This study examines if, and how recruiters identify and assess trustworthiness in potential leaders. This could benefit less experienced managers in the tools and methods they could use as well as the traits that should be focused on in order to find trustworthy leaders. By recruiting trustworthy leaders, team performance and organizational result could both increase. Five managers were interviewed in the Swedish industrial sector regarding theirleader preferences during recruitment. The analysis of interview transcripts was conducted using a thematic analysis approach. The study draws on the theoretical perspectives on trustworthiness in leadership presented by Willink & Babin (2017) to provide a conceptual framework for interpreting the empirical evidence.  The theoretical perspectives emphasize the importance of trustworthiness as a key leadership trait and outline the characteristics that leaders should embody to foster a culture of trust. The analysis of interview transcripts focuses on how recruiters recognize and evaluate leaders who demonstrate transparency, authenticity, reliability, and the four aspects of successful leadership identified by Willink & Babin (2017): ownership, belief, ego management, and recognition that there are no bad teams, only bad leaders. The empirical evidence collected from the interview transcripts provides valuable insights into the recruiters' perspectives on leadership qualities, particularly in terms of trustworthiness, and the methods they use to assess potential leaders. The thematic analysis identified four main themes: (1) Key leadership traits, (2) Personal Experiences Shaping Leadership Preferences, (3) Techniques for Assessing traits during interview and (4) Assistance, tools, and work methods for assessing candidate’s traits.  By examining the empirical evidence through the lens of the theoretical concepts covered in the theoretical framework and the identified themes, it becomes apparent that traits related to trustworthiness are sought after by the studied senior managers. The managers' emphasis on trustworthiness related traits, such as communication skills, empathy, and integrity, aligns with the principles of authenticity, self-awareness, and reliability discussed in the literature. The study highlights the significance of identifying trustworthy leaders and the challenges that recruiters face when selecting candidates who possess these traits. The findings have implications for organizations seeking to enhance their selection processes and improve their ability to choose future leaders who will foster trust within their teams and contribute to the growth and success of their organizations.

The current study explored whether childhood bullying has a lasting impact on the quality of adult romantic relationships. A complete case analysis of 86 participant responses examined the association between bullying, insecure attachment, romantic relationship satisfaction, and trust. The findings partially supported study hypotheses. Specifically, a significant positive correlation between social manipulation, a type of bullying, and avoidant attachment was found. Physical victimization was also positively correlated with trust. However, no significant association between bullying and relationship satisfaction was found. Exploratory multiple regression analysis showed that both physical victimization and romantic relationship satisfaction predict the level of trust experienced in a romantic relationship. Additional research is warranted in this area of interpersonal functioning.

In his book, Does God Exist?, Hans Küng proposes an alternative to nihilism, namely fundamental trust or "Yes to Reality". Through a detailed study of Küng's interpretation of nihilism and his alternative to nihilism, I discuss whether Küng can help people to find a way out in face of the challenge of nihilism, as predicted by Friedrich Nietzsche. I conclude that fundamental trust still cannot be a more convincing choice than nihilism for those people who do not believe that there is a fundamental identity, meaningfulness and value of reality, and for those who cannot experience the being of this uncertain reality, even if they venture out in trust. In my opinion, Küng is not very successful in convincing people that fundamental trust rather than nihilism is the right option for them. / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)

This study aims to map how companies in the brokerage industry can use Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in their marketing to increase customers' trust in them. A lack of trust is something that the brokerage industry suffers from, which becomes problematic when customers do not feel a trust in the company that will help them in one of life's biggest purchases. CSR in marketing is becoming increasingly important in the eyes of society, but considerations need to be made as the implementation of CSR is costly and requires additional resources. The study was conducted with a qualitative approach through semi-structured interviews where the authors examine well-established companies that have successfully worked with CSR. The results demonstrate the importance of trust in the brokerage industry and that the implementation of CSR is something that helps the company to increase customers' trust, but that it is not enough for the company to work with CSR. / Denna studie syftar till att kartlägga hur företag inom mäklarbranschen kan använda sig av Företags samhällsansvar (CSR) i sin marknadsföring för att höja kundernas förtroende gentemot dem. En brist på förtroende är något som mäklarbranschen lider av, vilket blir problematiskt när kunderna inte känner ett förtroende gentemot företaget som ska hjälpa individer genomföra vad som förmodligen kan vara den dyraste ekonomiska transaktionen som görs i deras livscykel. CSR i marknadsföring blir mer och mer viktigt i samhällets ögon, men det krävs att avväganden görs då implementeringen av CSR är kostsam och kräver ytterligare resurser. Studien har genomförts med en kvalitativ ansats genom semi-strukturerade intervjuer då författarna undersöker väletablerade företag som lyckat arbetar med CSR. Resultaten demonstrerar vikten av förtroende inom mäklarbranschen samt att implementeringen av CSR är något som hjälper företaget höja kundernas förtroende, men att det inte endast räcker med att företaget jobbar med CSR.

[pt] Com o varejo online crescendo rapidamente em todo o mundo, saber como reter os clientes fazendo com que eles façam compras repetidas no mesmo site da Internet tornou-se uma preocupação constante para vendedores online (JOHNSON et al. 2008). No entanto, em comparação com o varejo físico, melhorar a fidelidade online a fim de aumentar o nível de intenção de recompra é mais difícil por causa dos desafios associados ao comércio eletrônico, como por exemplo a facilidade de comparação de preços entre concorrentes, os baixos custos de mudança e a incerteza que envolve o ambiente online (CHIU et al. 2009). Este estudo busca analisar os efeitos da satisfação, confiança e seus antecedentes na intenção de recompra online. A partir da teoria são formuladas hipóteses dos construtos satisfação, confiança e antecedentes em relação a intenção de recompra online. As hipóteses foram testadas por meio de uma survey que resultou em uma amostra de 250 indivíduos cujo único requisito era já ter realizado compras online. Os dados coletados foram analisados via modelagem de equações estruturais, com a verificação de efeitos significativos em várias das hipóteses do estudo, com destaque para satisfação, que se mostrou particularmente relevante indicando afetar o comportamento do consumidor em relação à intenção de recompra online. A relação da confiança online com a intenção de recompra online não foi confirmada neste estudo, divergindo com os achados obtidos por Chiu et al. (2009). Uma possível razão para tal resultado inesperado pode ter sido algum problema com a escala utilizada, mesmo com a mesma tendo se apresentado confiável e a validade do construto tendo sido verificada. / [en] With online retail growing rapidly around the world, knowing how to retain customers by getting them to make repeat purchases on the same website has become a constant concern for online sellers (JOHNSON et al. 2008). However, compared to the physical retail, improving online loyalty in order to increase the level of repurchase intention is more difficult because of the challenges associated with electronic commerce, such as the ease of comparing prices between competitors, low switching costs and the uncertainty surrounding the online environment (CHIU et al. 2009). This study aims to analyze the effects of satisfaction, trust and antecedents on online repurchase intention. From the theory we formulated hypotheses of Satisfaction, trust and antecedents regarding the intention to repurchase online. The hypotheses were tested by means of a survey which resulted in a sample of 250 subjects whose only requirement was to have already made purchases online. The collected data were analyzed via structural equation modeling with the verification of significant effects on several of the hypotheses of the study, especially satisfaction, which proved to be particularly relevant indicating affect consumer behavior in relation to the online repurchase intention. The relationship of trust online with the online repurchase intention was not confirmed in this study, being different from those findings obtained by Chiu et al. (2009). One possible reason for this unexpected result may have been a problem with the scale used, even with the scale having performed reliably and construct validity has been verified.

Abstract What role does our consumption of television play in the trust we have in our politicians? This study examines how the theses of American political scientist Robert D. Putnam on the part played by TV viewing in a failed civic spirit from the year 2000 hold up in a changed media landscape. The relationship between TV viewing and trust in politicians over time, between the years 2002 to 2014, is tested through regression analysis. This is conducted with data from the European Social Survey, which includes 16 European countries, all of which participated in all rounds of the period. The study finds, despite a weak negative relationship, that tv consumption cannot be said to be a particularly strong predictive factor for the level of trust a consumer has in politicians. This in contrast with Putnam’s theses, which points out TV as an important explanation for what he believes is a failed civic spirit. The study also finds that the negative relationship becomes somewhat stronger over time. This aligns with Putnam’s description that individualization has led to TV viewing taking us further away from community with other people, rather than the opposite, which negatively impacts the trust. The study contributes by bringing Putnam’s theses into a new time period, and broadens the perspective by taking his ideas of media and civic spirit across the Atlantic.

Background: This article aims to carry out a review on social prescription and trust regarding the deployment of social benefits in the Elderly Centers (CAM) of the Social Health Security (EsSalud) during the health emergency due to COVID-19. EsSalud in its 126 CAM provides social benefits to older adults, that is, activities for the use of free time that are linked to social prescription; that when the sanitary emergency was decreed they turned to the virtual modality. Experience in the face of the pandemic indicates that trust in institutions varies around the decisions made; helping to maintain it, measures such as transparency, collaboration between stakeholders, among others; Aspects of interest if you want the population to follow the health guidelines provided. In this sense, we propose that social prescription activities can contribute to the improvement of trust, and must carry out binding research for decision-making. / Revisión por pares

Introduction Choice and access to health care are important determinants of health outcomes. Various issues influence choice and determine the degree of, and differences in access to health care. Choice of health care facilities by individuals is often determined by the interplay between patient and provider characteristics. The influence of factors that determine choice of a health care facility or a provider varies depending on individual patient's socio-ecological factors, type and severity of illness (including the presence or absence of co-morbidities), cost of healthcare (including travel costs), and the presence or absence of a third party such as a health insurance plan. On the other hand, provider or facility factors, which include spatial and non-spatial factors such as technical and functional dimensions of quality of care, are the supply–side factors that influence choice of provider and facility. In order to achieve universal health coverage and attain the Sustainable Development Goals, Nigeria adopted a prepayment health care financing method through the National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) in 2005. However, population coverage of the scheme remains very low, while it also has a reputation of less than optimal performance. Evidence showed that while some accredited NHIS facilities were burdened with a high volume of enrolees, others had registered low volume (of enrolees). This study explored the influence and magnitude of the various factors responsible for the poor performance of the scheme as well as the lopsided/uneven distribution of enrolees across these health care facilities. Findings will assist in repositioning the scheme for better performance as well as serve as a guide for other countries planning to design and implement similar schemes. This will enable such schemes to learn from and avoid mistakes made under the present scheme. Methods This study was cross-sectional in design, with descriptive and analytical components. Data were collected using a mixed-method approach (geo-spatial, quantitative and qualitative). The geo-spatial component was achieved using three data layers of x and y coordinates: the enrolees' locations, locations of NHIS facilities and locations of health care facilities typically used by enrolees, were used in the spatial analysis to identify the closest NHIS accredited health care facility to each enrolee's residence and also estimate the distance between enrolee's location and NHIS facility being utilised. The Distance to the Nearest Hub (points) function in Quantum GIS 3.10 was used to automatically assign enrolees to the nearest NHIS facility while the Join by lines (Hub Lines) function was used to assign enrolees to the NHIS facility they used. Spider web diagrams that depict geo-spatial relationship between enrolees' residence, patronised health care facilities and health care facilities closest to the residences were constructed. Quantitative data were collected from 432 NHIS enrolees using an adapted questionnaire. A checklist was also used to collect data on structural components of health facilities such as the number and cadre of the health workforce, availability and functionality of medical equipment and facility infrastructure. Quantitative data were analysed using STATA and frequency tables were generated. Qualitative data were collected through in-depth interviews conducted among 29 participants of the NHIS, HMOs, enrolees, head of facilities and an academic. Qualitative data analysis was done using an inductive thematic approach. Audio-taped interviews were transcribed and codes were generated. Themes were thereafter searched for and generated from the codes. Emerging themes were named, documented and analysed accordingly. A conceptual framework that illustrated the Nigeria contextual environment, the health system and the current governance of the NHIS with a highlight on the relationships, factors and patterns of interaction among stakeholders was designed. Results The majority of the enrolees received care across a small proportion of the accredited facilities and bypassed nearby health facilities to receive care. Almost all the study respondents, 405 (93.9%) bypassed, however, only 147 (34.0%) reported to have done so. In this study, predictors of bypass of healthcare facilities were younger age (OR 0.67, CI 0.46 – 0.99, p = 0.046) and employment in the civil service (OR 0.49, CI 0.31-0.79, p = 0.003). Older age (1.66, CI 1.07-2.58, p = 0.024), attainment of tertiary level of education (OR 1.57, CI 1.02-2.44, p = 0.043), high socioeconomic status (OR 1.94, CI 1.24 -3.02, p = 0.003) and presence of multiple morbidities (OR 1.66, CI 0.99-2.78, p = 0.053) were predictors of personal choice of health facility. Physical infrastructure was poor in all the facilities; most of the facilities depended on more than one source of power supply and water supply was mainly from other sources apart from pipe-borne. Identified predictors of satisfaction with care were age, occupation and seeking information about quality of care. Knowledge of the NHIS and patronage of faith-based health facilities were also predictors of satisfaction with care. Respondents who were younger than 35 years of age were more likely to be satisfied with care than those who were older (OR 1.85, CI = 1.05 – 3.25, p< 0.05). Private sector workers under the scheme (OR 1.84, CI 1.03 – 3.28, p< 0.05) were more likely to be satisfied with care than those employed in the civil service. Likewise, compared with those who did not seek information, those who did (OR 1.63, CI = 1.04 – 2. 53, p< 0.05) were more likely to report satisfaction with care. Respondents who claimed not to have a knowledge of the NHIS were more likely to be satisfied with care (OR 1.65, CI = 1.06 – 2.55, p< 0.05). Likewise, patronage of faith–based facilities was identified to be a predictor of satisfaction with care (OR 1.84, CI = 1.09 – 3.08, p< 0.05). Qualitative data revealed that there was a very low level of trust among the stakeholders. The design and operations of the scheme indicated that the NHIS managers lacked the technical and managerial skills required to manage the scheme and other stakeholders. Both the NHIS officials and the health care providers were of the opinion that the HMOs had more political influence than other stakeholders in the scheme, and were using this to take advantage of others. Enrolees and health care providers were reluctant to collaborate with the scheme at inception, because of the low level of trust in government policies generally. In addition, at inception of the scheme, the majority of the enrolees were arbitrarily allocated to the few available health care providers. For some of the enrolees, choice of health care facilities was based on perceived quality of care and occasionally, as a result of proximity to places of residence. Instances of corrupt and unethical practices were reported across the board among the scheme stakeholders. Discussion There was a high level of facility bypassing among study respondents, though only a few of them claimed to be aware of this. This finding is because of the allocation or assignment of majority of the enrolees to the few facilities that were available to participants in the scheme at its inception. The study also revealed that younger age enrolees and civil servants bypassed more than their respective counterparts did. Studies have shown that younger people are more likely to explore and become more adventurous than older individuals. The apparent bypassing among civil servants was largely because of the arbitrary allocation of reluctant enrolees to the available few health care providers at the inception of the scheme. This also explained the skewed distribution of the enrolees in these few facilities under the scheme. Findings also support the observation that most of the facilities with fewer enrolees were those that stayed away from the scheme at inception. However, the observed lopsided/uneven pattern was difficult to reverse despite the complaints of the facilities with fewer enrolees and the efforts of the scheme to address the skewness. It should also be noted that high social economic class is a strong factor of personal choice of healthcare facilities. The only plausible explanation was the fact that this group of enrolees were not civil servants and who had the financial capacity to pay the premiums, which enabled them buy into the scheme voluntarily and personally chose facilities where to receive care. The state of physical infrastructure in all the facilities that were involved in the study is illustrative of the weak health system in Nigeria. Poor facility infrastructure is a known recipe for the failure of social health insurance. Ability to search for healthcare facilities and in the process, the phenomenon of bypass as seen in this study appeared to play a major role in satisfaction with care amongst younger people, and among those from the private sector, the economic ability to search for and receive care in healthcare facilities of choice, and that meets their expectations. Similarly, enrolees who had the opportunity and sought information about the quality of care in the facilities before enrolment were more likely to be satisfied with care than those who did not seek information. Enrolees who claimed they had no knowledge of the scheme were more likely to be satisfied than those who had knowledge of it and may have had a higher expectation of the quality of care than they received. Satisfaction with care that was attributed to patronage of faith-based facilities in this study has similarities with findings in previous studies. Compared with other types of facilities, it has been reported that the likelihood of higher levels of satisfaction with care among those who patronise faith-based facilities, may have been as a result of higher levels of functional quality, (including spiritual care, that is more valued in this setting) in addition to the technical quality of care. The fundamental finding from the qualitative component of the study was a high level of mistrust of government by almost all the stakeholders involved in the scheme. This manifested itself in the reluctance of the majority of the private health facilities to collaborate with the government in providing health care services to enrolees on the scheme at inception. The same explanation goes for the then potential enrolees' outright refusal to take up the opportunity to access health care services through the scheme. Previous failed government policies both in the health and in the non-health sectors were cited as reasons for the low interest in the scheme. Because of this, except for the government health facilities that were instructed to do so, majority of the private facilities stayed away from providing care to enrolees on the scheme until some years later. Thus, the majority of these enrolees at inception were assigned to the few health facilities that were available. This is what was primarily responsible for the lopsided/uneven distribution of enrolees across the NHIS accredited facilities, whereby some had a high volume of enrolees, while the majority, especially those that showed interest in the scheme much later had very low volumes. Unfortunately, this pattern of enrolees' distribution may be irreversible. In addition, mistrust also exists between the NHIS and the HMOs, between the HMOs and providers, and to some extent between the enrolees and providers. It is important to note that the design of the scheme put the HMOs in a powerful position, which they used to influence the political class to their advantage. To compound the situation, NHIS officials had poor technical and managerial skills to administer the scheme. These are indications of an inefficiently managed health intervention. Under these circumstances, it is highly unlikely that universal health coverage could be achieved unless the observed challenges are appropriately addressed. In addressing these issues, a reform should be considered in the design of the scheme and appropriate training given to the NHIS officials saddled with its day-to-day operation. Conclusion This study has elucidated the reasons for the poor uptake and skewed distribution of enrolees across accredited NHIS facilities in the study area. In addition to poor structure and inefficient management, the high level of mistrust among the stakeholders has played a major role in the lopsided/uneven geo-spatial pattern of enrolees' distribution across the NHIS accredited health facilities. As it is presently structured and managed, the NHIS is highly unlikely to achieve its set objectives. It is advocated that a reform that addresses the observed anomalies be instituted to enable the scheme achieve its goals. This is a lesson for other countries planning to design and implement similar schemes.

Industrial online-reverse-auctions have become a common procurement strategy used by many firms to reduce the cost of purchased goods and services. The advantages of online-reverse-auctions include significant price reductions, increased purchasing and selling efficiencies, and access to new supply and purchasing markets. Despite these benefits, practitioners and academics alike have raised concerns with respect to the impact of online-reverse-auctions on the buyer-supplier relationship. Previous research suggests that the parameters and characteristics of an online-reverse-auction can influence the perceptions of online-reverse-auction participants. This dissertation investigates this phenomenon by examining how the design of an online-reverse-auction influences the supplier's perception of the buyer-supplier relationship. Specifically, this research considers the effects of online-reverse-auction design in terms of the independent variables of auction control, auction bid visibility, and auction award rules and the dependent variables of supplier commitment to the buyer and supplier trust in the buyer. Using a 2 x 2 x 2 quasi-experimental design and the statistical technique of MANCOVA, this study tests hypotheses related to how different online-reverse-auction design characteristics influence supplier commitment to the buyer and supplier trust in the buyer. The results of the study suggest that the type of online-reverse-auctions buyers utilize can have an impact on supplier perceptions of the buyer supplier relationship. Overall, the result suggest that supplier trust is influenced by the type of auction design buyers utilize, however, supplier commitment is not. Auctions utilizing third party auction providers, partial bid visibility, and post auction negotiations tended to result in higher levels of trust on the part of suppliers. This study makes a contribution to the literature in the following areas. First, this study is one of only a handful of empirical studies examining the effects of online-reverse-auction designs on the buyer-supplier relationship. While a considerable debate exists within the literature concerning the pros and cons of online-reverse-auctions, little empirical work exists. This study makes a contribution by providing insight with respect to how online-reverse-auction designs influence supplier perceptions of the buyer-supplier relationships. Secondly, this analysis considers the buyer-supplier relationship in terms of commitment and trust. Previous studies have largely neglected these constructs despite their prominence in the buyer-supplier relationship literature. Finally, given that the use of online-reverse-auctions seems well entrenched in the purchasing strategies of many buying organizations; this study provides guidance for the design of online-reverse-auctions such that buyers can potentially reduce the negative aspects of the process.

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