Este estudo objetiva a sistematização do conhecimento, através de uma abordagem multidisciplinar, de forma a conformar uma proposta inicial de protocolo de gestão ocupacional e ambiental em grandes túneis urbanos em âmbito nacional. Há na presente pesquisa uma atenção particular aos túneis urbanos dedicados ao tráfego de veículos automotores, devido às suas características físico-espaciais que os tornam especialmente perigosos e tóxicos aos seus usuários e aos funcionários envolvidos. A relativa carência de material bibliográfico de caráter sistêmico e específico no Brasil enseja à busca por referências em documentos desenvolvidos em outros países. Ainda que em nível preliminar, a compilação crítica de dados, normas e referências pesquisadas, à luz do contexto e dos instrumentos normativos brasileiros referentes ao tema, traduz-se no aspecto original desta proposta dissertativa, a ser possivelmente utilizada como ponto de partida para estudos mais extensos. São abordadas as seguintes disciplinas relativas ao objeto de pesquisa: a) Características físico-espaciais; b) Formas de uso; c) Sistema de ventilação e exaustão; d) Sistema de iluminação; e) Sistema de segurança contra sinistros e incêndio; f) Sistema de fiscalização e orientação de tráfego, comunicação e sinalização; g) Sistema de drenagem; h) Sistema de gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos. O túnel Rebouças (1962-1965) e o túnel Engenheiro Raymundo de Paula Soares (Linha Amarela) (1997), distanciados por mais de três décadas, foram escolhidos como estudos de caso, não tão somente devido aos seus portes, fluxos intensos de veículos etc., mas também devido aos contextos das evoluções normativas em que se inserem. / Aiming to establish an initial proposal for an environmental and operational management protocol for large urban tunnels, one that could be applied nationwide, this study also intends to systematize, through a multidisciplinary approach, the state of the art on the subject. In this survey it will be given particular attention to vehicular urban tunnels. Due to its physical and spatial characteristics they are especially dangerous and toxic to both their users and employees involved in maintenance. Given the lack of systematic and specific bibliographic material in Brazil it was necessary to inquire about references, studies and investigations developed in other countries. A critical compilation of such data, standards and benchmarks, while in its initial level, considering the Brazilian context and the actual legal instruments, may reflect the original feature of this essay. It is hoped that the results can be used as a starting point for other extensive studies. Considering the main focus of this research, the following topics are discussed: a) physical and spatial characteristics; b) usage and operation; c) ventilation and exhaust system; d) lighting system; e) accidents prevention, security and fire protection system; f) management, traffic supervision, communication and signaling system; g) drainage system; h) solid waste management system. The two tunnels, Rebouças (1962-1965) and Engenheiro Raymundo de Paula Soares (Linha Amarela) (1997), both located in Rio de Janeiro and more than three decades apart, were selected as case studies, not only Because of their size, intensity of flows etc., but also because of the changing normative contexts in which they operate.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:31:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Wellington_Barbosa_da_Silva.pdf: 4552878 bytes, checksum: cced6a1f2d0a0c2426792ba3f3f8ce33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-07-08 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / On the Guarapuava Plateau/Palmas, in a low slope hillside of superficial covering from basaltic origins, on the right bank of the Rio das Pombas, Paraná state, processes of tunnel erosion (pipes) were identified. These are subsuperficial erosion processes with typical features, such as subsidence of the tunnel roof and rebate structures, which tend to evolve to superficial features. The emerging of this erosive process depends on a set of factors, being the main one, the properties of the superficial covering, such as: texture, macroporosity, granulometric composition (chemical matter make-up), density, porosity e chemical elements that make up the matter, those concerning the hydrological conditions and the topography of the hillside. In order to recognize and characterize the superficial covering in the sector of low hillside, sieve analysis was used, as well as real and apparent density, total porosity verified; toposequences were made and X-ray scattering techniques performed. The results showed that the matter which covers the low hillside sector, where the tunnels are, have a sandy texture due to the properties of microagregation generated by clay mineral, gibbsite; leaving the matter with a high porosity level, thus favoring the flowing of water through subsurfaces. The generated flows tend to be exfiltrated to a ditch wall-like surface, which causes the removal of small particles of matter (seepage). With the opening of small gullies through subsurface, the flow tend to become concentrated (tunnel scour) and consequently enlarge the subsuperficial channels by the mechanical action of the water. In a sequence of factors that can be used for the analysis of the process generation, which causes: alteration in basalt rocks, microaggregation of the matter, macroporosity and increase of water flow through subsurface. Therefore, the hydrology conditions in the hillside contributed for erosion mechanisms to emerge in subsurface, development of erosion process, formation of subsuperficial erosion and, ultimately, superficial erosion process development. These both chemical and physical features found in such field of study, show that the superficial covering is a determining factor for the subsuperficial tunnel erosion to originate in the hillside. / No Planalto de Guarapuava/Palmas, em encosta de baixa declividade e cobertura superficial de origem basáltica, à margem direita do Rio das Pombas em Guarapuava (Paraná), foram identificados processos de erosão em túneis (pipes). Trata-se de processos subsuperficiais de erosão que apresentam feições típicas, tais como, subsidência do teto do túnel e estruturas de abatimento, que tendem a evoluir para feições superficiais. A instalação desse processo erosivo depende de um conjunto de fatores, destacando-se como condicionantes, as propriedades da cobertura superficial como: textura, macroporosidade, composição granulométrica, densidade, porosidade e constituintes químicos dos materiais, e aqueles relativos às condições hidrológicas e à topografia da encosta. Buscando-se reconhecer e caracterizar a cobertura superficial do setor de baixa encosta, foram realizadas análises granulométricas, de densidade aparente, real e porosidade total, construção de topossequências e análises químicas de difração de raios-X. Os resultados indicaram que o material que recobre o setor de baixa encosta, onde aparecem os túneis, apresenta textura arenosa devido às propriedades de microagregação gerada pelo argilomineral gibbsita, deixando o material com porosidade alta, favorecendo assim a circulação de água em subsuperficie. Os fluxos gerados tendem a ser exfiltrados para uma superfície de exposição, o que provoca a remoção de pequenas partículas de material (seepage). Com a abertura de pequenos canais em subsuperfície, os fluxos tendem a se concentrar (tunnel scour) e consequentemente ampliar os canais subsuperficiais pela ação mecânica da água. Numa sequência de fatores que possam ser postos para análise da geração do processo, têm-se: alteração da rocha basáltica, microagregação do material, macroporosidade e aumento da circulação de água em subsuperfície. Assume-se que as condições hidrológicas da encosta propiciaram a instalação de mecanismos de erosão em subsuperfície, evolução do processo erosivo, formação de feições erosivas subsuperficiais e, por fim, instalação de feições erosivas superficiais. Essas características físicas e químicas encontradas na área de estudo, demonstram que a cobertura superficial é determinante para a instalação da erosão subsuperficial em túneis na encosta.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:42:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Wellington_Barbosa_da_Silva.pdf: 4552878 bytes, checksum: cced6a1f2d0a0c2426792ba3f3f8ce33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-07-08 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / On the Guarapuava Plateau/Palmas, in a low slope hillside of superficial covering from basaltic origins, on the right bank of the Rio das Pombas, Paraná state, processes of tunnel erosion (pipes) were identified. These are subsuperficial erosion processes with typical features, such as subsidence of the tunnel roof and rebate structures, which tend to evolve to superficial features. The emerging of this erosive process depends on a set of factors, being the main one, the properties of the superficial covering, such as: texture, macroporosity, granulometric composition (chemical matter make-up), density, porosity e chemical elements that make up the matter, those concerning the hydrological conditions and the topography of the hillside. In order to recognize and characterize the superficial covering in the sector of low hillside, sieve analysis was used, as well as real and apparent density, total porosity verified; toposequences were made and X-ray scattering techniques performed. The results showed that the matter which covers the low hillside sector, where the tunnels are, have a sandy texture due to the properties of microagregation generated by clay mineral, gibbsite; leaving the matter with a high porosity level, thus favoring the flowing of water through subsurfaces. The generated flows tend to be exfiltrated to a ditch wall-like surface, which causes the removal of small particles of matter (seepage). With the opening of small gullies through subsurface, the flow tend to become concentrated (tunnel scour) and consequently enlarge the subsuperficial channels by the mechanical action of the water. In a sequence of factors that can be used for the analysis of the process generation, which causes: alteration in basalt rocks, microaggregation of the matter, macroporosity and increase of water flow through subsurface. Therefore, the hydrology conditions in the hillside contributed for erosion mechanisms to emerge in subsurface, development of erosion process, formation of subsuperficial erosion and, ultimately, superficial erosion process development. These both chemical and physical features found in such field of study, show that the superficial covering is a determining factor for the subsuperficial tunnel erosion to originate in the hillside. / No Planalto de Guarapuava/Palmas, em encosta de baixa declividade e cobertura superficial de origem basáltica, à margem direita do Rio das Pombas em Guarapuava (Paraná), foram identificados processos de erosão em túneis (pipes). Trata-se de processos subsuperficiais de erosão que apresentam feições típicas, tais como, subsidência do teto do túnel e estruturas de abatimento, que tendem a evoluir para feições superficiais. A instalação desse processo erosivo depende de um conjunto de fatores, destacando-se como condicionantes, as propriedades da cobertura superficial como: textura, macroporosidade, composição granulométrica, densidade, porosidade e constituintes químicos dos materiais, e aqueles relativos às condições hidrológicas e à topografia da encosta. Buscando-se reconhecer e caracterizar a cobertura superficial do setor de baixa encosta, foram realizadas análises granulométricas, de densidade aparente, real e porosidade total, construção de topossequências e análises químicas de difração de raios-X. Os resultados indicaram que o material que recobre o setor de baixa encosta, onde aparecem os túneis, apresenta textura arenosa devido às propriedades de microagregação gerada pelo argilomineral gibbsita, deixando o material com porosidade alta, favorecendo assim a circulação de água em subsuperficie. Os fluxos gerados tendem a ser exfiltrados para uma superfície de exposição, o que provoca a remoção de pequenas partículas de material (seepage). Com a abertura de pequenos canais em subsuperfície, os fluxos tendem a se concentrar (tunnel scour) e consequentemente ampliar os canais subsuperficiais pela ação mecânica da água. Numa sequência de fatores que possam ser postos para análise da geração do processo, têm-se: alteração da rocha basáltica, microagregação do material, macroporosidade e aumento da circulação de água em subsuperfície. Assume-se que as condições hidrológicas da encosta propiciaram a instalação de mecanismos de erosão em subsuperfície, evolução do processo erosivo, formação de feições erosivas subsuperficiais e, por fim, instalação de feições erosivas superficiais. Essas características físicas e químicas encontradas na área de estudo, demonstram que a cobertura superficial é determinante para a instalação da erosão subsuperficial em túneis na encosta.

O processo de liberação da operação comercial de um túnel rodoviário, sempre é realizada sobre a pressão típica do final de um cronograma, cujo prazo final, está em vias de se esgotar. Por outro lado considerando os relevantes riscos envolvidos com a operação de um túnel, o órgão público que libera o início da operação comercial (Artesp no caso do Estado de São Paulo), deve ter plena certeza que a nova estrutura está pronta a utilização e apresenta-se totalmente preparada a atender os requisitos mínimos de segurança. O presente trabalho propõe uma metodologia de avaliação de conformidade aderente a NBR ISO/IEC 17020:2006 - avaliação de conformidade com os critérios gerais para o funcionamento de diferentes tipos de organismos que executam inspeções. Para tanto foi realizado um extenso e minucioso trabalho de identificação dos requisitos aplicáveis, concatenando as referências internacionais de túneis, o modus operandi nacional e a ferramenta gerenciamento de riscos, que resultaram numa proposta de metodologia de avaliação de conformidade composta por onze atividades, que aplicadas permitem avaliar as condições de liberação ao uso e operação comercial de túneis rodoviários. / The process of releasing the commercial operation of a road tunnel is always done under the typical pressure of a chronogram deadline. On the other hand, considering the relevant risks involved with the tunnel operation, the public institution that releases the beginning of the commercial operation (ARTESP, in the case of São Paulo State), should be totally sure that the new structure is ready to be used and shows it is completely prepared to meet the needs of the minimum security requirements. The present work proposes an evaluation methodology of adherent conformity the NBR ISO/IEC 17020:2006 Conformity evaluation with the general criteria for the functioning of different types of organisms that perform inspections. In order to do so, a large and detailed work of identification of the applicable requirements, linking together the international references of tunnels, national way of working and the tool Management of Risks, that ended in a proposal of conformity evaluation methodology composed by eleven activities, that if applied, allow evaluation of the releasing conditions to the use and commercial operation of road tunnels.

Ce travail se divise en trois parties auxquelles s'ajoute une annexe dans laquelle nous avons placé deux études particulières (étude de hors-profils - étude de microfaciès) ceci pour ne pas surcharger le texte. Dans la première partie, nous exposerons l'étude géologique de projet de la galerie du Bourget qui conduit au profil en long géologique prévisionnel de cet ouvrage. Dans la deuxième partie, nous montrerons l'importance des études géologiques pendant les travaux pour permettre, plusieurs années après l'exécution et le revêtement d'un ouvr age, de comprendre l'origine d ' éventuelles dégradations. La troisième partie résume l'esprit dans lequel a été abordé ce travail en montrant le rôle du géologue aux différents stades d'une étude géologique de souterrain

Cette thèse aborde à la fois des aspects comportementaux et numériques de la réponse mécanique du massif rocheux au creusement d'un tunnel. La comparaison de critères existants a mis l'accent sur quelques points clefs, comme la dépendance du critère à la contrainte moyenne et le ratio d'extension. Une fonction de charge, aisément identifiable à partir des essais, au caractère régulier et convexe, capable de tenir compte de la forme de l'enveloppe de Mohr du critère, ainsi que du ratio d'extension, a été proposée : on peut ainsi réaliser des formes régularisées des critères de Mohr-Coulomb et de Hœk-Brown. Le développement de ce nouveau critère a été complété par la proposition d'une méthode d'abaques numériques, accélérant grandement la résolution. Pour le critère proposé, le problème physique est équivalent à un problème purement géométrique, en coordonnées polaires dans le plan. On peut ainsi constituer des abaques numériques qui permettent d'obtenir directement la valeur des déformations plastiques, ce qui diminue drastiquement le temps de calcul Les méthodes de calcul des tunnels ont fait l'objet d'une synthèse biblio- graphique, précisant les domaines et les limites d'emploi des méthodes utilisées par les ingénieurs pour dimensionner les tunnels. La modélisation du creusement des tunnels a été réalisée à l'aide de l'algorithme stationnaire, conçu pour calculer le comportement de systèmes soumis à des chargements mobiles. Cet algorithme a été programmé pour intégrer le nouveau critère et la méthode des abaques numériques. Les outils ainsi développés ont pu être confrontés à un cas d'étude réel, à partir de données fournies par l'Agence Nationale de Gestion des Déchets Radioactifs (ANDRA) au titre du projet européen MODEX-REP (projet s'insérant dans le cadre du 5e plan EURATOM de la commission européenne). L'étude de ces données a permis de définir une variable de dégradation de la roche, aisément identifiable et permettant de paramétrer le critère pour la roche endommagée.

Contrary to the linings of conventionally driven tunnels, the linings of tunnels bored by tunnel boring machines (TBMs) consist of precast concrete segments which are articulated or coupled at the longitudinal and circumferential joints. There are several analytical and numerical structural analysis methods proposed for the design of TBM segmental linings. In this thesis study, different calculation methods including elastic equation method and two dimensional (2D) and three dimensional (3D) beam &ndash / spring methods are compared and discussed. This study shows that in addition to the characteristics of concrete segments, the mechanical and geometrical properties of longitudinal and circumferential joints have significant effects on the structural behavior of segmental lining.

The goal of this project was to develop a wind generator that utilizes the collective oscillating motion of multiple piezoelectric devices. These devices would be an alternative to rotating turbine designs for low power generation, for use in applications such as remote power generation. A series of inexpensive devices were developed that harvested energy from vortex shedding, both as independent and cooperative devices. The behavior of single devices was studied, but more interestingly, the way that multiple devices arranged together can increase power output was studied. It was shown that individual devices could harvest more energy if they were placed as specific positions relative to the vortices shed by devices upstream. Through investigating the behavior of these devices, fundamental principles of the phenomenon of vortex induced vibrations were explored. Methods were developed to measure the amplitude and frequency of these vibrations in a wind tunnel, through high speed video and correlations that were found between oscillation and power output from the piezoelectric transducers. Similarly, vortex induced vibrations were explored in an approximation of a two dimensional system in a flowing soap film.

published_or_final_version / abstract / toc / Transport Policy and Planning / Master / Master of Arts in Transport Policy and Planning

A new philosophy in structural health monitoring was explored, with the view to the creation of a smart mining bolt: one which would bear the normal load of any bolt used in South African gold mining tunnels, but at the same time be capable of monitoring its own level of damage. To this end, a survey of various smart materials currently used in structural health monitoring applications, was conducted, and a group known as strain memory alloys isolated as holding the most promise in this regard. Strain memory alloys give an indication of peak strain based on an irreversible transformation from paramagnetic austenite to ferromagnetic martensite, which occurs in direct proportion to the amount of strain experienced by the material. A measurement of magnetic permeability can therefore be correlated to peak strain. An extensive study of the alloying chemistry, material processing and transformation characteristics was therefore carried out, including an analytical model for the quantification of the energy associated with martensitic nucleation, at a dislocation-disclination level. The conditions within typical South African gold mining tunnels were evaluated, and a smart mining bolt design produced, based on the loading and environmental conditions present. Several material formulations were then proposed, melted, tested and evaluated against the relevant strength, corrosion and transformation criteria. A suitable material was selected and further tested. A working prototype bolt has been produced, and in situ tests of complete bolts, are scheduled to take place shortly. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2003.