O objeto desta pesquisa é o desempenho térmico do sistema passivo parede Trombe para aquecimento e arrefecimento. O objetivo é avaliar o desempenho térmico dessa tecnologia específica, nesse caso, no clima da cidade de São Paulo. Os métodos utilizados foram a execução do projeto com diretrizes originadas da literatura científica, a construção de dois protótipos, o monitoramento térmico desses protótipos, o tratamento dos dados e a análise e interpretação destes. Os resultados mostram o desempenho encontrado para o clima da cidade de São Paulo e apontam para novas possibilidades de pesquisas. / The object of this research is the thermal performance of the Trombe wall passive system for heating and cooling. The objective is the evaluation of the environmental performance of this technology, in this case, in the climate of the city of São Paulo. The methods used were the execution of a project with guidelines originated from scientific literature, the construction of two prototypes and their thermal monitoring, data treatment and their analyses and interpretation. The results show the performance of the system for the climate of the city of São Paulo and point out to new research possibilities.

O objeto desta pesquisa é o desempenho térmico do sistema passivo parede Trombe para aquecimento e arrefecimento. O objetivo é avaliar o desempenho térmico dessa tecnologia específica, nesse caso, no clima da cidade de São Paulo. Os métodos utilizados foram a execução do projeto com diretrizes originadas da literatura científica, a construção de dois protótipos, o monitoramento térmico desses protótipos, o tratamento dos dados e a análise e interpretação destes. Os resultados mostram o desempenho encontrado para o clima da cidade de São Paulo e apontam para novas possibilidades de pesquisas. / The object of this research is the thermal performance of the Trombe wall passive system for heating and cooling. The objective is the evaluation of the environmental performance of this technology, in this case, in the climate of the city of São Paulo. The methods used were the execution of a project with guidelines originated from scientific literature, the construction of two prototypes and their thermal monitoring, data treatment and their analyses and interpretation. The results show the performance of the system for the climate of the city of São Paulo and point out to new research possibilities.

The pace of development in modern society since the Industrial Revolution has beenunprecedented and it keeps proceeding in a more aggressive and accelerated phase. However, thisdevelopment is a highly energy demanded action which is resulting an increased exploitation ofnatural resources, and subsequently, an expanded pressure on our environment, which sometimesconflicts between proprietors. On the other hand, it also creates great opportunities fortechnological developments as well as new research fields. As one of the biggest energy consumers,it is a crucial task that building and real estate sector follow this development trend by inventingand practicing new methods and technologies in order to limit energy usage and increase energyefficiency for a contribution to sustainable development in the society.When considering improvement of energy efficiency of the buildings from the million homeprogramme, it is worth to carry out energy analysis before renovation works begins in order toobtain a holistic overview of the energy issues those buildings are struggling with. For dwellingsfrom almost 50 years ago, one of the biggest issues is the large energy usage for heating due to theheat loss to the ambience through the building’s envelope. More precisely, the heat losses throughroof, walls, windows, doors, ventilations and infiltrations. This thesis will focus on technologicalsolutions that can control the heat losses caused by convection and conduction through the externalwalls, windows and doors, which approximately stands for nearly 55% of the total heat loss for ahouse from the million home programme. Furthermore, with help of passive heating and coolingstrategies, improvement of both energy performance and indoor thermal comfort on the studiedlamellar house from the million home programme will be achieved.According to the simulation results, the installation of double glass façade on the outside of theexternal walls can reduce energy consumption, as well as keep indoor thermal comfort in desirableboundaries. In the simulated executive model, the delivered energy has been reduced to 95.3𝐾𝑊ℎ/𝑚2𝐴𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 from the basic model with 121.8 𝐾𝑊ℎ/𝑚2𝐴𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟. However,In the exclusive model the delivered energy has successfully declined to 71.1 𝐾𝑊ℎ/𝑚2𝐴𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 , which is under the maximum permitted value (85.0 𝐾𝑊ℎ/viii𝑚2𝐴𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟) in the Swedish building code. Both of models has maintained the occupancysatisfaction in adequate boundaries.

Energy use in buildings account for 32% of total global final energy consumption, and consequently, a large portion of energy - related greenhouse gas emissions. Passive Solar Designs are sustainable building techniques that use solar energy to heat or coo l living spaces without the aid of mechanical or electrical devices. This paper aims to evaluate the effectiveness of Passive Solar Housing as a possible solution to the heating challenges currently faced in Ladakh, India, from the environmental, social, and economic sustainability perspectives. Two types of Passive Solar Techniques are studied: Trombe Walls and Direct Gain. This is to be achieved by a dualistic approach, combining quantitative and qualitative data to gain a holistic view of the situation. Quantitative data were collected from rooms built with the two different approaches. This information was used to determine the energy efficiency of each Passive Solar Design, and as a basis for building a numerical model that simulates the behaviour of Trombe Walls in conditions not observed during the data collection. Qualitative data were obtained through interviews with the residents of Passive Solar Houses in the villages of Palam and Khardong. The results show that Trombe Walls are significantly more effective at keeping a stable temperature than the Direct Gain technology. The interview responses verify and validate these findings whilst describing many positive effects of living in houses with Trombe Walls. Using the numerical model, it becomes apparent that increasing room size reduces the effectiveness of the Trombe Wall room. In conclusion, Passive Solar Housing can be, both from a social and economic perspective, a very effective method to maintain comfortable living conditions while reducing the environmental impact compared to traditional construction methods. / 32% av den globala energikonsumtionen kommer från energianvändning i byggnader. Det innebär att en betydande andel utsläpp av växthusgaser kommer från dem. Passivhus är en samling hållbara byggtekniker som använder solens energi för att värma upp eller kyla ner en levnadsyta utan att förlita sig på mekaniska eller elektriska medel. Denna studie ämnar utvärdera lämpligheten av Passivhus som en lösning på de uppvärmningsutmaningar som Ladakh, Indien ställs inför, vilket görs ur de miljömässiga, sociala, och ekonomiska hållbarhetsperspektiven. Två typer av Passivhus undersöks: Trombeväggar och Direct Gain. Metoden innefattar en kvantitativ och en kvalitativ datainsamling för att ge en heltäckande bild av situationen. Kvantitativa data insamlades i rum byggda med de två olika teknikerna – denna data användes sedan i en numerisk modell som simulerar hur en Trombevägg beter sig under omständigheter som inte direkt observerats inom ramen för denna studie. Kvalitativa data erhölls från intervjuer med invånarna av Passivhus i de två byarna Palam och Khardong. Resultaten påvisar att Trombeväggar är märkbart mer effektiva på att hålla en stabil inomhustemperatur jämfört med Direct Gain. Intervjusvaren verifierar och validerar resultaten samtidigt som de beskriver flertalet positiva följder av att bo i ett Passivhus. Genom att använda den numeriska modellen blir det tydligt att en ökning av storleken på rummen minskar Trombevägg - rummens förmåga att bibehålla en adekvat inomhustemperatur. Sammanfattningsvis kan Passivhus, från sociala och ekonomiska perspektiven, vara en mycket effektiv metod för att säkerställa tillfredställande levnadsvillkor, samtidigt som de har en mindre negativ påverkan på miljön än traditionella byggnadsmetoder.

<p>Solar thermosiphons integrated into the thermal envelop of buildings has been studied for their potential to take advantage of solar energy in heating buildings. The annual performance of solar thermosiphons cannot currently be predicted with the correlations from previous research. Also, no work has been done on the supply mode of a solar thermosiphon even though it has the potential to provide heating and fresh ventilation air. An investigation was done with the goal of developing a numerical model that could predict the performance of the supply mode of a solar thermosiphon. The numerical model included infrared thermal radiation and conduction through the glass, phenomenon which had not been used in previous numerical models. To validate the numerical model a novel steady state experiment was developed. This experiment included radiation as the heat source and the ability to vary geometric lengths. The performance parameters of mass flow rate and thermal efficiency were comparable between the numerical predictions and experimental results. However, due to uncertainties in the current experimental setup, full validation of the numerical model was not possible. These uncertainties would have to be addressed before the numerical model that was developed can be fully validated and used for generating correlations. After consideration of practical implementation constrains, it was shown that it was easier to implement the indoor air curtain mode of a solar thermosiphon than the supply mode. The indoor air curtain mode provides the same amount of energy from solar radiation to heat a building as the supply mode of a solar thermosiphon.</p> / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

Increasing energy use has caused many environmental problems including global warming. Energy use is growing rapidly in developing countries and surprisingly a remarkable portion of it is associated with consumed energy to keep the temperature comfortable inside the buildings. Therefore, identifying renewable technologies for cooling and heating is essential. This study introduced applications of steel sheets integrated into the buildings to save energy based on existing technologies. In addition, the proposed application was found to have a considerable chance of market success. Also, satisfying energy needs for space heating and cooling in a single room by using one of the selected applications in different Köppen climate classes was investigated to estimate which climates have a proper potential for benefiting from the application. This study included three independent parts and the results related to each part have been used in the next part. The first part recognizes six different technologies through literature review including Cool Roof, Solar Chimney, Steel Cladding of Building, Night Radiative Cooling, Elastomer Metal Absorber, and Solar Distillation. The second part evaluated the application of different technologies by gathering the experts’ ideas via performing a Delphi method. The results showed that the Solar Chimney has a proper chance for the market. The third part simulated both a solar chimney and a solar chimney with evaporation which were connected to a single well insulated room with a considerable thermal mass. The combination was simulated as a system to estimate the possibility of satisfying cooling needs and heating needs in different climate classes. A Trombe-wall was selected as a sample design for the Solar Chimney and was simulated in different climates. The results implied that the solar chimney had the capability of reducing the cooling needs more than 25% in all of the studied locations and 100% in some locations with dry or temperate climate such as Mashhad, Madrid, and Istanbul. It was also observed that the heating needs were satisfied more than 50% in all of the studied locations, even for the continental climate such as Stockholm and 100% in most locations with a dry climate. Therefore, the Solar Chimney reduces energy use, saves environment resources, and it is a cost effective application. Furthermore, it saves the equipment costs in many locations. All the results mentioned above make the solar chimney a very practical and attractive tool for a wide range of climates.

Neste trabalho avaliou-se o desempenho térmico de um ambiente padrão a partir do uso de parede trombe com diferentes configurações e tipologias de uso, por meio de comparação com um ambiente de mesmas dimensões dotado de janelas convencionais, para oito cidades brasileiras, pois o potencial de utilização desta forma de estratégia passiva ainda é pouco estudado no Brasil. A parede trombe consiste em uma \"estufa\" entre uma parede de alta inércia térmica com aberturas inferiores e superiores e uma superfície envidraçada por onde o ambiente mantém contato com o exterior. Este dispositivo é capaz de absorver energia proveniente da radiação solar aquecendo o ar nesta estufa e este ar aquecido pode ser direcionado para o interior ou exterior da edificação a depender da finalidade. Este ar pode ser usado para aquecer o ambiente ou resfriá-lo por meio da ventilação natural. A análise deste trabalho se deu a partir de uma série de simulações computacionais utilizando o software EnergyPlus, versão 7.0 de modo a quantificar e classificar o desempenho térmico de um ambiente padrão dotado deste componente, sob as diversas configurações construtivas. Tanto para aquecimento quanto para resfriamento dos ambientes. A partir destas simulações, elaborou-se um modelo matemático simplificado capaz de quantificar a temperatura do ar no interior dos ambientes em que sejam utilizadas as paredes trombe de modo a tornar possível a utilização deste dispositivo na composição de edificações na fase de projeto, estimando seu desempenho sem que haja necessidade de novas simulações computacionais. O uso das paredes trombe melhorou o conforto térmico dos usuários em edificações localizadas no Brasil, a depender do clima onde estão inseridas, promovendo ventilação natural e aquecimento solar passivo, mesmo quando comparado com o modelo convencional de aberturas. Por fim foi elaborado um aplicativo para sistema Android em dispositivos móveis, possibilitando aos profissionais de projeto identificar a melhor tipologia para a localidade onde se deseja inserir este sistema e prever seu desempenho, contribuindo para que o potencial deste dispositivo seja investigado nas mais diversas regiões brasileiras. / This research evaluated the thermal performance of a standard environment from the use of Trombe wall with different settings and types of use, by comparison with a setting of the same dimensions equipped with conventional windows for eight Brazilian cities, because the potential the utilization of this passive strategy is still little studied in Brazil. A Trombe wall consists of a \"greenhouse\" between a wall of high thermal inertia lower and upper vents and a glazed area where the environment keeps contact with the outside. This device is capable of absorbing energy from solar radiation heating the air this greenhouse and this heated air can be directed to the interior or exterior of the building depending on the purpose. This air can be used to heat the room or cool it by means of natural ventilation. The analysis of this work was made from a series of computer simulations using EnergyPlus software, version 7.0 in order to quantify and classify the thermal performance of a standard environment with this component, under the various construction settings. Both for heating and for cooling environments. From these simulations, we elaborated a simplified mathematical model able to measure the air temperature within the environments in which they are used Trombe walls in order to make use of this device in the composition of buildings in the design stage as possible, estimating its performance without the need for new computer simulations. The use of Trombe walls improved thermal comfort of users in buildings located in Brazil, depending on the climate where they are located , providing natural ventilation and passive solar heating, even when compared with the conventional model of openings. Finally an app for Android system for mobile devices was developed, enabling professionals to identify the best design type to the location where you want to enter this system and predict its performance, contributing to the potential of this device is investigated in several Brazilian regions.

Neste trabalho avaliou-se o desempenho térmico de um ambiente padrão a partir do uso de parede trombe com diferentes configurações e tipologias de uso, por meio de comparação com um ambiente de mesmas dimensões dotado de janelas convencionais, para oito cidades brasileiras, pois o potencial de utilização desta forma de estratégia passiva ainda é pouco estudado no Brasil. A parede trombe consiste em uma \"estufa\" entre uma parede de alta inércia térmica com aberturas inferiores e superiores e uma superfície envidraçada por onde o ambiente mantém contato com o exterior. Este dispositivo é capaz de absorver energia proveniente da radiação solar aquecendo o ar nesta estufa e este ar aquecido pode ser direcionado para o interior ou exterior da edificação a depender da finalidade. Este ar pode ser usado para aquecer o ambiente ou resfriá-lo por meio da ventilação natural. A análise deste trabalho se deu a partir de uma série de simulações computacionais utilizando o software EnergyPlus, versão 7.0 de modo a quantificar e classificar o desempenho térmico de um ambiente padrão dotado deste componente, sob as diversas configurações construtivas. Tanto para aquecimento quanto para resfriamento dos ambientes. A partir destas simulações, elaborou-se um modelo matemático simplificado capaz de quantificar a temperatura do ar no interior dos ambientes em que sejam utilizadas as paredes trombe de modo a tornar possível a utilização deste dispositivo na composição de edificações na fase de projeto, estimando seu desempenho sem que haja necessidade de novas simulações computacionais. O uso das paredes trombe melhorou o conforto térmico dos usuários em edificações localizadas no Brasil, a depender do clima onde estão inseridas, promovendo ventilação natural e aquecimento solar passivo, mesmo quando comparado com o modelo convencional de aberturas. Por fim foi elaborado um aplicativo para sistema Android em dispositivos móveis, possibilitando aos profissionais de projeto identificar a melhor tipologia para a localidade onde se deseja inserir este sistema e prever seu desempenho, contribuindo para que o potencial deste dispositivo seja investigado nas mais diversas regiões brasileiras. / This research evaluated the thermal performance of a standard environment from the use of Trombe wall with different settings and types of use, by comparison with a setting of the same dimensions equipped with conventional windows for eight Brazilian cities, because the potential the utilization of this passive strategy is still little studied in Brazil. A Trombe wall consists of a \"greenhouse\" between a wall of high thermal inertia lower and upper vents and a glazed area where the environment keeps contact with the outside. This device is capable of absorbing energy from solar radiation heating the air this greenhouse and this heated air can be directed to the interior or exterior of the building depending on the purpose. This air can be used to heat the room or cool it by means of natural ventilation. The analysis of this work was made from a series of computer simulations using EnergyPlus software, version 7.0 in order to quantify and classify the thermal performance of a standard environment with this component, under the various construction settings. Both for heating and for cooling environments. From these simulations, we elaborated a simplified mathematical model able to measure the air temperature within the environments in which they are used Trombe walls in order to make use of this device in the composition of buildings in the design stage as possible, estimating its performance without the need for new computer simulations. The use of Trombe walls improved thermal comfort of users in buildings located in Brazil, depending on the climate where they are located , providing natural ventilation and passive solar heating, even when compared with the conventional model of openings. Finally an app for Android system for mobile devices was developed, enabling professionals to identify the best design type to the location where you want to enter this system and predict its performance, contributing to the potential of this device is investigated in several Brazilian regions.

The subject of the thesis is the use of solar thermal technology for the production of low-potential heat. The theoretical part is focus in the solar technology, variants of passive use of solar energy. Describes in detail the solar facades, it's classification in terms of basic criteria. Applications on the project forced ventilation in administrative buildings, installation of solar facade. The work also includes an experiment that deals with the thermal behavior of the air collector.