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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
51

Diversidade e regeneração natural de árvores em florestas de restinga na ilha do Cardoso, Cananéia, SP, Brasil / Diversity and natural regeneration of trees in Restinga Forests in Ilha do Cardoso, Cananéia, SP, Brazil

Faria, Mariana Brando Balazs da Costa 28 November 2008 (has links)
Esta dissertação teve como objetivo analisar a dinâmica de regeneração natural de três formações florestais de restinga (uma Floresta de Restinga Alta Seca - RAS; uma Floresta de Restinga Alta Alagada - RAA; e uma Floresta de Restinga Baixa - RB) com diferentes condições edáficas, composições florísticas e estruturas, da Ilha do Cardoso, Cananéia, SP. Ao longo de um ano, procuramos entender os mecanismos que promovem as variações na composição e estrutura arbórea desses três sistemas. Para isso, entre fevereiro de 2007 e janeiro de 2008 nós acompanhamos a chuva de sementes das três florestas através 90 coletores de sementes de 0,5 m² (30 em cada floresta; Capítulo 1) e a comunidade de plântulas 50 cm de espécies arbóreas, através de 270 parcelas de 1 m² (90 em cada floresta; Capítulo 2). A dinâmica de regeneração natural das florestas foi analisada a partir dos dados de chuva de sementes, da dinâmica de plântulas (três censos em 12 meses), dos dados pré-coletados dos indivíduos arbóreos com DAP 5 cm das três florestas mais os dados ambientais de abertura de dossel (disponibilidade de luz) e teor de matéria orgânica (MO) no solo (Capítulo 3). Em relação à chuva de sementes, a RB apresentou quase o dobro de sementes do que as outras florestas. Por outro lado, a RAS e a RAA apresentaram uma diversidade de espécies significativamente maior do que a RB e uma elevada similaridade florística e estrutural. Quanto à síndrome de dispersão, mais de 95% das sementes e das espécies amostradas foram zoocóricas, indicando a importância da zoocoria para a manutenção e estruturação dessas florestas. As espécies de sementes apresentaram uma alta correspondência com as espécies da comunidade arbórea adulta adjacente aos coletores, sugerindo que as semelhanças e as diferenças de diversidade, de composição florística e de estrutura entre a chuva de sementes da RAS, da RAA e da RB observadas são reflexo da diversidade, da composição florística e da estrutura da comunidade de espécies arbóreas local das três formações florestais. Além disso, como as sementes apresentaram um padrão de deposição agregado e próximo à planta-mãe, propusemos que as espécies das florestas estudadas são principalmente limitadas em relação ao local adequado para a germinação de suas sementes e não à dispersão. Para as plântulas, encontramos uma maior diversidade e riqueza por 3 m² na RB, o oposto do que era esperado, já que a Floresta de Restinga Alta é conhecida por ser uma formação mais complexa e com maior diversidade, em relação aos adultos arbóreos, do que a Floresta de Restinga Baixa. Propusemos, portanto, um modelo hipotético de estruturação dessas comunidades no qual as florestas são estruturadas de formas distintas devido a filtros ecológicos, como a disponibilidade de luz e de nutrientes e eventos estocásticos, que limitam a germinação e o estabelecimento de plântulas, juvenis e adultos. Predizemos também que a inversão de diversidade entre as comunidades de plântulas e de adultos deve-se a processos dependentes da densidade decorrentes do estabelecimento diferenciado na fase de plântula. No Capítulo 3 foi possível testar algumas partes do modelo hipotético de estruturação das comunidades proposto no Capítulo 2. Concluímos que a dinâmica de regeneração natural e seus filtros bióticos e abióticos realmente são importantes para estruturação das comunidades de restinga estudadas. A RB apresentou uma maior abertura de dossel (maior disponibilidade de luz) do que a RAS e a RAA. O recrutamento, a densidade e a riqueza (em 3 m²) de plântulas estiveram positivamente relacionados com a abertura de dossel. No entanto, a RAS e a RAA apresentaram um maior teor de MO do que a RB, e a diversidade da comunidade arbórea adulta esteve positivamente relacionada com a MO. Assim, a disponibilidade de luz parece ser um filtro abiótico importante na germinação e no estabelecimento das plântulas, levando a maiores recrutamentos, densidades e riqueza por 3m² na RB quando comparado à RAS e à RAA. Entretanto, na passagem de plântula/juvenil para adulto a menor densidade de indivíduos e a maior disponibilidade de nutrientes na RAS e na RAA beneficiariam a permanência das espécies, levando à maior diversidade de espécies encontrada nessas florestas. / The goal of this dissertation was to analyze the natural regeneration dynamics of three restinga forests (Tall Restinga Forest TR; Tall Seasonal Swamp Restinga Forest TSR and Short Restinga Forest SR) with different edaphic conditions, floristic composition and structure in Ilha do Cardoso, Cananéia, SP. During a year, we attempted to understand the mechanisms that promote the floristic composition and structure variations in these three systems. For that, between February 2007 and January 2008 we accompanied the forests seed rain using 90 seed traps of 0,5 m² (30 in each forest; Chapter 1) and the seedlings community (tree species; 50 cm) using 270 plots of 1 m² (90 in each forest; Chapter 2). The natural regeneration dynamics was analyzed using the seed rain and the seedling dynamics (three census in 12 months) data, the individuals tree species with DAP 5 cm data and the environment data (canopy openness and organic matter - OM; Chapter 3). In relation to the seed rain, SR presented twice as many seeds as TR and TSR. On the other hand, TR and STR presented a significantly higher diversity than SR and also floristic composition and structure similarity. In respect to the dispersion syndrome, more than 95% of the seeds and species were animal dispersed, indicating the importance of zoochoric dispersal to the maintenance and structuring of these forests. The seeds species showed a higher correspondence with the adult community adjacent to the seed traps, suggesting that diversity, floristic composition and structure similarities and differences among the forests seed rain are a reflection of the forests local adult community diversity, floristic composition and structure. Besides, as the seeds presented an aggregated and close to the parent tree pattern of deposition , we proposed that the forests species are limited mainly by safe sites for seed germination and not by dispersion. For the seedlings, we founded a higher diversity and richness per 3 m² in SR, the opposite of what we had expected since the Tall Restinga Forest is known to be a more complex vegetation, with higher values of richness and diversity for adult trees when compared to Short Restinga Forest. We proposed a hypothetical model of community structuring in which these forests are structured in different ways due to ecological filters, as light and nutrients availability and stochastic events, that limit germination and seedling, juveniles and adults establishment. We predicted, as well, that the diversity inversion between the seedlings and adults community is due to density-dependence factors that are responsible for the differentiated seedling establishment. In Chapter 3, we were able to test some parts of the hypothetical model of community structuring proposed in Chapter 2. We concluded that natural regeneration dynamics and biotic and abiotic filters really are important to the forests community structuring. SR presented a higher canopy openness (higher light availability) than TR and STR. Seedling recruitment, density and richness (in 3 m²) were positively related to the canopy openness. Nevertheless, TR and STR presented higher organic matter contents than SR, and the diversity was positively related to the canopy openness and the OM. Thus, light availability seems to be an important abiotic filter acting in the germination and in the seedling establishment, leading to higher values of recruitment, density and richness per 3 m² in the SR when compared to TR and STR. However, in the seedling/juvenile turn to adult the lower individuals density and the higher nutrients availability in TR and STR would benefit the species permanence, leading to the higher species diversity found in those forests.
52

Monitoramento de áreas restauradas no interior do estado de São Paulo, Brasil. / Monitoring of restored areas in the interior of Sao Paulo state, Brazil.

Siqueira, Ludmila Pugliese de 26 June 2002 (has links)
O estudo teve por objetivo analisar alguns aspectos de dinâmica florestal que pudessem ser utilizados no monitoramento de áreas restauradas. O plantio destas áreas foi baseado no mesmo modelo de restauração. Tal modelo está fundamentado em conceitos de sucessão secundária, utilização preferencial de espécies nativas regionais, e parâmetros de densidade dos indivíduos conforme encontrado para os remanescentes florestais da região. A primeira área (área A) está situada a margem esquerda do rio Piracicaba, na área urbana deste município. No plantio desta área foram utilizadas 35 espécies. Esta área foi plantada em 1991, estando com 10 anos na época em que foi realizado o estudo. A segunda área (área B) está situada às margens da represa de abastecimento municipal de Iracemápolis. O plantio desta área, onde foram utilizadas 140 espécies, teve início em 1987 apresentando, aproximadamente, 14 anos na época em que foi realizado o estudo. Em cada uma destas áreas, foram instaladas 10 parcelas de 10 x 10m, dentro das quais foram alocadas, de forma aleatória, 9 subparcelas para avalição dos indicadores selecionados. O banco de sementes foi avaliado mediante 30 amostras de solo em subparcelas de 0,25 x 0,25m realizadas nas estações chuvosa e seca de 2001. A chuva de sementes foi quantificada mensalmente através da amostra do material depositado em 30 coletores de 0,5 x 0,5m. Para a amostragem do estrato de regeneração foi realizado o levantamento de todos os indivíduos entre 0,30 e 2m presentes dentro de 30 subparcelas de 1 x 1m. O banco de sementes da área A apresentou densidade média de 328,53 sementes.m -2 na estação chuvosa e de 245,87 sementes.m -2 na seca. Na área B a densidade encontrada nas amostras do banco de sementes foi 1.131,73 sementes. m -2 na estação chuvosa e 685,30 sementes.m -2 na estação seca. Não foi verificada variação sazonal no banco de sementes para as duas áreas. A maior parte das espécies encontradas no banco foi caracterizada como herbácea. Na análise da chuva de sementes foram verificadas variações sazonais na frutificação e espaciais na dispersão das sementes. A densidade média de sementes depositadas no período de um ano foi de 591,33 sementes.m -2. A maior porcentagem de indivíduos depositado nos coletores apresentou síndrome de dispersão zoocórica. Espécies iniciais foram predominantes na chuva de sementes. O estrato de regeneração da área A apresentou baixa riqueza de espécies, sendo a maior parte dos indivíduos amostrados pertencentes a uma única espécie, Leucaena leucochephala. Nesta área foram encontrada apenas 2 espécies e a densidade obtida foi inferior a um. Na área B foram encontradas 15 espécies de 11 famílias, sendo a densidade média obtida igual 1 indivíduo.m -2. Os resultados indicam que na área B foi possível criar uma ambiente favorável a regeneração natural e que na área A esta regeneração pode estar sendo limitada em função da agressividade e atividade alelopática da Leucaena leucocephala. Também o número inicial das espécies, a idade e o tamanho das áreas, a qualidade do terreno e a intensidade de manejos anteriores podem influenciar este resultado. Dentre os indicadores selecionados, o estrato de regeneração foi o mais confiável para o monitoramento das áreas. / The study was seeking to analyze some aspects of forestry dynamics that could be used in monitoring restored areas. The planting of these areas was based on the same restoration models. Such models are based in concepts of secondary succession, regional native species preferential usage and density parameters of the individuals as it's found for the forestry remains in the region. The first area (A) is located at the left margin of the Piracicaba River, in the urban area of this town. In the planting of this area 35 species were used. The area was planted in 1991, being 10 years old by the time of the study. The second area (B) is located at the margins of the city water supply dam in Iracemápolis. The planting of this area, where 140 species were used, began in 1987, being around 14 years old when the study was performed. In each of these areas, ten 10 x 10m parcels were installed, inside of which nine sub-parcels for evaluating the selected indicators were randomly placed. The seed bank was evaluated by 30 soil samples in 0,25 x 0,25m sub-parcels, performed in the dry and wet seasons in 2001. The seed rain was monthly quantified through samples of the material allocated in thirty 0,50 x 0,50m collectors. For the regeneration stratum sampling, a counting of all the individuals between 0,30 and 2 m was performed, inside thirty 1 x 1m sub-parcels. The seed bank in area A showed average density of 328,53 seeds.m -2 in the rainy season and 245,87 seeds.m -2 in the dry one. In area B, the density was 1.131,73 seeds.m -2 in the rainy season and 685,30 seeds.m -2 in the dry one. Seasonal variation in the seed bank was not verified for both areas. Most of the species found in the bank was classified as herbaceous. In the seed rain analysis, seasonal variations in fruiting were verified, likewise spatial ones in the seeds dispersion. The average seeds density found within a year period was 591,33 seeds.m -2. The highest percentage of individuals found on the collectors showed zoochoric dispersion syndrome. Early species were majority in the seed rain. The regeneration stratum in area A showed low species diversity, being the majority from a unique species, Leucaena leucochephala. In this area, only two species were found and the average density was below one. In area B, 15 species of 11 families were found, being the average density equals one individual.m -2. The results show that in area B it was possible to create a favorable environment to a natural regeneration, and in area A this regeneration can be limited due to the Leucaena leucochephala aggressiveness and alelopathic activity. Also, the initial number of the species, the age and the size of the areas, the quality of the land and the intensity of previous management can influence the results.
53

Alterações nos fluxos de gases do solo e na ciclagem de carbono e nitrogênio após aquecimento do solo em áreas de Mata Atlântica / Changes in soil gas fluxes and the cycling of carbon and nitrogen after heating the soil in areas of Mata Atlantica forest

Martins, Luiz Felipe Borges 01 July 2011 (has links)
O aquecimento global é considerado um dos mais sérios problemas ambientais da atualidade mundial e suas consequências afetam de maneira severa diversos biomas já ameaçados, principalmente em ecossistemas tropicais. O estado de conservação de todos os biomas brasileiros é uma questão de grande preocupação e por esta razão, a Mata Atlântica, um dos ecossistemas florestais que mais sofreu redução em seu vasto domínio, ainda é um bioma extremamente rico em biodiversidade, com altos níveis de endemismo, apesar do intenso desmatamento e fragmentação. Diante de sua importância biogeoquímica, os objetivos principais do presente estudo foram compreender de que maneira o fenômeno de elevação da temperatura global afeta as emissões naturais de gases de efeito estufa (GEE) provenientes do solo e de que modo o acréscimo da temperatura influencia na ciclagem de nutrientes como carbono e nitrogênio. Para isso, o solo foi aquecido artificialmente em 5ºC para se avaliar o comportamento das emissões sob maiores temperaturas. O estudo foi realizado no Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, no Núcleo Santa Virgínia, onde predomina a formação de Floresta Ombrófila Densa Altimontana. As amostras foram coletadas quatro vezes ao ano em campanhas de 10 dias, durante os meses de setembro e novembro de 2009 e janeiro e agosto de 2010. O sistema de aquecimento funcionou de maneira satisfatória como esperado e o aumento da temperatura ocorreu por radiação térmica de maneira lenta e gradativa. O aumento da temperatura não resultou em diferenças significativas na umidade do solo para os diferentes tratamentos. O aquecimento resultou em um aumento expressivo das emissões de CO2 e N2O, porém não apresentou diferenças para os fluxos de CH4. O aumento do fluxo dos gases pode representar uma tendência da diminuição do estoque (substrato) de carbono disponível no solo ao longo do tempo. A variação de CO2 a curto prazo pode ter sido consequência do aumento da respiração radicular e de heterótrofos presentes na rizosfera. Para o N2O a maior temperatura pode ter intensificado o metabolismo da microbiota desnitrificadora, resultando assim em maiores emissões de N2O para a atmosfera. O consumo de CH4 não apresentou diferenças significativas durante os períodos amostrados. Estudos que manipulam a temperatura do solo permitem um maior conhecimento dos processos envolvidos na emissão de gases pela atividade microbiana, mas infelizmente não permitem uma conclusão precisa a respeito do comportamento do sistema solo-atmosfera por completo devido aos inúmeros fatores que afetam esses processos de maneiras distintas. É preciso aprofundar nossos conhecimentos da dinâmica desses processos para um melhor entendimento de como a futura interação do ciclo global do C responderá às mudanças climáticas, e como será possível antecipar os efeitos negativos dessas interações que ocorrem na natureza, principalmente entre o C e o N do solo e da atmosfera. / The global warming is considered one of the most serious environmental problem of nowadays and its severe consequences affects already threatened biomes, particularly in tropical ecosystems. The conservation status of all biomes is a matter of great concern, and for this reason, the Atlantic forest, one of the most threatened ecosystems of the Planet, is still extremely rich in biodiversity, with high endemic levels, despite the intense deforestation and fragmentation. Given its biogeochemistry importance, the main objectives of this study were to understand how the phenomenon of rising global temperatures affects natural emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) from soil, and how the warming influences the cycling of nutrients such as carbon and nitrogen. For this, the soil was artificially heated at 5ºC to evaluate the emissions response at higher temperatures. The study was conducted at Serra do Mar State Park Núcleo Sta. Virgínia, were the formation of montane Rain Forest predominates. Gas samples were collected four times a year on 10 days campaigns during the months of September and November 2009 and January and August 2010. The heating system worked satisfactorily as expected and the temperature was increased by thermal radiation in a slow and gradual way. The temperature increase resulted in no significant differences in soil moisture for the different treatments. The higher temperature resulted in a significant increase in emissions of CO2 and N2O, but no difference was noticed to the flows of CH4. The higher emissions of gases may represent a trend of decrease in the pool of readily available carbon in the soil over time. The short-term variation of CO2 may have been a consequence of increased root respiration and heterotrophic microbiota in the rhizosphere. For the N2O results, the temperature may have enhanced the metabolism of denitrifying microbiota, thus resulting in higher emissions of N2O to the atmosphere. The consumption of CH4 showed no significant differences during the studied periods. Studies that manipulate the soil temperature allow a better understanding of the involved processes in the emission of gases by microbial activity, but unfortunately do not allow a precise conclusion about the response of the soilatmosphere system altogether because there are many factors that affects these processes in distinct ways. We need to further improve our knowledge on the dynamics of these processes for a better understanding of how the future interaction between the global carbon cycle responds to climate change, and how we anticipate the negative effects of those interactions that occur in nature, mainly between C and N present in the soil and in the atmosphere
54

Behavioural and ecological interactions between Heliconius butterflies, their predators and host plants

Dalbosco Dell'Aglio, Denise January 2016 (has links)
Heliconius butterflies exhibit Müllerian mimicry, in which two or more unpalatable species share a mutual advantage from having a common conspicuous colour pattern. These tropical butterflies have impressive visual signals, which are under conflicting selection pressures, as they are used in choosing potential mates and defending against visual predators through aposematic coloration. As both selection pressures are likely to be strong, different elements of the signal might be adapted for different receivers. Here, I combine sensory ecology with behavioural ecology to explain Heliconius colours signals of different co-mimic pairs. I explore how mimicry in Heliconius is perceived both from the perspective of predators and conspecifics, using visual abilities of both butterflies and birds. The different visual sensitivities of avian predators, H. erato females and males make them to perceive Heliconius coloration in different ways. My work suggests that having the ability to see in the ultra-violet light range enables higher discrimination between co-mimics both for birds and butterflies. Heliconius warning colours transmit a consistent signal across time of the day and habitat in a tropical forest for avian vision. In contrast through Heliconius vision there is evidence that patterns are more conspicuous in their own habitats. All these traits could facilitate communication between co-mimics and reduce the cost of confusion in courtship while still maintaining the advantages of Müllerian mimicry against predation. I conducted a field experiment to show that attack rates on a novel distasteful butterfly reduced over time, suggesting that Heliconius wing colouration can enhance aversion among predators. Finally, I have shown that Heliconius butterflies use leaf shape as a cue to approach their host plants, demonstrating the potential for Heliconius to drive negative frequency dependent selection on the leaf shape of their Passiflora host plants. Overall these results highlight ecological interactions between Heliconius butterflies, their predators and host plants.
55

Limitations nutritives des microorganismes décomposeurs du sol et de la litière en forêt tropicale de Guyane française / Nutritional limitation of soil and litter microbial decomposers in a tropical rainforest of French Guiana

Fanin, Nicolas 19 December 2012 (has links)
Les essences de forêts tropicales sont caractérisées par une importante variabilité de la qualité et de la stœchiométrie des feuilles qui tombent au sol. Les microorganismes hétérotrophes à la base des réseaux trophiques de décomposeurs dépendent principalement de ces ressources organiques qui varient de façon substantielle à petite échelle quant à la quantité et la contribution relative de certains éléments clés tels que le carbone (C), l'azote (N) et le phosphore (P). J'ai évalué au cours de cette thèse comment les variations de qualité et de stœchiométrie C:N:P de la ressource influençaient l'activité, la biomasse, la stœchiométrie et la structure des communautés des décomposeurs microbiens. J'ai réalisé ce travail en forêt Amazonienne de Guyane française sur des sols extrêmement appauvris en nutriments où les microorganismes hétérotrophes sont supposés être particulièrement dépendants du C et des nutriments provenant des litières. J'ai d'abord démontré que la qualité du C et le contenu en P des feuilles de litières expliquaient plus de 50% de la variabilité observée du processus de respiration microbien (SIR) du sol sous-jacent. Lors d'une expérience de fertilisation factorielle avec du C (sous forme de cellulose), de l'N (sous forme d'urée) et du P (sous forme de phosphate) sur le terrain, j'ai ensuite confirmé que la SIR de la communauté du sol était co-limitée par C et P, alors la SIR dans la litière était co-limitée par N et P. Ces limitations différentielles dans les litières et le sol sous-jacent étaient reliées à des modifications de la structure des communautés microbiennes, et en particulier des changements du ratio champignon:bactérie et de la proportion de bactéries copiotrophes et oligotrophes. Finalement au cours d'une expérience d'incubation au laboratoire, j'ai montré que la biomasse, la stœchiométrie et la structure des communautés microbiennes de la litière différaient fortement entre six litières chimiquement contrastées variant dans leur stœchiométrie initiale C:N:P. Cependant, les variations des paramètres microbiens étaient mieux expliqués par les caractéristiques de la fraction soluble des litières (y compris sa stœchiométrie) que par la qualité de la litière dans son ensemble, entrainant des variations de la stœchiométrie de la biomasse microbienne et un shift vers une dominance fongique en réponse à une augmentation de la stœchiométrie C:N:P des lessivâts. Collectivement, ces résultats montrent que des qualités de litière distinctes produites par une importante diversité d'essences forestières contrôlent la structure, la stœchiométrie, l'abondance et l'activité des communautés microbiennes des litières à petites échelles spatiales en forêt tropicale d'Amazonie. Par ailleurs, les litières en décomposition stimulent également les communautés microbiennes du sol sous-jacent, qui apparaissent être limitées par l'accès combiné à une source de C (énergie) et de P. L'importance de la contrainte stœchiométrique pour les microorganismes hétérotrophes à la base des réseaux trophiques de décomposeurs suggère que des modifications de la composition des communautés végétales ou des dépositions atmosphériques de N et/ou P peuvent avoir des conséquences plus lointaines sur les cycles du C et des nutriments au sein des biomes tropicaux. / Tree species-rich tropical rainforests are characterized by a high variability in quality and stoichiometry of leaf litter input to the soil. Microbial heterotrophs in the decomposer food web depend primarily on these organic resources that can vary dramatically in quantity, quality and relative contribution in key elements such as carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P). I evaluated during this thesis how differences in leaf litter resource quality and C:N:P stoichiometry influence the activity, biomass, stoichiometry and community structure of microbial decomposers. I did this work in the Amazonian rainforest of French Guiana, where the soils are highly nutrient-impoverished and microbial heterotrophs are assumed to be particularly dependent on litter-derived nutrients. I first showed that leaf litter C quality and P content explained more than 50% of the observed variability of the microbial respiration process in the underlying soil. Using a fertilization experiment with C (as cellulose), N (as urea), and P (as phosphate) in the field, I further showed that microbial respiration process in the litter layer was co-limited by N and P, while that in the soil was co-limited by C and P. Additionally, distinct nutritional limitations in litter and underlying soil were related to shifts in the microbial community structure, especially regarding the fungi:bacteria ratio and the proportion of copiotrophic versus oligotrophic bacteria. Finally, during a laboratory incubation experiment, I showed that litter microbial biomass, stoichiometry and community structure differed strongly among leaf litter from six different tree species varying in C:N:P stoichiometry. The variations in microbial parameters among substrate litters, however, were not related to bulk leaf litter quality, but rather driven by the stoichiometry of the soluble fraction, with larger microbial C:nutrients ratios and a shift towards fungal dominance with increasing litter leachate C:N:P stoichiometry. Collectively, these results showed that the distinct leaf litter quality produced by a diverse tree canopy controls the structure, stoichiometry, abundance and activity of microbial communities in the studied Amazonian rainforest at small spatial scales. Moreover, the decomposing leaf litter stimulates microbial communities in the underlying soil that appear to be under the combined control of energy (C) and P availability. The strong stoichiometric constraint on microbial heterotrophs in the decomposer food web suggests far-ranging consequences on ecosystem C and nutrient cycling with ongoing alteration of nutrient deposition and tree species diversity in tropical rainforests..
56

Response of rainforest trees to climate warming along an elevational gradient in the Peruvian Andes

Stone, Philippa Mary Rose January 2018 (has links)
The tropical rainforests of the Peruvian Andes are some of the most biodiverse and most vulnerable to climate warming in the world. The Andes are predicted to experience substantial increases in warming of between +2 °C to +5 °C by the end of the century, in addition to an increases in the frequency of high temperature extremes, drought and flood events. The response of these forests to climate change over the next century has global relevance, due to the high levels of endemic species present and the potential role these areas will play as refugia for lowland species. Despite this, the response of tropical montane forests (TMCFs) to climate change remains under-studied. Our current understanding of how Andean species will respond to climate change is based on studies of past compositional changes. Upslope shifts in plant communities of approximately 1.2 - 2.0 m·y-1 have been observed along elevational gradients within Central and South America over the last decade. Based on these migration rates, it has been estimated that the majority of communities will lag behind increases in temperature by 5.5 °C by the end of the century. The implications of this for populations at the trailing range edge is unclear, due to a lack of mechanistic data concerning the acclimatory limits of rainforest species. When faced with rapid warming plant species will need to rapidly adapt, acclimate or migrate in order to survive. In the case of Andean species, migration rates may not be sufficient for a species to remain within its optimal thermal niche and adaptive responses will likely be too slow to be effective, hence individuals will have to acclimate in situ to prevent a decline in performance. The acclimatory ability of species can be quantified by measuring changes in performance, leaf physiology and anatomy in response to experimental manipulations of climate, however such studies are rare within the tropics. Here we carried out a seedling transplant experiment, utilising an extensive 400-3500 m asl elevational gradient in the Peruvian Andes, to simulate climate warming and upslope migration of tree seedlings under real-world conditions. To provide context for the transplant study, natural variation in leaf anatomical traits and physiological stress were explored for twelve species belonging to lowland (LF), mid-elevation (LMF) and tropical montane cloud forest communities. Adults and seedlings from the centre and furthest-most extent of each species' elevational range were studied and compared. Seedlings of each elevational forest community were transplanted downslope and upslope of their local elevational range by the equivalent of ±2 °C and ±4 °C in mean annual temperature. The experiment followed the transplanted seedlings of eleven species over a one year period, monitoring survival, growth and physiological stress (Fv/Fm) of individuals. The acclimatory ability of a subset of these species was quantified by measuring changes in photosynthetic capacity (Vcmax and Jmax), respiratory capacity (Rd) and anatomical traits (Na, Pa, LMA, LDMC) in response to transplantation. The results showed that within the natural population there was little evidence of leaf trait acclimation to elevational shifts in climate, but also little evidence of physiological stress at the trailing range edge. There were however differences in the leaf trait strategies employed by each elevational community, increasing in abiotic stress-tolerance with elevation. Physiological stress was greatest in the seedling population and, unlike the adult population, increased slightly at the trailing edge. This indicated that seedlings were more vulnerable to warming than their adult counterparts and at mid-elevations TMCF seedlings were more vulnerable than LMF seedlings. Seedling survival and growth declined in response to transplantation away from the home elevation for the majority of species, with upslope declines as a result of abiotic limitations, and downslope declines due to biotic limitations. All seedlings were found to be able to acclimate their respiratory capacity in response to transplantation, however this was not the case for photosynthetic capacity. LMF species performed significantly better than TMCF seedlings with transplantation, demonstrating a greater acclimatory capacity for photosynthesis. LMF species were able to adjust Jmax in order to maintain rates at ambient temperatures, but were not able to upregulate Vcmax upslope, whereas TMCF species were not able to respond in either transplant direction. Overall, these findings suggest that under moderate warming scenarios LMF species will have a competitive advantage over TMCF species at mid-elevations, gradually expanding their range into TMCF species' habitat over the next century. As a result of this and due to the slow pace of upslope migration, we predict that TMCF species will undergo range retractions and possible extinctions. The speed of this response will be determined by the trajectory of future warming and the frequency of extreme climatic events.
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Non-random inter-specific encounters between Amazon understory forest birds : what are theyand how do they change / Encontra interespecífica não aleatória entre aves de sub-bosque amazônico: qual elas são e como elas mudam?

Poitevin, Caroline Myriam January 2016 (has links)
Os bandos mistos de aves são agregações sociais complexas estáveis durante o tempo e espaço. Até hoje, a estrutura social dessas espécies foi descrita a partir de estudos subjetivos de campo ou a partir de compilações do número e intensidade das interações a nível de todo o grupo, sem considerar as interações par-a-par individualmente. Nossos objetivos foram buscar evidências de associações não-randômicas entre pares de espécies de aves, delimitar os grupos a partir das espécies com as associações mais fortes e verificar se há diferenças na estrutura social entre os habitat de floresta primária e secundária. Utilizamos dados de ocorrência das espécies coletados a partir de redes de neblina e gravação de vocalizações para identificar pares de espécies que foram co-detectadas mais frequentemente do que o esperado a partir do modelo nulo e compararamos a força dessa interação entre as florestas tropicais primária e secundária Amazônicas. Nós também utilizamos as associações par-a-par para construir as redes de interação social e suas mudanças entre os tipos de habitat. Nós encontramos muitas interações positivas fortes entre as espécies, mas nenhuma evidência de repulsão. As análises das redes de interação revelaram vários grupos de espécies que corroboram com grupos ecológios descritos na literatura. Além disso, tanto a estrutura da rede de interação como a força da interação se alteraram drasticamente com a perturbação do habitat, com formação de algumas associações novas, mas uma tendência geral para quebra de associações entre as espécies. Nossos resultados mostram que as interações sociais entre essas aves podem ser fortemente afetados pela degradação do habitat, sugerindo que a estabilidade das interações desenvolvida entre espécies é ameaçada pelos distúrbios causados pelo homem. / Inter-specific associations of birds are complex social phenomena, frequently detected and often stable over time and space. So far, the social structure of these associations has been largely deduced from subjective assessments in the field or by counting the number of inter-specific encounters at the whole-group level, without considering changes to individual pairwise interactions. Here, we look for evidence of non-random association between pairs of bird species, delimit groups of more strongly associated species and examine differences in social structure between old growth and secondary forest habitat. We used records of bird species detection from mist-netting capture and from acoustic recordings to identify pairwise associations that were detected more frequently than expected under a null distribution, and compared the strength of these associations between old-growth and secondary forest Amazonian tropical forest. We also used the pairwise strength associations to visualize the social network structure and its changes between habitat types. We found many strongly positive interactions between species, but no evidence of repulsion. Network analyses revealed several modules of species that broadly agree with the subjective groupings described in the ornithological literature. Furthermore, both network structure and association strength changed drastically with habitat disturbance, with the formation of a few new associations but a general trend towards the breaking of associations between species. Our results show that social grouping in birds is real and may be strongly affected by habitat degradation, suggesting that the stability of the associations is threatened by anthropogenic disturbance.
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Samambaias e licófitas da Floresta Atlântica Nordestina: Gradiente latitudinal, aspectos ambientais e distância geográfica

Mendonça, Juan Diego Lourenço de 24 March 2015 (has links)
Submitted by Jean Medeiros (jeanletras@uepb.edu.br) on 2016-04-13T13:48:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Juan Diego Lourenço de Mendonça.pdf: 998454 bytes, checksum: 8501c615cfe72cc28fd6b9193f796f82 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Secta BC (secta.csu.bc@uepb.edu.br) on 2016-06-13T20:27:41Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Juan Diego Lourenço de Mendonça.pdf: 998454 bytes, checksum: 8501c615cfe72cc28fd6b9193f796f82 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-13T20:27:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Juan Diego Lourenço de Mendonça.pdf: 998454 bytes, checksum: 8501c615cfe72cc28fd6b9193f796f82 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The Atlantic Forest is one of the most important "hotspot" for conservation in the world, however the north of this forest have more fragmented and less studied portion. Due to lower species richness that ferns and Lycophytes have, compared with the angiosperms, and also its restriction on microhabitats, these groups has been receiving more attention in ecological studies, given the relative practicality to inventory. Thus, we analyze how some variables can influence the floristic richness and composition of these groups in 30 sample units. We applied a multiple regression, an ordinance (CAP) and the Mantel test to see how the factors are influencing the richness and species composition. We find that the richness of these groups had a significant relationship with the latitudinal gradient, tending to increased towards the lower latitudes and in places with fewer dry months and elevated localities. Separately the richness ferns also increased with the lowest levels of the average number of dry months and historical average rainfall. Already the lycophytes had their richness related to lower levels of vegetation. The composition of the sites shown to be influenced by the geographical distance, altitude, longitude and medium and minimum length of the dry months. Thus, our study emphasizes the deterministic aspects of the richness and composition species of ferns and Lycophytes in the Northeastern Atlantic Forest. / A Floresta Atlântica é um dos mais importantes “hotspots” para conservação da biodiversidade no mundo, no entanto ao norte desta Floresta temos a porção mais fragmentada e menos estudada. Devido a menor riqueza taxonômica que as samambaias e licófitas possuem, quando comparada com as angiospermas, e também a sua restrição à microhabitats, estes grupos vem recebendo maior atenção nos estudos ecológicos, dada a relativa praticidade em inventariamento. Desta forma, buscamos analisar como algumas variáveis podem influenciar na riqueza e composição destes grupos florísticos em 30 unidades amostrais. Aplicamos uma regressão múltipla, uma ordenação (CAP) e o Teste de Mantel, para observar como os fatores estariam influenciando na riqueza e composição das espécies. Encontramos que a riqueza desses grupos apresentaram uma relação significativa com o gradiente latitudinal, tendendo a aumentar na direção das menores latitudes, nas localidades com menor número de meses secos e localidades elevadas. Separadamente a riqueza das samambaias também aumentou com os menores índices do número médio de meses secos e com a precipitação média histórica. Já as licófitas tiveram sua riqueza relacionada com os menores índices de vegetação. A composição dos sítios mostrou ser influenciada pela distância geográfica, altitude, longitude e comprimento médio e mínimo de meses secos. Desta forma, nosso estudo enfatiza os aspectos determinísticos para a riqueza e composição das espécies de samambaias e licófitas na Floresta Atlântica Nordestina.
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Fenologia e caracteres morfofuncionais de esp?cies de Miconia Ruiz & Pav. (Melastomataceae) em Floresta ciliar, Chapada Diamantina, Bahia

Lima, Mara R?bia de Oliveira 21 March 2013 (has links)
Submitted by Verena Bastos (verena@uefs.br) on 2015-10-02T14:07:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 45-mara-rubia-dissertacao-completa-21-03-2013.pdf: 2507364 bytes, checksum: ff7d2243b7ca90f0ef456fa17718207d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-10-02T14:07:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 45-mara-rubia-dissertacao-completa-21-03-2013.pdf: 2507364 bytes, checksum: ff7d2243b7ca90f0ef456fa17718207d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-21 / Was conducted a study of reproductive phenology of three species of Miconia Ruiz & Pav. (Melastomataceae) occurring in the gallery forest Len??is river, in Len??is Municipality (12 ? 27'30 "S and 41 ? 27'56" W), Chapada Diamantina, discussing reproductive strategies found in sympatric species with similar morphology of flowers and fruits. The phenological observations were made monthly for 48 months in individuals of the species Miconia alborufescens Naud.,Miconia holosericea (L.) DC. and Miconia prasina (Sw) DC., being accompanied phenophases bud, flower, immature fruit and ripe fruits. The species exhibited a pattern reproductive annual, seasonal, sequential, varying its duration. The offer of flowers occurred typically the beginning of the rainy season and no overlap between species. The offer of fruits occurred since the mid rainy season and the dry season without overlapping. The circular statistical tests indicated strong seasonality of fenofases. The irregularity of rainfall and prolonged drought occurred in the last year of observation influence at the time of the manifestation of reproductive phenology M. holosericea and M. prasina, but they fit for the supply of the resource was not superimposed, favoring the maintenance of pollinators and dispersers to these associates. / Foi realizado um estudo da fenologia reprodutiva de tr?s esp?cies de Miconia Ruiz & Pav. (Melastomataceae) ocorrentes na floresta ciliar do rio Len??is, no Munic?pio de Len??is (12?27?30?S e 41?27?56?W), Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brasil, discutindo as estrat?gias reprodutivas encontradas em esp?cies simp?tricas com morfologia similar de flores e frutos. As observa??es fenol?gicas foram realizadas mensalmente por 48 meses em indiv?duos das esp?cies Miconia alborufescens Naud., Miconia holosericea (L.) DC. e Miconia prasina (Sw) DC., sendo acompanhadas as fenofases de bot?o, flor, fruto imaturo e fruto maduro. As esp?cies exibiram um padr?o reprodutivo anual, sazonal, sequencial, com dura??o variada. A oferta de flores ocorreu tipicamente no in?cio da esta??o chuvosa e sem sobreposi??o entre as esp?cies. A oferta de frutos ocorreu desde a esta??o chuvosa at? meados da esta??o seca e sem sobreposi??o. Os testes de estat?stica circular indicaram forte sazonalidade das fenofases.A irregularidade da precipita??o e a estiagem prolongada ocorrida no ?ltimo na o de observa??o influenciou a fenologia reprodutiva de M. holosericea e M. prasina, por?m as mesmas ajustaram-se fenologicamente para que a oferta do recurso n?o fosse sobreposta, favorecendo a manuten??o da fauna de polinizadores e dispersores a estas associadas.
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Microbiomes of the Amazon forest: bacterial diversity and community structure in the phyllosphere, litter and soil / Microbiomas da floresta Amazônica: diversidade e estrutura da comunidade bacteriana na filosfera, serapilheira e solo

Moreira, Julio Cezar Fornazier 05 February 2019 (has links)
Forest biomes cover approximately 38 million km2 worldwide, from which one third represent tropical and subtropical forests. Among these biomes, the Amazon forest is one of the most important for its roles in global climate regulation and dueling high levels of plant, animal and microbial diversity. The Amazon forest represents 60% of Brazilian territory and has been constantly threatened by the expansion of agricultural and animal husbandry areas. The reduction of the biodiversity levels in the Amazon may result in unforeseen impacts on the stability of the biome. The role of the microorganisms in this process is unknown. In general, the knowledge about the microbial diversity and community structure in the Amazon forest, as well the drivers of these community are poorly understood. It has been observed in the Brazilian Atlantic forest that the bacterial communities associated to the phyllosphere, dermosphere and rhizosphere of several tree species are unique and depend on the plant taxon. In order to unravel the drivers of the bacterial communities associated to plants of the Amazon forest in specific microenvironments, we evaluated the bacterial communities associated with the phyllosphere, litter and rhizospheric soil of nine tree species at three time points in a pristine Amazon forest in Brazil, using high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA genes. Our results showed that bacterial alpha diversity in the rhizosphere is higher than in the phyllosphere. However, the phyllosphere showed higher levels of heterogeneity (i.e. higher beta diversity). We also observed that an extreme drought during the ENSO 2015-2016 affected mainly the phyllosphere bacterial communities, inducing decreases in alpha diversity and increases in beta diversity. Our results also showed that plant species and plant functional traits are important drivers of the bacterial communities in the Amazon forest. In general, our data indicate that even though plant species is an important determinant of phyllosphere, litter and rhizospheric soil bacterial community structures, extreme climatic events (such as drought) may induce significant changes in bacterial diversity and community structure of the Amazon forest trees, with possible changes in functionality. / Biomas flroestais cobrem aproximadamente 38 milhões de km2 do globo terrestre, dos quais um terço é representado por florestas tropicais e subtropicais. Dentre esses biomas, a floresta Amazônica é uma das mais importantes, uma vez que possui papéis chave na regulação climética e na manutenção da diversidade vegetal, animal e microbiana. A floresta Amazônica representa 60 % do território brasileiro e tem sido constantemente ameaçada pela expanção da agricultura e pecuária. A redução dos níveis de biodiversidade na floresta Amazônica podem resultar em impactos graves e desconhecidos na estabilidade do bioma, uma vez que es papéis desempenhados por microganismos são desconhecidos. Em geral, a diversidade e estrutura da comunidade microbiana na floresta Amazônica, bem como os fatores que moldam essas comunidade são pouco estudados. Tem sido observado na Mata Atlântica que comunidades bacterianas associadas a filosfera, dermosfera e rizosfera de diversas espécies vegetais são únicas e dependentes da espécie vegetal. Com o intuito de revelar quais são os fatores moduladores das comunidades bacterianas associadas a espécies vegetais em micro-ambientes específicos da floresta Amazônica, nós avaliamos a comunidade bacteriana associada a filosfera, serapilheira e solo rizosférico de nove espécies vegetais em três épocas ao longo de um ano em uma parcela natural de floresta Amazônica no Brasil, utilizando plataforma de sequenciamento de alto rendimento do gene 16S rRNA. Nossos resultados destacam que alfa diversidade bateriana na rizosfera é maior que na filosfera. Contudo, a filosfera apresentou alto níveis de heterogeneidade, (altos valores de beta diversidade). Nós também observamos que a extreme seca ocasionada durante o evento climático ENSO 2015-2016 afetou principalmente as comunidade bacterianas na filosfera, induzindo a diminuição da alfa diversidade e o aumento da beta diversidade. Nossos resultados também mostraram que a espécie vegetal e parâmetros funcionais relaciados a espécie vegetal foram importantes moduladores das comunidades bacterianas na floresta Amazônica. Em geral, nossos dados indicam que a embora a espécie vegetal seja um importante determinante das comunidades bacterianas associadas a filosfera, serapilhiera e solo rizosférico, eventos climáticos extremos (tal como secas severas) podem induzir significantes mudanças na diversidade e estrutura das comunidades bacterianas das espécies vegetais da floresta Amazônica, com possíveis mudanças na funcionalidade.

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