−11 m2 s−1 in drying period without ozone and from 6.8302×10−11 to 8.2668×10−11 on the drying-ozonation process. The activation energy showed values of 32.18 and 5.82 kJ mol-1, to drying with and without ozone, respectively. The thermodynamic properties (enthalpy and entropy) increased as the drying temperature increased; c) there was reduction on fungi as there was an increase on exposure time to ozone, and drying air temperature. Germination, vigor and electrical conductivity of wheat seeds were not significantly influenced by the time of exposure to ozone neither by the air drying temperature. Similar results were obtained after 45 days of storage. / O desenvolvimento de sementes de alta qualidade utiliza técnicas eficientes em toda cadeia de produção e comercialização, com a busca de procedimentos cada vez mais tecnológicos. Haja vista o trigo ser considerado uma fonte de energia essencial para a alimentação humana e animal, e apesar da ocorrência de avanços da pesquisa no setor de produção, são necessários estudos mais aprofundados na segurança da qualidade de sementes de trigo. Assim, objetivou-se, com este trabalho, estudar a higroscopicidade das sementes de trigo, e avaliar o processo de secagem-ozonização sobre a cinética de secagem, contagem de fungos total e propriedades fisiológicas das sementes. Foram determinadas as propriedades higroscópicas e termodinâmicas durante a dessorção da água nas sementes para diferentes condições psicrométricas do ar, a cinética e as propriedades termodinâmicas da secagem para diferentes temperaturas do ar e tempo de ozonização. Avaliaram-se também a influência do tempo de exposição ao ozônio e a temperatura do ar durante a secagem pela redução de fungos e propriedades fisiológicas (condutividade elétrica, vigor e germinação). As avaliações repetiram-se após 45 dias de armazenagem. Os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que: a) o teor de água de equilíbrio das sementes de trigo foi diretamente proporcional à umidade relativa e decresceu com o aumento de temperatura para um mesmo valor de umidade relativa, como ocorre para a maioria dos produtos higroscópicos. E o Chung-Pfost foi o modelo que melhor se ajustou aos dados experimentais. O aumento da energia (calor isotérico de dessorção) necessária para retirar água do produto ocorreu devido à redução do teor de água; b) o modelo de Midilli foi o que melhor representou as curvas de secagem das sementes de trigo. O coeficiente de difusão efetivo aumentou com a elevação da temperatura do ar de secagem de 6,1492×10−11 para 13,3568×10−11 m2 s−1 na secagem sem ozônio e de 6,8302×10−11 para 8,2668×10−11 para o processo secagem-ozonização. A energia de ativação apresentou valores de 32,18 e 5,82 kJ mol-1, para a secagem com e sem ozônio, respectivamente. As propriedades termodinâmicas (entalpia e entropia) aumentaram com a elevação da temperatura de secagem; c) a redução de fungos aumentou com o acréscimo do tempo de exposição ao ozônio e temperatura do ar de secagem. As respostas para a germinação, o vigor e a condutividade eléctrica das sementes de trigo não foram influenciadas significativamente pelo tempo de exposição ao ozônio e nem pela temperatura do ar de secagem. Resultados semelhantes foram obtidos após a armazenagem por 45 dias.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:44:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_kassiana kehl.pdf: 2290606 bytes, checksum: 4010bf52b4a6284a378a819fd714784b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-30 / Wheat is mainly focused on the supply to the food industry, mainly consumed in the form of by-products, breads, pasta, cakes and biscuits. In this context, it becomes important in the commodity market, which selects cultivars of high yield potential and meets industry requirements. The potential yield, industrial and physiological quality of the seed industry are directly related to the establishment of plants, climatic conditions, soil, crop management, harvesting point and storage. The aim of this study was to evaluate the agronomic and industrial potential and the physiological quality of seeds of wheat cultivars of different commercial grades produced in two wheat growing regions of the state of Rio Grande do Sul. The experiments were conducted in Cachoeira do Sul (Wheat Growing Region II) and Júlio de Castilhos (Wheat Growing Region I). The cultivars under analysis and tested were Ametista, BRS Louro, Fundacep Nova Era, Topázio, TBIO Mestre and TBIO Pioneiro 2010. Sowing in Cachoeira do Sul was held on May 22 and in Júlio de Castilhos held on June 5, 2012, adopting the randomized complete blocks with three replications with plots of 5.0 m2. The harvest of experiments was made in October and November of the same year. Immediately after harvest were conducted analyzes of yield components have been made. Three months after it was made the analysis of industrial quality and six months after harvest determined the germination and how strong the plants are at that moment. The agronomic potential in the region of Júlio de Castilhos, cultivars provided the highest yield; hectoliter weight and thousand seed weight than those conducted in Cachoeira do Sul. The industrial quality of wheat produced in Cachoeira do Sul was better than at Júlio de Castilhos. Germination and strongest did not differ for local driving. Cultivars have themselves characters that may express and present greater or lesser aptitude for industrial quality, yield potential and stability depending on the environment in which they are exposed. The regions of Júlio de Castilhos and Cachoeira do Sul, proved marginal for seed production of wheat cultivars tested. / O trigo tem como principal foco o abastecimento à indústria alimentícia, consumido principalmente na forma de seus subprodutos, pães, massas, bolos e biscoitos. Nesse contexto, torna-se importante no mercado de commodities, o qual seleciona cultivares de alto potencial de rendimento e que atendam às exigências da indústria. O potencial de rendimento, qualidade industrial e fisiológica das sementes estão diretamente relacionados ao estabelecimento de plantas, condições climáticas, solo, manejo da cultura, ponto de colheita e armazenagem. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial agronômico, industrial e a qualidade fisiológica das sementes de cultivares de trigo de diferentes classes comerciais, produzidos em duas regiões tritícolas do estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em Cachoeira do Sul (Região Tritícola II) e Júlio de Castilhos (Região Tritícola I), as cultivares testadas foram Ametista, BRS Louro, Fundacep Nova Era, Topázio, TBIO Mestre e TBIO Pioneiro 2010. A semeadura em Cachoeira do Sul foi realizada no dia 22 de maio e em Júlio de Castilhos dia 05 de junho de 2012, adotando-se o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso em três repetições com parcelas de 5,0 m-2. A colheita dos experimentos fez-se em outubro e novembro do mesmo ano. Logo após a colheita foram realizadas as análises dos componentes de rendimento, três meses após fez-se as análises de qualidade industrial e seis meses após a colheita determinou-se a germinação e vigor das sementes. O potencial agronômico na região de Júlio de Castilhos proporcionou as cultivares maior rendimento médio, peso hectolítro e peso de mil sementes que as conduzidas em Cachoeira do Sul. A qualidade industrial do trigo produzido em Cachoeira do Sul foi melhor que em Júlio de Castilhos. A germinação e vigor das sementes não diferiram quanto ao local de condução. As cultivares possuem caracteres próprios, podendo apresentar maior ou menor aptidão à qualidade industrial, potencial de rendimento e estabilidade dependendo do ambiente em que são expostas. As regiões de Júlio de Castilhos e de Cachoeira do Sul, se mostraram marginais para produção de sementes de trigo, das cultivares testadas.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:44:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_cesar_ivan_suarez_castellanos.pdf: 1269285 bytes, checksum: d846f877341eda8f4ca9e88f63c018af (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-17 / Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a cereal of the Poaceae family, which is used as feedstock in the manufacture of various foods. It is the most produced in the world and the fourth largest cereal crop in Brazil. It is estimated that 50% of irrigated areas in the world have problems caused by salinity decreasing crop yields. Silicon has been used to reduce stress caused by salts in plants. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of fertilization with two silicon sources on the quality of wheat seeds under salt stress. Two experiments were performed, one using a silicon source kaolin and other rice husk ash. Seeds of wheat cultivar Quartzo were sown in 10L buckets containing soil, which was corrected according to soil analysis and technical advice on the culture. Silicon was incorporated at the time of seeding, increasing doses of both sources being applied: 0 (control), 1.000, 2.000 and 3.000 Kg ha-1. To simulate the salinity irrigation was performed with NaCl solutions throughout the crop cycle, at concentrations of 0 (control), 8 and 16 mM. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with a 3x4 factorial design with four replications. Agronomic traits and seed quality were evaluated. The results showed that the application of 3.000 Kg ha-1 of silicon in the form kaolin increased the rate of germination of seeds harvested when the plants are not exposed to salt stress. The application of silicon in the soil increases the weight of a thousand seeds in conditions of saline stress or not. The use of rice husk ash as a source of silicon to a dose of 2,000 Kg ha-1, stimulates the development of agronomic traits in wheat plants. Agronomic and physiological seed quality is viewed differently influenced by the sources of silicon used. / O trigo (Triticum aestivum L.) é um cereal da família Poaceae, que é usado como matéria-prima na fabricação de diversos alimentos. É o cereal mais produzido a nível mundial e a quarta maior cultura no Brasil. Calcula-se que 50% das áreas irrigadas no mundo apresentam problemas causados pela salinidade diminuindo a produção das culturas. O silício vem sendo usado para diminuir o estresse causado pelos sais nas plantas. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da adubação com duas fontes de silício sobre a qualidade de sementes de trigo sob estresse salino. Foram realizados dois experimentos, um utilizando como fonte de silício o caulim e outro cinza de casca de arroz. Sementes de trigo da cultivar Quartzo foram semeadas em baldes de 10L contendo solo, o qual foi corrigido conforme a análise de solo e as recomendações técnicas para a cultura. O silício foi incorporado no momento da semeadura, sendo aplicadas doses crescentes de ambas as fontes: 0 (controle), 1.000, 2.000 e 3.000 Kg ha-1. Para simular o estresse salino foi realizada a irrigação com soluções de NaCl durante todo o ciclo de cultivo, nas concentrações de 0 (controle), 8 e 16 mM. O experimento foi realizado sob desenho inteiramente casualizado com esquema fatorial 3x4 com quatro repetições. Foram avaliadas características agronômicas e a qualidade fisiológica das sementes. Os resultados mostraram que a aplicação de 3.000 Kg ha-1 de silício em forma de caulim, aumenta a porcentagem de germinação das sementes produzidas quando as plantas não são expostas à estresse salino. A aplicação de silício via solo aumenta o peso de mil sementes em condições de estresse salino ou não. O uso de cinza de casca de arroz como fonte de silício, até uma dose de 2.000 Kg ha-1, estimula o desenvolvimento das características agronômicas das plantas de trigo. As características agronômicas e qualidade fisiológica das sementes produzidas foram influenciadas diferenciadamente pelas fontes de silício usadas

La productivité et la qualité des céréales biologiques sont soumises à deux principaux facteurs limitants dans les systèmes sans élevage : des déficits chroniques en azote (N) du sol et des infestations par les adventices. Des légumineuses telles que les trèfles ou les luzernes peuvent servir à la fois de plantes de couverture et d'engrais verts grâce à leur fixation symbiotique d'N atmosphérique. Cependant, leur substitution aux céréales présente un moindre intérêt économique dans les systèmes de grandes cultures en l'absence d'animaux pour les valoriser. L'association relais de couverts de légumineuses dans un blé d'hiver nous a semblé être une option intéressante pour à la fois enrichir le système sol-plante en N, couvrir le sol dès la récolte du blé associé et limiter le risque de compétition avec le blé en décalant au printemps la date de semis des légumineuses sous couvert de blé. Pour évaluer l'efficacité de ces associations, quatre espèces de légumineuses (Medicago lupulina L., M. sativa L., Trifolium pratense L. et T. repens L.) ont été semées au tallage du blé d'hiver sur huit parcelles réparties dans la région Rhône-Alpes. Leurs effets sur la maîtrise des adventices, l'enrichissement, la préservation et la restitution d'N au système sol-plante et les performances des cultures ont été observés, durant une succession blé d'hiver-culture de printemps. Les résidus des couverts ont été enfouis à la fin de l'hiver, 9 à 12 semaines avant le semis d'une culture de printemps. Nos travaux ont montré l'absence d'effet des couverts associés sur le rendement en grains du blé d'hiver. Mais des diminutions du taux protéique des grains sont apparues dans un tiers des situations d'association notamment avec M. lupulina et T. pratense, les espèces les plus développées à la récolte du blé. Notre suivi de la disponibilité des ressources trophiques principales (eau, N, lumière) nous a permis d'identifier une compétition pour l'eau et l'N du sol. Nous avons également noté l'efficacité des couverts de légumineuses dans le contrôle de la densité des adventices dès le stade de floraison du blé et de leur biomasse durant l'interculture. Le meilleur contrôle des adventices a été permis par M. lupulina et T. pratense, à la récolte du blé, et T. pratense et T. repens, à la fin de l'automne, associé aux biomasses aériennes observées les plus importantes. Enfin, nous avons observé une forte proportion d'N issu de la fixation symbiotique dans la biomasse aérienne des légumineuses à la fin de l'automne (80 à 94%), représentant un apport d'N exogène au système sol-plante évalué entre 37 et 77 kg N ha-1. Cet enrichissement en N n'a pas entrainé d'aggravation de la lixiviation d'N durant l'hiver. Les couverts de légumineuses n'ont pas non plus diminué la lixiviation comparativement à l'absence de couvert. Après leur destruction, les résidus des couverts ont restitué une partie de l'N accumulé (+28 à +42 kg ha-1 d'N minéral sur les 90 premiers centimètres de sol par rapport au témoin à l'émergence de la culture de printemps, 12 semaines après leur destruction). Cette restitution a permis un enrichissement en N des pailles et grains de la culture de printemps et une augmentation de 30% du rendement lorsqu'il s'agissait de maïs. Finalement nous concluons sur l'intérêt des couverts de légumineuses associés en relais dans un blé d'hiver pour apporter une réponse positive aux problèmes principaux des rotations de grandes cultures biologiques (adventices, déficits d'N et diminutions des performances des cultures). Nous terminons en proposant des voies d'évolution des associations testées, notamment pour limiter les risques de compétition durant l'association. Nous évoquons également les implications scientifiques et pratiques de ce travail pour de futures études sur ce sujet. / Cereal productivity and quality are subject to two main problems in organic stockless systems: chronic soil nitrogen (N) deficiencies and weed infestation. Legume species as clovers or alfalfas can be used as cover crops and green manures due to their natural ability to fix atmospheric N. Nevertheless, their substitution to cereals in crop rotations is less economically viable without animals to use it. Relay intercropping of legume cover crops (RIL) in winter wheat was expected to simultaneously enrich the soil-plant system in N, cover the soil from the wheat harvest onwards and limit the risk of competition with wheat by delaying the undersowing of legumes in spring. To evaluate the efficiency of RIL, four legume species (Medicago lupulina L., M. sativa L., Trifolium pratense L. and T. repens L.) were undersown at wheat tillering stage, in eight fields organically managed in the Rhône-Alpes region, France. Their effects on weed control, on N enrichment, preservation and restitution in the soil-plant system and on crop performance were observed during the succession of the winter wheat and a spring crop. RIL residues were incorporated in soil in late winter, 9 to 12 weeks before the sowing of spring crops. Our work illustrated the absence of detrimental effect of RIL on wheat grain yield despite the decrease of the grain protein content in one third of the situations. This decrease was mainly observed with M. lupulina and T. pratense as they were the most developed legume species at wheat harvest. Our monitoring of trophic resources (water, N and light) enlightened the competition for soil water and N during the intercropping period. We also showed the efficiency of RIL in the control of weed density from wheat flowering stage onwards and of weed aerial biomass in late autumn. The best weed control was observed with M. lupulina and T. pratense, at wheat harvest, and with T. pratense and T. repens in late autumn, in relation to the highest aerial biomasses observed with these species. Finally, we noted an important proportion of N derived from atmosphere (Ndfa) in legumes' shoots in late autumn (80 to 94%), representing an input of exogenous N in the soil-plant system ranging from 37 to 77 kg Ndfa ha-1. The N enrichment of the system did not increase mineral N lixiviation during winter. However, legume cover crops did not significantly prevent any lixiviation of mineral N relative to the control without cover crop. After their ploughing in, legumes residues returned a part of the accumulated N (+28 to +42 kg ha-1 of mineral N in the first 90 cm of soil compared to the control at the emergence of the spring crop, 12 weeks after ploughing). This restitution of mineral N allowed a significant N enrichment of straw and grains of the spring crop with all previous legumes cover crop species. With maize as spring crop, the grain yield increased by 30%, on average, compared to the control treatment. We finally conclude on the interest of RIL in winter wheat to bring a positive response to the problems of weed control, N deficiency and crop performances in organic crop rotations. We then suggest possible improvements of the RIL system, especially against the competition for trophic resources during the relay intercropping period. We also mention scientific and practical implications of this work for future studies on this subject.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Neste estudo, o fluxo de calor sensível (H), fluxo de calor latente (Le), evapotranspiração (ET), foram investigados utilizando o método de covariância de vórtices durante o período de cultivo de trigo em 2011. A estimativa usando a equação de Penman-Monteith também foi realizada. A influência dos diferentes sistemas de cultivo, convencional e direto, na fenologia de trigo foi realizada utilizando os dados de índice de área foliar (IAF) e produtividade.O experimento foi realizado no município de Cruz Alta-RS, em uma área agrícola localizada na Cooperativa Central Gaúcha Ltda Tecnologia. Durante o período de cultivo do trigo foram coletados dados fenométricos e micrometeorológicos. O fluxo de energia na forma de calor latente (Le) foi responsável pela utilização da maior parte da energia disponível, principalmente nos períodos em que o índice de área foliar (IAF) do trigo é maior. Os valores médios diários para o período de cultivo do trigo para H é de 7,8 Wm-2, para Le de 73,17 Wm-2, para G de -1,72 Wm-2 e para Rn de 70,95 Wm-2. Além do subsolo aquecer a superficie, também houve uma advecção de mais de 15 Wm-2 no período para esta região. A evapotranspiração experimental acumulada foi de 256 mm, enquanto que a precipitação total foi de 799 mm. Contudo, a evapotranspiração acumulada obtida utilizando a equação de Penman-Monteith foi de 282,72 mm. As médias para as resistência aerodinâmica e de superfície foram 39,54 sm-1 e 378,98 sm-1, respectivamente. Com relação à fenologia da cultura agrícola, para o sistema de cultivo convencional o trigo obteve maior produtividade, além de maior IAF. / Neste estudo, o fluxo de calor sensível (H), fluxo de calor latente (Le), evapotranspiração (ET), foram investigados utilizando o método de covariância de vórtices durante o período de cultivo de trigo em 2011. A estimativa usando a equação de Penman-Monteith também foi realizada. A influência dos diferentes sistemas de cultivo, convencional e direto, na fenologia de trigo foi realizada utilizando os dados de índice de área foliar (IAF) e produtividade.O experimento foi realizado no município de Cruz Alta-RS, em uma área agrícola localizada na Cooperativa Central Gaúcha Ltda Tecnologia. Durante o período de cultivo do trigo foram coletados dados fenométricos e micrometeorológicos. O fluxo de energia na forma de calor latente (Le) foi responsável pela utilização da maior parte da energia disponível, principalmente nos períodos em que o índice de área foliar (IAF) do trigo é maior. Os valores médios diários para o período de cultivo do trigo para H é de 7,8 Wm-2, para Le de 73,17 Wm-2, para G de -1,72 Wm-2 e para Rn de 70,95 Wm-2. Além do subsolo aquecer a superficie, também houve uma advecção de mais de 15 Wm-2 no período para esta região. A evapotranspiração experimental acumulada foi de 256 mm, enquanto que a precipitação total foi de 799 mm. Contudo, a evapotranspiração acumulada obtida utilizando a equação de Penman-Monteith foi de 282,72 mm. As médias para as resistência aerodinâmica e de superfície foram 39,54 sm-1 e 378,98 sm-1, respectivamente. Com relação à fenologia da cultura agrícola, para o sistema de cultivo convencional o trigo obteve maior produtividade, além de maior IAF.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Wheat is the main winter crop in Rio Grande do Sul State. Temperature and photoperiod are the major environmental factors that control development in wheat. Wheat plants exposed to cold, non freezing temperatures induce them to enter the reproductive phase. Temperature and photoperiod response functions are used to simulate the wheat development. Developmental models are important part of water soil balance, growth and yield crop models. Thus, the objectives of this thesis were: (i) to evaluate vernalization sensitivity of some Brazilian wheat genotypes and to fit a vernalization response function for these genotypes; (ii) to determine the best temperature, photoperiod and vernalization functions to simulate wheat development with the Wang and Engel (WE) model for some Brazilian wheat genotypes; and (iii) to improve the prediction of available soil water in the soil by modifying two mechanistic models. To achieve the first objective, a factorial experiment with eight levels of vernalization (0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42 and 49 vernalization days) and six wheat genotypes were used. Also a field experiment was carried out in Santa Maria, RS, Brazil, to provide independent data on the date of developmental stages of six Brazilian wheat genotypes for evaluating the original and the modified WE model. Soil water content was determined with the gravimetric method to evaluate water balance models during three sowing dates. For those genotypes that presented some response to vernalization, response functions are presented, which can be used in models for simulating the development of Brazilian wheat cultivars with distinct vernalization requirements. The WE model simulates better the development of the Brazilian wheat genotypes using cardinal temperatures higher than original WE model and using daily maximum and minimum temperatures in the calculation of the temperature response function. The modified Campbell; Diaz water balance model is more realistic and has a greater potential for performing well in regions others than it was developed. The modified Amir; Sinclair water balance model simulates better the available soil water than the original model. / O trigo é a principal cultura de inverno do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. A temperatura e o fotoperíodo são os dois elementos meteorológicos que mais influenciam o desenvolvimento de plantas de trigo. Quando se expõem plantas de trigo a temperaturas baixas não congelantes, estas podem ser induzidas a entrarem no estágio reprodutivo, diminuindo o seu ciclo de desenvolvimento. Para simular o desenvolvimento do trigo são utilizadas funções de resposta a temperatura e fotoperíodo. O modelo de desenvolvimento é parte importante em modelos de simulação de balanço de água no solo, crescimento e rendimento das culturas. Assim, os objetivos desta tese foram: (i) determinar a sensibilidade à vernalização de alguns genótipos de trigo do sul do Brasil e, ajustar uma função de reposta a vernalização para aqueles que apresentaram sensibilidade; (ii) determinar a melhor função de temperatura, fotoperíodo e vernalização para simular o desenvolvimento de alguns genótipos brasileiros de trigo com o modelo de Wang e Engel (WE); e (iii) obter uma melhor predição do balanço de água no solo, modificando dois modelos mecanísticos de balanço de água no solo. Para atingir o primeiro objetivo, foi conduzido um experimento fatorial com oito níveis de vernalização (0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42 e 49 dias de vernalização) e seis genótipos de trigo. Também foi realizado um experimento com várias datas de semeadura em Santa Maria, RS, Brasil, para obtenção de dados independentes dos estágios de desenvolvimento de seis genótipos Brasileiros de trigo para avaliar o modelo WE modificado. Foi determinado o conteúdo de água no solo pelo método gravimétrico em três datas de semeadura, com a finalidade de avaliar o desempenho dos dois modelos de balanço de água no solo. Para os genótipos que apresentaram resposta à vernalização são apresentadas funções de resposta, que podem ser usadas em modelos de simulação do desenvolvimento de genótipos brasileiros de trigo. O modelo WE simula melhor o desenvolvimento do trigo quando são usadas as temperaturas cardinais maiores do que as do modelo original e usando as temperaturas mínimas e máximas diária para o cálculo da função de resposta a temperatura. O modelo de balanço de água no solo de Campbell; Diaz modificado é mais realístico e com maior possibilidade de desempenho satisfatório em regiões de clima distinto daquelas em que foi desenvolvido. O modelo de balanço de água no solo de Amir; Sinclair modificado estima melhor a água disponível no solo que o modelo original.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The dual purpose wheat has the capacity to produce forage and grain, through the expression of morphological and bromatologic traits and yield components. Thus, the overall goal was to identify biometric models to understand the interrelationships between traits, direct and indirect selection in breeding wheat for dual purposes. The specific objectives of this study were to determine the canonical correlations between groups of morphological traits and grain yield, and identify the direction and the magnitude of the relationship; and identify the phenotypic relationships of cause and effect bromatologic between forage characters in wheat genotypes under different dual purpose cutting managements. The experiments were conducted in the growing seasons 2013 and 2014 in the experimental area of the Federal University of Santa Maria Campus Frederico Westphalen - RS. A randomized complete block design was used in three trials, the first experiment was arranged in a factorial: five genotypes (BRS Tarumã, BRS Umbu, BRS Figueira, BRS Guatambu and BRS 277) x four cutting managements (uncut, a cut, two cuts and three cuts). The second experiment was arranged in a factorial: Five genotypes (BRS Tarumã, BRS Umbu, BRS Figueira, BRS Guatambu and BRS 277) x Three cutting managements (first cut, second cut and third cut). The traits evaluated were: number of tillers per plant (AF), stem diameter of tillers (DAF), diameter of the main stem (DCP), number of fertile tillers (AFF), number of ears per square meter (ESPM), number of grains per ear (NGE), grain weight per ear (MGE), thousand grain weight (MMG), grain yield (RG), weight hectolitre (PH), green matter per hectare (MV), dry matter per hectare (MS), percentage of hemicellulose (HEM), cellulose (CEL), mineral matter (MM), neutral detergent fiber (FDN), acid detergent fiber (FDA), lignin (LIG), total carbohydrates (CT), carbohydrates no fiber carbohydrates (CNF), crude protein (PTN), and lipids (LIP). Groups of morphological traits and grain yield in wheat dual purpose reveal highly significant relationships. In the management at uncut and one cut wheat, associations are similarly established for both groups, by increasing the DCP, and determining the ESPM the increase, NGE and MGE, MMG, PH and RG. With two cuts the associations are established through the DAF, which influences an increase in MMG, PH and RG. Three cuts showed that the increase in AF increment the ESPM, NGE and MGE, MMG, PH and RG. The indirect selection aimed at increasing the PTN in the first cut can be based on CT, CNF and MV. The second cut provides indirect selection with LIG, CNF, MV and MS. The increase of PTN in the third cut can be obtained by indirect selection to the FDA, CEL, LIG, MM, MV and MS. Indirect selection through forage characters and bromatologic can be successful, since it considers the effect assigned to each cutting management. / O trigo duplo propósito apresenta capacidade de produzir forragem e grãos, através da expressão de caracteres morfológicos, bromatológicos e componentes do rendimento. Desta maneira, o objetivo geral foi identificar modelos biométricos que permitam compreender as inter-relações entre caracteres, e direcionar a seleção indireta no melhoramento genético de trigo duplo propósito. Os objetivos específicos deste trabalho foram: determinar as correlações canônicas entre grupos de caracteres morfológicos e do rendimento de grãos, e identificar o sentido e a magnitude das relações; e identificar as associações fenotípicas de causa e efeito entre caracteres forrageiros e bromatológicos em genótipos de trigo duplo propósito submetidos a diferentes manejos de corte.Os experimentos foram realizados nas safras agrícolas 2013 e 2014 na área experimental da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria Campus de Frederico Westphalen RS. Utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos ao acaso em três repetições, o primeiro experimento foi organizado em fatorial: Cinco genótipos (BRS Tarumã, BRS Umbu, BRS Figueira, BRS Guatambu e BRS 277) x Quatro manejos de corte (sem corte, um corte, dois cortes e três cortes). O segundo experimento foi organizado em fatorial: Cinco genótipos (BRS Tarumã, BRS Umbu, BRS Figueira, BRS Guatambu e BRS 277) x Três manejos de corte (primeiro corte, segundo corte e terceiro corte). Os caracteres avaliados foram: número de afilhos por planta (AF), diâmetro do colmo dos afilhos (DAF), diâmetro do colmo principal (DCP), número de afilhos férteis (AFF), número de espigas por metro quadrado (ESPM), número de grãos por espiga (NGE), massa de grãos por espiga (MGE), massa de mil grãos (MMG), rendimento de grãos (RG), peso hectolitro (PH), massa verde por hectare (MV), massa seca por hectare (MS), percentual de hemicelulose (HEM), celulose (CEL), material mineral (MM), fibras em detergente neutro (FDN), fibras em detergente ácido (FDA), lignina (LIG), carboidratos totais (CT), carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF), proteína bruta (PTN), e lipídios (LIP). Os grupos de caracteres morfológicos e de rendimento de grãos em trigo duplo propósito revelam relações altamente significativas. No manejo sem cortes e com um corte, associações são estabelecidas similarmente para ambos os grupos, através do aumento do DCP, sendo determinante ao acréscimo de ESPM, NGE e MGE, MMG, PH e RG. Com dois cortes as associações são estabelecidas através do DAF, que influencia o aumento da MMG, PH e RG. Com três cortes evidencia-se que o aumento do AF incrementam ESPM,NGE e MGE, MMG, PH e RG.A seleção indireta visando incrementar PTN no primeiro corte pode ser baseada nos CT,CNF e MV. O segundo corte proporciona a seleção indireta com a LIG, CNF, MV e MS. O incremento de PTN no terceiro corte poderá ser obtido através da seleção indireta com FDA, CEL, LIG, MM, MV e MS. A seleção indireta através dos caracteres forrageiros e bromatológicos pode ser realizada com sucesso, desde que se considere o efeito atribuído a cada manejo de corte.

La teneur et la composition en protéines de réserve du grain de blé tendre (Triticum aestivum L.) sont les principaux déterminants de sa valeur d’usage et de sa qualité nutritionnelle. La composition en protéines de réserve du grain est déterminée par la teneur en assimilâts azotés et soufrés par grain via des lois d’échelle qui pourraient être les propriétés émergentes de réseaux de régulation. Plusieurs facteurs de transcription intervenant dans cette régulation ont été mis en évidence, mais les voies et mécanismes impliqués sont encore très peu connus. Le constat est identique en ce qui concerne l’impact de la nutrition azotée et soufrée sur ce réseau de régulation. Le développement des outils de génomique fonctionnelle et de bioinformatique permet aujourd’hui d’aborder ces régulations de manière globale via une approche systémique mettant en relation plusieurs niveaux de régulation. L’objectif du travail présenté est d’explorer les réseaux de régulation –omiques impliqués dans le contrôle de l’accumulation des protéines de réserve dans le grain de blé tendre et leur réponse à l’approvisionnement en azote et en soufre. Une approche d’inférence de réseaux basée sur la découverte de règles a été étendue, implémentée sous la forme d’une plateforme web. L’utilisation de cette plateforme a permis de définir des sémantiques multiples afin d’inférer dans un cadre global, des règles possédant différentes significations biologiques. Des facteurs de transcription spécifiques de certains organes et certaines phases de développement ont été mis en évidence et un intérêt particulier a été apporté à leur position dans les réseaux de règles inférés, notamment en relation avec les protéines de réserve. Les travaux initiés dans cette thèse ouvrent un champ d’investigation innovant pour l’identification de nouvelles cibles de sélection variétale pour l’amélioration de la valeur technologique et de la qualité nutritionnelle du blé. Ils devraient ainsi permettre de mieux maîtriser la composition en protéines de réserve et ainsi produire des blés adaptés à des utilisations ciblées ou carencé en certaines fractions protéiques impliquées dans des phénomènes d’allergénicité et d’intolérance du gluten, ce dans un contexte d’agriculture durable et plus économe en intrants. / Grain storage protein content and composition are the main determinants of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) end-use value. Scaling laws governing grain protein composition according to grain nitrogen and sulfur content could be the outcome of a finely tuned regulation network. Although it was demonstrated that the main regulation of grain storage proteins accumulation occurs at the transcriptomic level in cereals, knowledge of the underlying molecular mechanisms is elusive. Moreover, the effects of nitrogen and sulfur on these mechanisms are unknown. The issue of skyrocketing data generation in research projects is addressed by developing high-throughput bioinformatics approaches. Extracting knowledge on from such massive amounts of data is therefore an important challenge. The work presented herein aims at elucidating regulatory networks involved in grain storage protein synthesis and their response to nitrogen and sulfur supply using a rule discovery approach. This approach was extended, implemented in the form of a web-oriented platform dedicated to the inference and analysis of regulatory networks from qualitative and quantitative –omics data. This platform allowed us to define different semantics in a comprehensive framework; each semantic having its own biological meaning, thus providing us with global informative networks. Spatiotemporal specificity of transcription factors expression was observed and particular attention was paid to their relationship with grain storage proteins in the inferred networks. The work initiated here opens up a field of innovative investigation to identify new targets for plant breeding and for an improved end-use value and nutritional quality of wheat in the context of inputs limitation. Further analyses should enhance the understanding of the control of grain protein composition and allow providing wheat adapted to specific uses or deficient in protein fractions responsible for gluten allergenicity and intolerance.

Dans un contexte de réduction des intrants agricoles, la création de variétés de blé qui utilisent l’azote de manière plus efficiente est aujourd’hui nécessaire. Cette thèse, issue d'un partenariat public-privé entre l'Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique et Biogemma, avait pour but d'apporter des outils nécessaires à la création de variétés répondant à cette exigence. Pour ce faire, nous avons analysé 225 variétés commerciales génotypées avec 24K SNP et testées dans huit combinaisons d’année, lieu et régime azoté. Nous avons montré que même si la sélection a amélioré l’efficience d’utilisation de l’azote en condition optimale et sub-optimale, ce progrès génétique doit être accéléré et mieux réparti entre les différents traits. Nous proposons pour cela de mixer sélection phénotypique et sélection assistée par marqueurs. Dans ce sens, nous avons développé une méthode pour définir les régions chromosomiques associées à nos 28 traits. Parmi les 333 régions identifiées, nous avons notamment localisé le gène NAM-A1 et avons pu caractériser ses variants naturels. Nous avons aussi montré que la sélection génomique pourrait être plus efficace si les SNP étaient présélectionnés en fonction de leurs significativités en génétique d’association multi-environnementale. Les réseaux d’interactions épistatiques furent aussi étudiés, mettant en évidence un sous-réseau particulièrement intéressant. Nos résultats et méthodes sont discutés au regard des stratégies d’amélioration variétale et de découverte de gènes. Des pistes de recherche complémentaires et des améliorations ont aussi été suggérées. / In a context of fertiliser reduction, breeding for enhanced nitrogen use efficiency in bread wheat is necessary. This PhD thesis resulting from private-public collaboration between the French National Institute for Agricultural Research and Biogemma aimed providing necessary tools. Analyses were conducted using a dataset of 225 commercial varieties genotyped with 24K SNP and tested in eight combinations of year, location, and nitrogen regimes. We showed that even if past selection increased nitrogen use efficiency at high and moderate nitrogen regimes, genetic progresses need to be accelerated and better balanced between traits. This could be achieved by mixing phenotypic and marker assisted selections. In this sense, we developed a method to define quantitative trait locus from genome-wide association study: 333 chromosomal regions involved in 28 NUE-related traits have been identified. The NAM-A1 gene was located in one of these regions and its natural variants were characterized. We also showed that genomic selection could be improved by pre-selecting SNP based on their significance in a multi-environmental genome-wide association study. Networks of epistasis interactions were also studied and an interesting sub-network was identified. Results and methods are discussed regarding breeding and gene discovery strategy. Further investigations and improvements are suggested.

La concentration en protéines des grains est un critère qualitatif majeur qui conditionne la valeur économique et technologique du blé tendre (Triticum aestivum L.). Cependant, la forte relation négative existant entre concentration en protéines et rendement en grains implique que l’amélioration de la concentration en protéines par une approche génétique soit complexe à atteindre sans impacter négativement le rendement. Pour contourner cette difficulté, il a été proposé qu’une sélection variétale basée sur l’écart à cette relation négative (nommé Grain Protein Deviation ; GPD) permette d’améliorer la concentration en protéines indépendamment du rendement. Au niveau physiologique, le GPD est fortement corrélé à la capacité des génotypes à absorber de l’azote après floraison indépendamment de la quantité d’azote déjà absorbée à floraison, suggérant que la satiété en azote soit à la base de son établissement. Envisager une sélection sur la base du GPD nécessite cependant d’acquérir des connaissances approfondies des mécanismes impliqués dans la régulation de l’absorption d’azote par la satiété en azote, qui permettraient de cibler précisément des traits simples à quantifier et robustement associés à cette capacité accrue d’accumulation de protéines dans les grains.Cette étude se base sur deux expérimentations conduites en conditions contrôlées et une expérimentation au champ. Dans chacune de ces expérimentations, différents niveaux de fertilisation ont été appliqués en pré-floraison afin d’obtenir des statuts azotés contrastés à floraison. L’effet du statut azoté à floraison sur l’absorption post-floraison a ensuite été observé dans différentes conditions de disponibilités d’azote après floraison. Des mesures physiologiques et moléculaires ont été réalisées en parallèle des mesures d’absorption d’azote.Nous avons mis en évidence que l’absorption d’azote post-floraison présente une dynamique élaborée qui suppose qu’elle est soumise à des régulations complexes. Parmi celles-ci, le statut azoté des plantes à floraison conditionne en grande part la quantité d’azote absorbée dans les jours qui suivent la floraison (PANUprécoce , de floraison à floraison + 250 degrés-jour). La quantité de PANUprécoce se présente comme un déterminant fort de la concentration en protéines des grains du fait de la forte corrélation positive observée entre ces deux traits en conditions contrôlées et au champ, et ce indépendamment du niveau de rendement. L’étude de deux génotypes robustement contrastés pour le GPD a montré qu’à statuts azotés équivalents, la quantité de PANUprécoce est sujette à des effets génétiques qui tendent à confirmer l’impact de la variabilité génétique de satiété en azote sur l’établissement du GPD.Ces travaux ont permis de proposer des marqueurs du GPD potentiellement valorisables en sélection. Au niveau physiologique, la croissance des tiges après floraison se présente comme un marqueur prometteur du GPD car ce trait est fortement corrélé à la PANUprécoce. Au niveau moléculaire, la concentration en nitrates des racines, également soumise à des effets génétiques, est proposée comme marqueur potentiel du fait de son rôle probable dans la régulation expressionnelle des gènes impliqués dans l’absorption et l’assimilation d’azote. / Grain protein concentration is one of the major qualitative criteria of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) economic and technological value. However, the negative relationship existing between protein concentration and grain yield implies that grain protein concentration improvement is complex to achieve without detrimental effect on grain yield. Breeding programs based on the deviation to this negative relationship (Grain protein deviation of GPD) have been proposed to be a suitable strategy to improve grain nitrogen concentration without detrimental effects on yield. At a physiological level, GPD is strongly correlated with genotypes aptitude to uptake nitrogen after flowering independently of the nitrogen amount already taken up before this stage, suggesting that satiety for nitrogen could be involved in its establishment. Breeding for GPD implies however a more detailed knowledge of the processes implied in nitrogen uptake regulation by nitrogen plant satiety. This would allow targeting traits both simple to measure and robustly associated with this increased capacity to accumulate proteins in grains.The present study is based on two experiments carried on under controlled conditions and a third led under field conditions. In all experiments, various levels of pre-flowering fertilization were applied in order to obtain contrasted plant nitrogen status at flowering. Nitrogen status effect on post-flowering nitrogen uptake was observed under various post-flowering N availability conditions. Physiological and molecular measurements were carried out in parallel with uptake measurements.We highlighted that post-flowering nitrogen uptake has an elaborate dynamic, suggesting the involvement of complex regulations. Among these, plant nitrogen status at flowering determines to a great extent the amount of nitrogen taken up during the days following flowering (early PANU, from flowering to flowering +250 °C.days-1). Early PANU appears to be a strong determinant of grain protein concentration, as strong positive correlations were observed between these two traits both under controlled conditions and field conditions, independently of grain yield level. The study of two genotypes strongly contrasted for GPD highlighted that, despite comparable N status, early PANU is subjected to strong genetic variations which tend to identify N satiety as a determinant of GPD.The present study identified robust markers of GPD of potential use in plant breeding. At a physiological level, post flowering stem elongation appears to be a promising marker of GPD since this trait is strongly correlated with early PANU. At a molecular level, root nitrate concentration, a trait submitted to genetic variations, is also proposed as a marker of GPD because of its role in the expression regulation of the genes governing nitrogen uptake and assimilation.