Le bassin amazonien est considéré au niveau mondial comme l'un des principaux apports de sédiments à l'Océan Atlantique. Comprendre la distribution spatiale et temporelle des flux sédimentaires est l'objectif de cette étude pour laquelle on a choisi quatre stations hydrométriques de suivi réparties tout au long de l'Amazone depuis sa formation au Pérou jusqu'à environ 800 km de son embouchure au Brésil (Óbidos). Pour atteindre cet objectif, on a mis en place pour chaque station un échantillonnage décadaire en surface et une exploration totale de leur section à différentes périodes de l'année. Des profils de turbidité et des échantillons pour la granulométrie sur toute la section faisaient également partie de ce suivi. Sur les stations andines et sub-andines, la turbulence de l'écoulement jointe aux faibles profondeurs permet l'ascension de sédiments grossiers vers la surface. Par conséquent, on observe une relation directe entre la concentration de sédiments en suspension de surface et la concentration moyenne dans la section, ce qui permet un calcul simple des flux sédimentaires et d'arriver à une valeur de 540 Mt/an pour qui concerne l'apport du basin péruvien de l'Amazone. Dans la plaine brésilienne, le contexte change, les profondeurs moyennes se situent entre 40 et 100 m de telle sorte que la présence de sable en surface est quasi nulle. Cependant, l'analyse des résultats à la station d'Óbidos montre qu'il existe une relation directe entre la concentration de sédiments de surface et la concentration moyenne de sédiments fins dans la section alors que la concentration moyenne de sédiments grossiers dans la section est, elle, em relation directe avec le débit liquide. En différenciant ainsi le calcul suivant ces deux types de sédiments, on arrive à une valeur de flux de 1100 Mt/an transitant par Óbidos, dont 60% correspond au flux des sédiments fins et 40% aux grossiers. On a utilisé la turbidité pour par courbes de calibration em funtion da granulometrie parvenir aux valeurs de concentration. On a utilisé le modèle de Rouse pour différencier le signal de concentration obtenu avec la turbidité résultat du signal de le deux types de sediment. On a constaté que les granulométries en présence sont les mêmes tout au long du régime hydrologique mais que ce sont les proportions de chacune d'entre elles qui varient. Aussi a-t-on abouti à des profils de concentration pour sédiments fins et des profils pour sédiments grossiers. En montée de crue, les profils de concentration présentent un gradient bien marqué pour les sédiments fins, alors qu'en période de crue ce gradient est contrôlé par les sables et les profils de fines sont alors verticaux et constants sur toute la section. Ces résultats montrent qu'il est possible de prédire, en Amazonie, les profils de concentration à partir de la turbidité. / The sediments flux in Amazon Basin have an important role on the aquatic biodiversity and richness in the floodplains because the nutrients and organic matter attached on suspended sediments are deposited in these zones. The aim of this study is to understand the spatial and temporal distribution of sediments flux in the Amazon River, therefore were select four gauging station located along of Amazon Riven from Peru to Brazil. In each gauging station was make superficial samples each ten days and samples in the section in different times of hydrological period. Turbidity profiles and granulometry measuring were made too in each gauging station. In the Andean region, it is observed a relationship between the suspended sediments concentration and discharge, however, this relationship become a hysteresis in the plain especially in the Óbidos gauging station located at 870 km before of mouth. This result can be by the contribution of influx poor in suspended sediments from Guyanese and Brazilian shields. In 3000 km of long from Peru to Brazil plain, the suspended sediments is composed by two well-defined types of suspended sediments: fine sediments (10-20 µm) and coarse sediments (100-250 µm). The percentage of each type of sediments in the main river is different during the hydrologic regime. Peak of fine sediments is observed in the same period of peak of rainfall (December to March) and peak of coarse sediments is observed in flood period (May to July). The Andean and sub-Andean basin gauging station show the coarse sediments in surface due to great turbulence and low depths. Therefore, this gauging station show a relationship between the suspended sediments concentration in surface and average suspended sediments concentration in section, with this relation is possible to calculate the suspended sediments flux. Hence the Peruvian basin provide 540 Mt year -1. However in the Brazilian plain the context is different, the depth is from 40 to 100 m, becoming almost null the presence of coarse sediments in the surface. Therefore, cannot use the relationship between suspended sediments concentration in surface and average suspended sediments concentration in section. When the Óbidos gauging station is analysed, it found there is a relationship between suspended sediments concentration in surface and average of fine suspended sediments concentration. It is observed too, that there is the relationship between coarse suspended sediments concentration and discharge. Therefore, it is possible to calculate of suspended sediments flux using these two relationships. The Amazon River export 1100 Mt year-1 of suspended sediments at Óbidos gauging station, of which 60% correspond at fine sediments flux and 40% to coarse sediments flux. It is observed that the suspended sediments are sensitivity of climate variability, generally El Niño events is associate with increase of fine suspended sediments and La Niña events increase a percentage of coarse sediments in Amazon River. It is using the turbidity for determinate of suspended sediments concentration, we use this technique due the high frequency in acquisition of data. However for use the turbidity is necessary the previous calibration. It was observed that the turbidity signal is an addition to the signal emitted by the particles in one sample and with this assumption the Rose model was used to separate the concentration signal obtained by the turbidity of the two types of sediments present in the Amazon River, fine particles and sand. Therefore, it was obtained the concentration profiles to fine sediments and the concentration profiles to the sand. It is observed during the rising period that the fine sediments profiles show a strong gradient, however in the flood periods this gradient reduce come a constant in all section. These results show that turbidity and Rouse model can be used for prediction of suspended concentration in Amazon River.

Ce travail présente un premier bilan quantitatif des principaux processus contrôlant le cycle de Hg (distribution, spéciation, dynamique) dans l’estuaire de la Gironde, affecté par une contamination historique. Des extractions sélectives sur des sédiments et des matières en suspension du système Lot-Garonne-Gironde, indiquent que ~70 % du flux en Hg (100-800 kg.an-1) est lié à des phases organiques et sulfurées. L’observation de Hg effectuée dans les différents compartiments (colonne d’eau, air, sédiments) tient compte de la variabilité spatiale et temporelle à multiples échelles ainsi que des gradients géochimiques estuariens. Les profils le long du gradient de salinité (9 profiles) montrent une augmentation (facteur 2 à 5) des concentrations en Hg dissous (niveau de base ~1 ng.L) dans la zone de turbidité maximale (ZTM), attribuée à la dégradation d’une phase porteuse majeure : la matière organique. Les niveaux de methyl-mercure dissous (MeHgD) de la colonne d’eau sont en général faibles (<0,05 ng.L-) mais peuvent atteindre jusqu’à 0,5 ng.L-1 dans les conditions les plus turbides. La relation entre MeHgD et la turbidité s’explique par la dégradation bactérienne de phases porteuses ou par la méthylation in situ de Hg, la photodégradation de MeHg étant négligeable. L’augmentation systématique de MeHg particulaire à l’embouchure suggère son accumulation dans le phytoplancton, particulièrement intense entre Mai et Septembre, période de forte production primaire. Des profils verticaux à haute résolution spatiale dans les sédiments du chenal de navigation, des zones non-draguées et de l’estran ont dévoilé une augmentation des teneurs en Hg dissous, mais surtout en MeHgD (jusqu’à 2 ng.L-1) directement sous l’interface. L’évolution en parallèle des paramètres indiquant la sulfato-réduction (déficit de sulfates) et la ferri-réduction (Fe dissous) suggère des processus de methylation biotique de Hg et/ou de libération de MeHg par dissolution des oxy-hydroxydes de Fe. Des expérimentations d’incubation de sédiments non perturbés avec traçage isotopique 199 Hg) ont permis d’estimer la vitesse de méthylation à 0,012 %-Hg méthylé.h-1. Les flux vers la colonne d’eau par diffusion ont été évalués à 0,1 pour HgD et 0,08 kg.an-1pour MeHgD, ce qui est très inférieur aux apports fluviaux (35 kg.an-1 et 1,4 kg.an1). Les activités de dragages déplacent et remettent en suspension ~1100 kg.an-1 de Hg et 3,2 kg.an-1de MeHg, associés aux sédiments réduits dragués. Si cette activité peut localement et temporairement modifier les distributions de Hg dans la colonne d’eau, leur impact sur le bilan global de l’estuaire semble faible. Dans les eaux de surface, des cycles diurnes de concentration en Hg gazeux dissous (DGM) ont été attribués à la photo-réduction de Hg(II) en Hg°. Au-delà de la variabilité du rayonnement solaire, la turbidité contrôle la pénétration de la lumière dans eau, et par conséquent, le cycle de Hg° dissous est fortement lié à l’ampleur et la position de la ZTM. Les flux journaliers vers l’atmosphère indiquent que la surface de l’estuaire est une source de Hg° en été, et un puits en hiver en période de forte turbidité. A l’échelle annuelle, l’évasion de Hg° à l’interface eau-atmosphère (~ 4 kg.an-1), est compensée par la déposition (5-8 kg.an-1). / This study presents a first quantitative assessment of the main processes controlling the Hg cycle in the Gironde Estuary (speciation, distribution, fluxes, dynamics) affected by historical polymetallic pollution. Selective extractions on sediments and suspended solids showed that in the Lot-Garonne-Gironde fluvial-estuarine system ~70% of total Hg fluxes (100-800 kg yr-1) are associated with organic matter and/or sulphides. Sampling of the different environmental compartments (water, air, sediments) addresses spatial and temporal variability at multiple scales, covering the major estuarine geochemical gradients. Longitudinal profiles (9 cruises) over the salinity gradient showed a 2-5 times increase in dissolved Hg concentrations (baseline ~1 ng L-1) in the Maximum Turbidity Zone (MTZ), mainly attributed to microbial degradation of particulate organic matter, a major Hg carrier phase. Dissolved MeHg (MeHgD)levels are generally low (<0,05 ng L-1) but may reach up to 0.5 ng L-1 under very turbid conditions. The relation between MeHgD and turbidity was attributed to dissolution of particulate carrier phases and/or in situ methylation of Hg (sediment or water column), MeHg photodegradation being negligible due to turbidity. A systematic increase in particulate MeHg near the estuary mouth suggests uptake and accumulation by phytoplankton, especially from May to September when light conditions allow intense primary production. In surface sediment (0-20 cm; dredged and non-dredged; subtidal and intertidal), MeHgD concentrations increased parallel to diagenetic reduction of Fe-phases and sulphate, suggesting biotic Hg methylation and/or MeHg release by Fe oxyhydroxyde dissolution. Incubation experiments in undisturbed sediment using stable isotope (199Hg) spikes suggest an average methylation rate of 0.012 %-Hg methylated.h-1. Diffusive exportation of dissolved Hg and MeHg into the water column at the whole estuary scale has been evaluated to 0.1 kg.yr-1and 0.08 kg.yr-1,respectively. These fluxes are negligible compared to fluvial inputs (35 kg.yr-1 and 1.4 yr.an-1). Dredging-related re-suspension of reduced sediment and pore water may recycle ~1100 kg of Hg and 3.2 kg of MeHg in the water column. This may locally and temporarily modify Hg distribution in the water column, but does not seem to modify the estuarine Hg balance. Diurnal cycles of dissolved gaseous mercury (DGM; mostly Hg°) concentration in surface water have been attributed to photo-reduction of Hg(II). However, turbidity may efficiently reduce light penetration and DGM production. Therefore, the DGM cycle in turbid estuaries depends on seasonal variations in MTZ intensity and position. The Gironde Estuary is a Hg° source to atmosphere in summer, but may turn into a sink during turbid periods in winter. The annual Hg° evasion (~4 kg.yr-1) is counterbalanced by dry and wet deposition (5-8 kg.yr -1).

[pt] Correntes de turbidez ocorrem tanto na natureza como em situações criadas pelo homem. Segundo alguns pesquisadores, grande parte das reservas de petróleo conhecidas no mundo estão armazenadas nos reservatórios de hidrocarbonetos formados a partir dos sistemas turbidíticos. Tendo em vista a importância dessas correntes, este trabalho pretende propor um modelo numérico consistente e com baixo custo computacional, capaz de auxiliar na previsão de sedimentação de bacias nos processos de modelagem estratigráfica no contexto do simulador numérico de sedimentação tridimensional com ênfase nos processos deposicionais em ambientes de talude plataforma e bacia, chamado Steno, e validar o modelo numérico proposto através de simulações físicas conduzidas no Instituto de Pesquisas Hidráulicas da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. O modelo numérico proposto é baseado nas equações de Navier-Stokes, que são resolvidas tirando-se a média na profundidade do perfil de velocidades característico. Além disso, uma aplicação gráfica tridimensional para simulação numérica de correntes de turbidez, chamada Turb3D, foi desenvolvida com base nas equações propostas. O programa possui uma interface gráfica amigável para o usuário no que diz respeito à entrada de dados, solução e visualização dos resultados. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que apesar do modelo numérico possuir um bom desempenho computacional, se comparado com os complexos modelos numéricos existentes, não foi possível reproduzir com precisão a evolução das correntes de turbidez e seus depósitos. Contudo, acredita-se que a abordagem dada ao problema de simulação numérica de correntes de turbidez apresentada neste trabalho pode fornecer bons resultados. Entretanto, é fundamental que seja dada continuidade a pesquisa, de modo que ajustes e melhorias ao modelo proposto possam ser realizadas. / [en] Turbidity currents occur in both natural and man-made situations. In agreement with some researchers, most of the world’s oil reserves are stored in hydrocarbon reservoir built by turbidity systems. Because of the importance of these currents, this work proposes a consistent and efficient numerical method for simulations of turbidity currents for basin sedimentations predictions in the stratigraphic modelling process, which will be incorporated to the numerical simulator of sedimentation 3D called Steno. In order to validate the proposed numerical model experiments were conducted at the Hydraulics Research Institute of Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul. The proposed numerical model is based on Navier-Stokes equations that are solved in the depth-average. Moreover, a three-dimensional graphic application for numerical simulations of turbidity currents called Turb3D was developed. The application user interface provides a common, user-friendly, graphical environment for pre-processing, solution and post-processing. Despite the good computational performance achieved by using this approach, the method presented did not reproduce accurately the evolution of turbidity current and their deposits. However, it is believed that the approach to the numeric simulation of the turbidity current problem given in this work can provide better results, although this research should continue and improvements should be made.

Several studies suggest the environment influences chokka squid catches which are mostly based on the successful formation of inshore spawning aggregations. None of the evidence, however, is direct observation. Acoustic telemetry offers a means to determine the response of spawners to changes in the environment and insight into the behaviour of spawning squid. A hexagonal array of VR2 receivers deployed 500 m apart was deemed to be ideal to monitor the movement patterns of squid on the spawning sites. In isothermic conditions, an area up to 1.28 km2 could be monitored as there was an approximate 50 m overlap in individual VR2 receiver range. In thermocline conditions however, “acoustic dead zones” as wide as 350 m may have existed between VR2 receivers, limiting the performance of this configuration. Similarly benthic turbidity events would also decrease detection range and limit performance. A hexagonal array of VR2 receivers was moored in Kromme Bay on and around active spawning aggregations during the squid fishery closed seasons of November 2003, 2004, 2005 and 2006. Squid were caught on jigs and tagged with V9 acoustic pressure telemetry transmitters. A total of 45 animals were tagged. Presence-absence analysis identified three general behaviours: (1) arrival at dawn and departure after dusk, (2) a continuous and uninterrupted presence for a number of days and (3) presence interrupted by frequent but short periods of absence. Overall, the data suggests frequent migrations between spawning aggregations and offshore feeding grounds. The pressure sensor data showed both males and females stayed persistently near the seabed during the day, but at night, this pattern was broken with common activity higher up in the water column. The squid did not remain exclusively in the water column and regularly made excursions to the seabed. CTD and temperature data indicated the intrusion of a cold bottom layer due to upwelling at the monitored spawning sites on a number of occasions. The formation of spawning aggregations appears to be triggered by upwelling events and spawning behaviour, once initiated, disrupted by upwelling events with a rapid onset, possibly due to an inability to adapt physiologically over such a short time period.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-01-14T18:38:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 feliperustdecarvalho.pdf: 1379176 bytes, checksum: 9466af729223375427c4edf2872e7dd1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-01-25T17:38:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 feliperustdecarvalho.pdf: 1379176 bytes, checksum: 9466af729223375427c4edf2872e7dd1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-25T17:38:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 feliperustdecarvalho.pdf: 1379176 bytes, checksum: 9466af729223375427c4edf2872e7dd1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-05-26 / Ecossistemas de água doce (rios, lagos e reservatórios) desempenham um papel essencial na ciclagem de carbono nos continentes. Esses ambientes são fontes significantes de gases de efeito estufa (GEE) para a atmosfera, principalmente de gás carbônico (CO2) e metano (CH4). Apesar do aumento do número de estimativas, a dinâmica e o controle das emissões naturais de GEE em ambientes aquáticos ainda é pouco estudada, especialmente nos trópicos. O objetivo geral da dissertação foi estimar os fluxos de CO2 e CH4 em uma lagoa tropical rasa com gradiente de turbidez. O trabalho foi realizado na lagoa Sinhá Mariana (MT), uma lagoa pantaneira com a ocorrência de duas regiões hidrológicas distintas; a lagoa é ligada ao rio Mutum de águas claras, pobre em material em suspensão, e baixa turbidez e ao rio Cuiabá de águas túrbidas, que apresenta alta taxa de material em suspensão. Duas coletas foram realizadas no ambiente, caracterizando os períodos hidrológicos de águas altas e águas baixas. A variação temporal, espacial e o pulso de inundação mostraram serem fatores importantes no fluxo de CO2, que variou de -4,95 mmol m-2 d-1 a 282 mmol m-2 d-1 nos períodos amostrados e diferenças significativas foram observadas entre um período e outro, com maiores emissões no período de águas altas (142 ± 40 mmol m-2 d-1) e menores nas águas baixas (2,3 ± 11,5 mmol m-2 d-1). Além disso, os fluxos de CO2 foram significantemente m/aiores nas proximidades do rio Mutum e menores na região túrbida e intermediária da lagoa, em ambos os períodos. Diferentemente, o fluxo total de CH4, embora estimado apenas nas águas altas, registrou os maiores valores médios na região de maior turbidez da lagoa (10,9 ± 6,9 mmol m-2 d-1), seguido pela região intermediária (5,1 ± 3,9 mmol m-2 d-1) e pela região influenciada pela água clara (2,5 ± 1,4 mmol m-2 d-1). A ebulição foi o principal processo de emissão de CH4, responsável por 78% do fluxo total. O gradiente de turbidez registrado ao longo da lagoa pareceu ter sido um fator determinante na dinâmica do fluxo tanto de CO2 quanto do CH4. Os dados deste trabalho reforçam a necessidade da amostragem espacial dos fluxos de CH4 e CO2 em lagos tropical, além de reforçar que estes fluxos podem ser controlados principalmente pela turbidez e pelo pulso de inundação (CO2). / Freshwater ecosystems (lakes, rivers and reservoirs) play an essential role in carbon cycling in the continents. These environments are significant sources of greenhouse gases (GHG), especially carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4), to the atmosphere. Despite the increase in the number of estimates, the natural GHG emissions dynamics in aquatic environments is still poorly studied, especially in the tropics. The general aim of this work was to estimate the CO2 and CH4 fluxes in a shallow tropical lake with turbidity gradient. The work was conducted in the Sinhá Mariana lake (MT), a wetland lake with the occurrence of two distinct hydrological regions; the lake is connected to the Mutum river (clear water), poor in suspended material with low turbidity, and connected to the Cuiabá River (turbid waters), which features high rate of suspension material. Samples were taken for characterizing the hydrological periods of high and low water. The temporal, spatial variation and the flood pulse shoed to be important factors affecting the CO2 flux, which ranged from -4.95 mmol m-2 d-1 to 282 mmol m-2 d-1. Significant differences were observed from one period to another, with higher emissions during high waters (142 ± 40 mmol m-2 d-1) and lower in the low water (2.3 ± 11.5 mmol m-2 d-1). In addition, the CO2 flux was significantly higher near the Mutum river and lower in the turbid region, in both periods. The total CH4 flux, although estimated only in high waters, showed the highest mean rates in the higher turbidity region of the lake (10.9 ± 6.9 mmol m-2 d-1), followed by the intermediate region (5.1 ± 3.9 mmol m-2 d-1) and the area influenced by clear water (2.5 ± 1.4 mmol m-2 d-1). The ebullition flux was the main CH4 emission pathway, responsible for 78% of the total flux. The turbidity gradient observed along the lake appeared to have been a determining factor in the flux dynamics of both CO2 and CH4. This study data reinforce the need for spatial sampling of CH4 and CO2 fluxes in tropical lakes, in addition to reinforcing that these fluxes can be controlled by turbidity and by the flood pulse (CO2).

This diploma thesis deals with the effectiveness of separation technologies for water treatment. The first theoretical part mentions types of pollution that can be found in surface water. Furthermore, the interparticle interactions affecting the stability of colloidal dispersions are discussed. The following is a description of the principle, procedure, mechanisms of coagulation and factors influencing this process. The chapter dealing with types of water treatment is followed by a more detailed description of the individual separation technologies used in the water treatment plants. The important passage in the theoretical part is the description of materials and reagents used in laboratory experiments. The coagulants nanoiron and sodium water glass are characterized, as well as Bayoxide E33, CFH 0818, FILTRASORB 100 activated charcoal and DORSILIT silicate sand. The experimental part of the thesis analyses the jar test procedure. The flocculation tester intended for the jar test was used for laboratory coagulation using nanoiron and sodium water glass. The effectiveness of selected coagulants in the removal of turbidity from water during sedimentation of flakes produced in reaction vessels was investigated. In addition, the effectiveness of individual filtering materials in the removal of turbidity from water containing nanoiron/sodium water glass was investigated. In the end, the results of laboratory tests are compared and evaluated, including photos taken during experiments.

This thesis deals with coagulation treatment of surface water with content of humic matters, drug residues and turbidity. Commonly used coagulants (ferrous and aluminous sulphate) and natural biopolymer based on chitosan that not yet used in the Czech Republic had been studied. The aim of this work was to found the optimal application of chitosan in water treatment and comparison of its coagulation efficiency with standard inorganic coagulants. Theoretical part of the thesis contains occurrence, classification, composition, properties and importance of humic matters and drug residues and furthermore properties of chitosan and its using in water treatment. Experimental part summarizes the obtained results from the laboratory coagulation tests with inorganic coagulants and with chitosan leading to determination of its optimal dose. Other coagulation experiments were focused on finding the possibilities of combine the two coagulants (ferrous sulphate and chitosan) and to find their optimum doses and suitable ratio. The influence of pH on water treatment with using coagulation was also studied.

When stormwater flows from hard surfaces in urban areas it contributes with pollutants to nearby watercourses. Also runoff from rural areas dominated by agriculture and forestry can contribute with nutrients and pollutants to watercourses. How maximum concentrations and annual loads of pollutants are transported yearly to lakes and seas is crucial information for an adequate management of our natural waters. Several metals, like lead, copper, cadmium and zinc are harmful to humans, animals and plants. Estimates of concentrations and transports of metals is today often based upon manually collected samples, flow proportional samples or modeling in programs calculated from standards. All of these methods contains a lot of uncertainties. The yearly transports in watercourses is calculated through linear interpolation between samples. Uncertainties in the calculated yearly transports tend to increase with lower sampling frequencies, since changes in metal concentration is often overlooked. This study is based on samples from Hågaån, a stream located in the proximity of Uppsala, Sweden. The stream has influences from both stormwater and runoff from agricultural lands. The purpose of the study was to investigate in what ways turbidity can be used as an indirect measurement of metals. The relationship between turbidity and different metals were analyzed through linear regression. The results shows that a high frequency measurements with a turbidity sensor can be used in several different ways depending on the strenght in the relationship between turbidity and metal. If the obtained relationship is strong, as is the case for lead, a turbidity sensor could be used as an indirect measurement in the watercourse. In those cases when the relationship does not have the same credibility, a turbidity sensor could instead be used to model the metal concentrations between samples. It might be possible to apply a relationship between turbidity and metals also for stormwater for some metals, but further studies are inquired. Since the quality and flow of stormwater are highly variant, high frequency measurements with a turbidity sensor could provide a more complete picture of how the concentrations of pollutants vary over time. The relationship between turbidity and metals is dependant of the metal content in particles, optical properties but also the concentration of dissolved metals, which vary between watercourses and over time. It is therefore necessary to measure turbidity and metal concentrations in the watercourse of interest under different hydrological conditions. The more complex the relatinship is, the more measurements are required. This limit the usage of sensors to monitor metals. / Dagvatten som rinner av från hårdgjorda ytor i bebyggda områden bidrar med föroreningar till närliggande vattendrag. Även naturlig avrinning från icke-hårdgjorda ytor, som odlingsmark och skogsmark, kan bidra med näringsämnen och föroreningar  till vattendrag. Hur höga halter som förekommer, samt vilka mängder av föroreningar som årligen transporteras ut i sjöar och hav är viktigt att veta för att kunna följa upp Sveriges miljömål Giftfri miljö och vattenförvaltningens krav på god status. Många metaller som exempelvis bly, koppar, kadmium och zink är skadliga för människor, djur och växter. Uppskattningar av totalhalter och metalltransporter görs idag ofta baserade på relativt glest uttagna stickprover, flödesproportionell provtagning eller modelleringar i dataprogram beräknade från schablonhalter.  Alla dessa metoder innehåller stora osäkerheter. Årstransporter i vattendrag beräknas genom linjär interpolering mellan uttagna stickprover. Osäkerheterna i de beräknade årstransporterna ökar vid lägre provtagningsfrekvens, eftersom det är lätt att förändringar i metallhalten förbises. Denna studie baseras på mätningar från Hågaån utanför Uppsala, ett vattendrag som är påverkat av  både dagvatten och avrinning från jordbruksmark. Syftet med studien var att undersöka på vilka sätt turbiditet kan användas för indirekt mätning av metaller. Samband mellan turbiditet och metaller undersöktes genom linjär regression. Resultatet från mätningarna i Hågaån visade att högfrekventa mätningar med en turbiditetssensor kan användas på flera sätt beroende på styrkan i sambandet mellan turbiditet och metall. Om sambandet som erhålls är starkt, vilket är fallet för bly, skulle en turbiditetssensor kunna användas som en indirekt mätning i vattendrag. I de fall då sambandet inte är lika starkt, kan en turbiditetssensor istället användas för att fylla i data mellan stickproverna vid transportberäkningar. Detta minskar behovet av tät provtagning vilket kan ge en kostnadsbesparing. Samband mellan turbiditet och metaller borde kunna upprättas och appliceras även på dagvatten för vissa metaller, men vidare studier med längre mätserier krävs. Eftersom dagvattnets kvalitet och flöde är så varierande skulle en turbiditetssensor kunna ge en bättre bild av hur föroreningshalterna varierar över tid för metaller som är bundna till partiklar. Det finns överlag stora utmaningar kopplade till att mäta i dagvatten och en sensor kan i vissa fall utgöra ett bra komplement till andra metoder. Sambandet mellan turbiditet och metallhalt beror av partiklarnas metallinnehåll, optiska egenskaper och även halten lösta metaller, vilket varierar mellan vattendrag och även över tid. Det är därför nödvändigt med mätningar av turbiditet och metallhalter i varje enskilt vattendrag och under olika hydrologiska förhållanden. Ju mer komplext sambandet är desto fler mätningar behövs. Det begränsar användningen av sensorer för att övervaka metaller.

Aquaculture is a multibillion-dollar industry that meets the demand for marine food while enhancing sustainability. Farmers in this area encounter a finite number of issues. The difficulties experienced by aquafarmers in assessing water quality are described in the chapter 3 of  this report. Farmers' traditional methods for measuring water quality are inefficient and time-consuming. To address the concerns related to pH, dissolved oxygen, and turbidity, we developed a system that would allow farmers to monitor water quality in aquafarms in real time. This report presents a thorough illustration of how we created the system. To test water quality in real time, we placed pH, TDS, and dissolved oxygen sensors connected to Arduino in various liquids and the observation and results can be seen in chapter 5. We calibrated the sensors used in the system design to achieve the precise values. The results were then displayed on a webpage after the system connected to the internet.

The Little North Santiam River Basin is a 111-square mile watershed located in the Cascade Range of western Oregon. The Little North Santiam River is a major tributary to the North Santiam River, which is the primary source of drinking water for Salem, Oregon and surrounding communities. Consequently, water quality conditions in the Little North Santiam River, such as high turbidity, affect treatment and delivery of the drinking water. Between 2001 and 2008, suspended-sediment loads from the Little North Santiam River accounted for 69% of the total suspended-sediment load that passed the treatment plant. Recent studies suggest that much of this sediment originates from landslide activity in the basin. Using airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR)-derived imagery, 401 landslides were mapped in the Little North Santiam River Basin. Landslide types vary by location, with deep-seated earth flows and earth slumps common in the lower half of the basin and channelized debris flows prominent in the upper basin. Over 37% of the lower basin shows evidence of landslide activity compared to just 4% of the upper basin. Instream turbidity monitoring and suspended-sediment load estimates during the winter of 2009-2010 demonstrate a similar distribution of sediment transport in the basin. During a 3-month study period, from December 2009 through February 2010, the lower basin supplied 2,990 tons, or 91% of the suspended-sediment load to the Little North Santiam River, whereas the upper basin supplied only 310 tons of sediment. One small 23-acre earth flow in the lower basin, the Evans Creek Landslide, supplied 28% of the total suspended-sediment load, even though it only comprises 0.0004% of the basin. The Evans Creek Landslide is an active earth flow that has been moving episodically since at least 1945, with surges occurring between 1945 and 1955, 1970 and 1977, in February 1996, and in January 2004. Recent erosion of the landslide toe by Evans Creek continues to destabilize the slope, supplying much of the sediment measured in the Little North Santiam River. Over the last 64 years, the average landslide movement rate has been between 5 and 12 feet per year.