Dentre os planos que Albert Camus estabeleceu para a sua obra, prevaleceu nos seus escritos e declarações a tríplice que incluía os ciclos do absurdo, da revolta e do amor. Cada um dos ciclos seria composto de pelo menos uma peça de teatro, um romance e um ensaio, além de também ser acompanhado de um mito central, sendo respectivamente Sísifo, Prometeu e Nêmesis. Com a sua morte súbita em acidente de carro aos 46 anos, o escritor deixou alguns vestígios do que viria a compor o seu terceiro ciclo: o romance inacabado O primeiro homem, anotações sobre a peça Don Fausto e elementos para o ensaio O mito de Nêmesis. A presente pesquisa reúne e contextualiza os rastros deixados por Camus em torno da sua relação com o mito de Nêmesis a fim de oferecer uma chave de leitura para a sua obra e expor um panorama formal, temático e filosófico de um dos seus últimos projetos de ensaio. / Among the plans that Albert Camus has established to his work it has prevailed, in his writings and declarations, the triple that includes cycles of absurd, revolt and love. Each one of the cycles would be composed at least of a theater play, a novel and an essay. Besides, they are also followed by a central myth, being Sisyphus, Prometheus and Nemesis. After Camus sudden death at age 46, he left some traces of what would it be consisted his third cycle: the unfinished novel The first man, notes about the play Don Faust and elements for the essay The myth of Nemesis. The presented research reunites and contextualizes the traces let by Camus around his relationship with the myth of Nemesis in order to offer a reading key to his work and to expose a formal, thematic and philosophical overview of this essay project.

Em meio aos debates (tão profícuos e numerosos quanto beligerantes) sobre os rumos da composição musical em meados do século XX, o questionamento sobre a natureza da relação a ser estabelecida com o passado (com a história da música) foi um tema privilegiado. Desde então sua pertinência crescente, na atrofia de uma prática social (e de uma linguagem comumente compartilhada) na música erudita, faz com que esse debate transcenda o contexto inicial da música de vanguarda das décadas de 1950 e 1960 e possa ser visto como um problema de base para a criação musical em nosso tempo. No enfrentamento em larga escala dessas questões, destacam-se as trajetórias de dois compositores, tanto em seu pensamento como em sua obra musical: Henri Pousseur (1929- 2009) e Willy Corrêa de Oliveira (nascido em 1938). A premissa dessa discussão, a saber, a oposição à tabula rasa da arte do passado (simbolizada aqui pela imagem das \"tábuas\" que não foram privadas de suas inscrições, \"tabulae scriptae\"), é enfrentada inicialmente pela contextualização das discussões sobre a abordagem da música erudita como linguagem em meados do século XX (e em torno da música contemporânea), para em seguida expandirmos esse universo com apontamentos de uma interpretação semiótica dessa linguagem e de sua relação com o modo de produção capitalista. Pousseur e Willy chegam paralelamente a conclusões similares, na apreciação da situação crítica da música contemporânea na sociedade atual como decorrente de uma crise generalizada das relações humanas, o que conduz a uma situação metalingüística: na ausência de uma linguagem comum, funcional, universalizante, a atividade do compositor se volta para a reflexão sobre a própria linguagem, no questionamento das premissas do processo de criação. As obras de Willy e Pousseur, de maneiras distintas (e autônomas, desenrolando-se paralelamente), registram um reflexo desse pensamento no recurso constante às mais diversas formas de operação metalingüística direta, na recuperação de materiais e procedimentos do passado (sob novas roupagens) na composição musical. Em capítulos separados, sucessivos, propomos uma apreciação panorâmica de cada uma dessas trajetórias para apontar a pertinência da operação metalingüística em suas obras de maneira geral, detalhando-a eventualmente em análises de algumas obras-chave. Antes de refletir sobre os pontos em comum e as diferenças mais marcantes entre essas duas trajetórias, insere-se ainda um testemunho de uma adesão a suas propostas, com a análise de composições de minha própria autoria / Among the debates (that were as useful and plentiful as they were belligerent) about the paths of musical composition in the middle of the 20th century, the question of which kind of relation was to be established with the past (with the history of music) was a favoured one. Since then its growing pertinence, alongside the atrophy of common practice (and of a thoroughly shared musical language) in contemporary music, makes this discussion surmount its original context (within avantgarde music of the 1950s and 60s) and become a fundamental problem for the creation of music in our time. In the large-scale confrontation of these questions, the paths of two composers stand out, in their musical thought inasmuch as in their compositions: Henri Pousseur (1929-2009) and Willy Corrêa de Oliveira (born in 1938). The premise of this discussion, the denial of the tabula rasa of the art of the past (represented here by the image of the \"table\" whose writings haven\'t been erased, \"tabulae scriptae\"), is faced with the contextualization of the debates on music as language in the middle of the 20th century (and around the contemporary music medium). This context is expanded pointing out to semiotics and to the relations of musical language and capitalist means of production. Henri Pousseur and Willy Oliveira come to the similar conclusions, approaching the critical situation of contemporary music in hodiernal society as a result of a generalized crisis on human relations. This leads to a consideration of the present state of musical practice as a metalanguage: in the absence of a common universal language, the composer\'s work turns to the reflexion on language itself and on the nature of the creative process. The musical works of Willy Corrêa and Henri Pousseur (independently, and in different ways) show a reflex of this thought in the frequent use of various kinds of metalinguistic procedures in composition, in their recuperation of materials and procedures of the past (in new treatments). In separate chapters, we propose a panoramic view of each of their musical paths, approaching their use of metalinguistics in their works in general, and also analyzing some of their compositions in detail. Before discussing the common points and the striking differences between their paths, one more chapter includes a testimony of an adherence to these principles, with analysis of musical compositions of my own.

Esta tese examina o processo de implantação de jardins públicos no Brasil entre o final do século XIX e início do XX, buscando identificar soluções de aclimatação das matrizes paisagísticas estrangeiras ao contexto cultural, social e geográfico do país. O trabalho toma como objeto de estudo os jardins das cidades do Recife, Fortaleza e João Pessoa e os analisa a partir de quatro variáveis - seus nomes, usos, elementos naturais e equipamentos -, privilegiando fontes documentais, relatos de cronistas e memorialistas e levantamento in loco, em diálogo com a historiografia do paisagismo. Assim, a tese evidencia que o cultivo de jardins públicos no Brasil refletiu ritmos e modos diversos de interpretação dos conceitos e elementos formais dos jardins estrangeiros frente a circunstâncias locais, como preexistências arquitetônicas e urbanísticas; recursos naturais, materiais e tecnológicos; usos; aspectos climáticos e terminológicos. / This thesis examines the process of implantation of public gardens in Brazil between the The nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, seeking to identify solutions for acclimatization of Foreign landscape to the cultural, social and geographical context of the country. Work takes Study of the gardens of the cities of Recife, Fortaleza and João Pessoa, and analyzes the From four variables - their names, uses, natural elements and equipment - Privileging documentary sources, reports of chroniclers and memorialists and survey in loco, In dialogue with the historiography of landscaping. Thus, the thesis evidences that the cultivation of Public gardens in Brazil reflected different rhythms and modes of interpretation of concepts and Formal elements of foreign gardens in the face of local circumstances such as pre-existing Architectural and urban planning; Natural, material and technological resources; Uses; aspects Climatic and terminological.

A partir de la constatation du rôle majeur joué par l’oeuvre théâtrale de Alfredo de Freitas Dias Gomes, dit Dias Gomes [1922-1999], dans la construction de la dramaturgie moderne brésilienne, cette étude se propose de retracer le parcours créatif du dramaturge entre 1937, lorsqu’il publie sa première pièce, jusqu’à sa dernière oeuvre écrite en 1999. Dans la première partie de cette recherche, nous accompagnons les persécutions que Dias Gomes a dû affronter en tant qu’intellectuel de gauche durant le « Estado Novo » de Getúlio Vargas et la dictature militaire instaurée en 1964. Dans la deuxième partie, nous nous penchons sur les pièces écrites au cours des premières années, à partir de 1942. Puis nous suivons son évolution jusqu’à la consécration de son théâtre en 1960. Le troisième volet s’attache aux pièces écrites à partir des années 1960 qui représentent un ensemble d’oeuvres éclectiques que ce génie de la scène a laissées en héritage. / Based on the recognition of the major role played by the theatrical work of Alfredo Dias Gomes de Freitas, said Dias Gomes, in the construction of modern Brazilian drama, this study aims to retrace the creative life of the play writer from 1937, when he published his first piece, until 1999, when he wrote his last work. In the first part of this research, we follow the persecutions that Dias Gomes had to face as a left wing intellectual during the authoritarian regime of the Getúlio Vargas and the military dictatorship starting in 1964. In the second part of this research, we focus the pieces written during his early years, from 1942. Then we follow his evolution until the consecration of his theater in 1960. The third part focuses on written documents from the 1960s that represent a set of eclectic works that this genius of the drama has left as a legacy.

The thesis focuses on the poetry of Ludvík Kundera. It introduces his work in chronological order and within the contemporary literary-historical framework. The analysis and the interpretation of his early poems often refer to the war period. Language and its potentiality are a main concern in Kundera's other work. His poetry is defined in the context of avant-garde modern art: surrealism, dadaism and expressionism. The thesis researches the impact of Brecht's poetics on Kundera, too. It also introduces the persona of the artist, who significantly contributed to forming the Czech literary field during the second half of the 20th century. Kundera's poetry relates to Czech and foreign artists and their works. The poems rise from ordinary occasions, as well as showing the poet's intertextual approach. Experimentation, wordplay, lyrical humour and irony are an inherent part of Ludvík Kundera's work.

Tracing the Material considers how James Joyce’s Ulysses, Virginia Woolf’s The Years, and Samuel Beckett’s Murphy represent material spaces and objects as a way of engaging with the fraught histories of England and Ireland. I argue that these three writers use spaces and objects to think through and critique nineteenth and early twentieth-century conflicts and transitions, particularly in the areas of empire, nationalism, gender, and family. Writing in the 1920s and 1930s, in the decline of British ascendency, the rise of the Irish Free State, and between the World Wars, these writers seek to interpret their history through the material world as a way of articulating their political, cultural, and social dissatisfactions, and to imagine the future. Drawing in part from Walter Benjamin’s materialist historiography and Jacques Derrida’s texts on spectrality and mourning, I investigate how the material world becomes the means through which nations and individuals express their guilt and desires, mourn losses, cut their losses, articulate the present, and anticipate the future. A study of the material world in these novels thus yields insights into how literary texts respond to history, both overtly and implicitly, foregrounding the importance of physical spaces and things in the larger narratives of national and personal history. My dissertation offers a new understanding of the way twentieth-century literature navigates its history through materiality, destabilizes subject-object distinctions, and exposes the often-unexpected power of the non-human world.

Few people know that the first sessions of the General Assembly of the UN in 1946 were held in a place of worship - Westminster Central Hall. It was part of an ambitious construction programme, initiated by the Wesleyan Methodists, which resulted in Central Halls in most British cities. They were, and in some cases still are, flexible, multi-functional spaces used on a daily basis for a wide range of purposes. They are widely perceived as public space but they are also sacred - camouflaged churches, created as sites for missionary activity and social outreach by a faith which from its origins has challenged the dichotomy between sacred and secular space. They have never been systematically studied – even their number and locations were unknown. This thesis tells their story by presenting them as an undocumented building type of social and cultural significance. It explores the concept of building type and the dimensions of social and cultural analysis that may be explored with the method. The typological approach is then demonstrated with a specific monographic focus on Methodist Central Halls from the 1880s to the present. Using a combination of visual methods, archival research and personal testimony, the analysis offers insights into the many aspects of Methodism through the long twentieth century – the church’s spatial distribution, its modes of mission and worship, its cultural identity and its business model. These centrally located assembly halls with their landmark architecture are for many towns still the top venues for meeting and entertainment. The typology of such public sacred spaces is not only a chapter in the history of British cities but provides findings of wide interest for religion and society.

On May 9, 1950, President Truman declared that “all our international policies, taken together, form a program designed to strengthen and unite the free world.” My dissertation is the first history of the “free world,” a crucial concept that identified the object of U.S. leadership, drove the country to seek global preeminence, and shaped the American understanding of the Cold War. For much of the nineteenth century, American policymakers had envisioned a globe divided into a “new world” of freedom and an “old world” of tyranny. In 1917, Woodrow Wilson proposed a new global dichotomy, arguing for the creation of a trans-Atlantic coalition of democracies against aggressive autocracies whose very existence threatened the survival of freedom everywhere. A revised version of this logic prevailed during the Second World War. But it was only after the start of the Cold War in the late 1940s that American policymakers embraced the concept of an enduring and extra-hemispheric “free world.” Their efforts to lead, unite and strengthen this spatially defined “free world” prompted a massive expansion of American foreign policy and fundamentally transformed the country’s position in the international arena.

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