[pt] O acoplamento fluido-mecânico como é conhecido o efeito tanto do meio poroso no meio fluido, quanto do efeito do meio fluido no meio poroso, possui uma ampla aplicabilidade em diversos campos da engenharia, tornando-se um importante objeto de estudo. O presente trabalho analisa alguns modelos acoplados de deformação e fluxo, particularmente fluxo bifásico e acoplamento com deformação, levando-se em consideração a não linearidade física do solo. A análise de fluxo em condição bifásica pode conduzir a instabilidade, devido à característica parabólica-hiperbólica das equações governantes, bem como o método empregado para soluções das mesmas, podendo não capturar satisfatoriamente condições de heterogeneidade do meio geológico. Sendo assim, são estudadas formulações numéricas capazes de contornar essas dificuldades e ainda empregadas em condição acoplada com o problema de deformação. Emprega-se inicialmente o método dos elementos finitos, MEF, para solução do problema acoplado com fluxo bifásico, em sequência uma formulação mista em que se resolve a equação da pressão através do MEF, e intermediariamente utilizam-se métodos de melhor aproximação da velocidade como os elementos de Raviart-Thomas de mais baixa ordem e solução da equação da saturação pelo método dos volumes finitos, MVF, com esquema de interpolação de alta ordem para captura de frente de saturação. Ainda assim é apresentada uma formulação em que se emprega o método dos elementos finitos descontínuos, MEFD, apresentado em Hoteit (2008), que no presente trabalho é acoplada com o problema de deformação utilizando um procedimento staggered para solução iterativa de ambos os sistemas. São apresentados exemplos que validam as diversas formulações e que destacam as propriedades de cada uma das formulações, com vantagens e desvantagem nas suas aplicações. / [en] The fluid-mechanical coupling is known as the effect of both the porous media in a fluid as the fluid in porous media, it has been studied intensively in past years and in recent years, given its importance in various application fields of engineering. This works studies numerical models of coupled deformation and flow, considering coupled two-phase flow and deformation, taking into account the nonlinear soil behavior. The numerical analysis of two-phase flow can lead to instabilities due to parabolic-hyperbolic character of the governing equations and the method employed does not adequately capture the heterogeneity of the geological environment. Thus, we analyze the numerical formulations capable of overcoming these difficulties and to be employed on coupled condition with deformation. Initially the finite element method, FEM, is employed for solution of the coupled two-phase flow problem. Another formulation is employed in a mixed basis, the pressure equation is solved through the FEM, solution of the equation of saturation by finite volume method, FVM, using interpolation scheme with high order to capture the saturation front. In an intermediate step, it is employing methods to better pos-processing the velocity filed as the lowest-order Raviart- Thomas finite elements. Finally, it is presented a formulation that employs the discontinuous finite element method, DFEM, presented in Hoteit et al (2008), is coupled in this work with the problem of deformation using a staggered procedure for iterative solution of the systems. Examples are presented that validate the various formulations and highlight the properties of each formulation, with advantages and disadvantages in their applications.

[pt] Neste trabalho foi desenvolvido um programa para simulação numérica do fluxo bifásico em meios porosos com transferência de massa entre as duas fases e transporte dos solutos em cada fase. O programa calcula o aumento da mobilidade da fase não aquosa e da solubilidade de seus componentes na água como resultado da adição de um co- solvente. O objetivo foi simular problemas de contaminação no subsolo com líquidos imiscíveis com a água e a remediação através da técnica de injeção de co-solventes, assim como a contaminação a partir de vazamentos de gasolina acrescida de álcool em postos de abastecimento. Podem-se ainda resolver problemas de fluxo bifásico envolvendo uma fase gasosa. Foi desenvolvido e implementado um modelo para a transferência de massa durante o fluxo das duas fases. O cálculo das propriedades das duas fases ao longo do tempo é feito utilizando o diagrama ternário de fases. Para resolver as equações do fluxo e do transporte de solutos foi empregado o método de elementos finitos. / [en] A computer code was developed for numerical simulation of two-phase flow in porous media considering mass transfer between the phases involved and solute transport in each phase. Enhanced mobility of nonaqueous phase and enhanced aqueous solubility of its components as a result of cosolvent injection are calculated. The objective of this work was to simulate subsurface contamination by nonaqueous phase liquids and remediation utilizing cosolvent injection technique, and also contamination by gasoline with alcohol from fuel tanks. It is also possible to solve two-phase flow problems involving a gaseous phase. A model for mass transfer during two-phase flow was developed and implemented. Properties variation with time for both phases is calculated using ternary phase diagram. Finite element method was used to solve flow and solute transport equations.

Hydraulic model studies of the Rusfors dam were previously made, the purpose of which was to examine the rebuilding solution for safe discharge of its design flood. In this work, two-phases computational fluid dynamics simulations were conducted to provide essential insights that help better comprehend the model test results. The hydraulic characteristics investigated in numerical modelling included the velocity profile, flow pattern profile and energy dissipation capacity. Through analysis of the results obtained from numerical modelling and hydraulic model tests, the modified dam was found to have better energy dissipation capacity and sediment cleaning ability than the previous dam. / Hydrauliska modellstudier av Rusfors dammen tidigare gjort, vars syfte var att undersöka återuppbyggnaden lösning för säker urladdning av dess utformning översvämning. I detta arbete har två faser computational vätska dynamik simuleringar genomförts för att ge viktiga insikter som hjälper bättre begripa de modelltestresultaten. De aspekter som undersöks i numerisk modellering inkluderar hastighetsprofilen , strömningsmönstret profil och energiförbrukningskapacitet. Genom analys av resultaten från numerisk modellering och hydrauliska modellförsök, var den modifierade dammen visade sig ha bättre energiförbrukningskapacitet och sediment rengöringsförmåga än tidigare dammen.

<p> Identifying design pattern instances within an existing software system can support understanding and reuse of the system functionality. Moreover, incorporating behavioral features through task scenario into the design pattern recovery would enhance both the scalability of the process and the usefulness of the design pattern instances. In this context, we present a novel method for recovering design pattern instances from the implementation of system behavioral features through a semi-automatic and multi-phase reverse engineering process.</p> <p> The proposed method consists of a feature-oriented dynamic analysis and a two-phase design pattern detection process. The feature-oriented dynamic analysis works on the software system behavioral features' run-time information and produces a mapping between features and their realization at class level. In the two-phase design pattern detection process, we employ an approximate matching and a structural matching to detect the instances of the target design pattern described in our proposed Pattern Description Language (PDL), which is an XML-based design pattern description language. The correspondence between system features and the identified design pattern instances can facilitate the construction of more reusable and configurable software components. Our target application domain is an evolutionary development of software product line which emphasizes on reusing software artifacts to construct a reference architecture for several similar products. We have implemented a prototype toolkit and conducted experimentations on three versions of JHotDraw systems to evaluate our approach.</p> / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

Depuis ces dernières années, il y a eu augmentation de l’effort pour le développement des systèmes microfluidiques dédiésà la dispersion d’une phase fluide dans une autre phase fluide immiscible. Les gouttelettes ou les bulles résultantes ont de nombreuses applications dans des diverses domaines (photonique, chimique, biologique...). Pour la plupart de ces applications, il est primordial de contrôler la taille et la forme de ces gouttelettes/bulles, paramètres qui influencent directement le comportement ou la réponse du système. Notre but consiste ainsi à générer des gouttelettes de taille unique (mono-dispersées) et contrôlable pour produire des structures accordables. Nous analysons aussi leurs mécanismes de formation et étudions les paramètres qui influent sur leur taille et leur forme. Dans le présent travail, la génération de gouttelettes est réalisée en utilisant une intersection entre deux microcanaux (jonction en T) où leur taille est directement liée à la géométrie. Dans cette configuration, il existe trois régimes connus de génération de gouttelettes qui sont les régimes de dripping, squeezing et jetting. Nous nous sommes particulièrement intéressés à l’étude du régime dripping car il assure la génération de gouttelettes ayant une taille plus petite que celle obtenue avec les autres régimes. Les expériences et les études théoriques ont montré que le diamètre des gouttelettes diminue quand la largeur des canaux diminue, quand la vitesse de la phase continue augmente et quand la vitesse de la phase dispersée diminue. De plus, nous avons pu mettre en évidence un nouveau régime de génération de gouttelettes pour lequel les gouttelettes générées ont un diamètre constant, indépendamment des vitesses des phases continue et dispersée, et qui ne dépend que de la géométrie des canaux. Nous avons appelé ce nouveau régime le régime “balloon”. Nous avons enfin montré l’intérêt de l’accordabilité des systèmes microfluidiques en optique et en acoustique. Ainsi, nous avons montré que la période du réseau de diffraction optique est facilement modifiable en contrôlant les paramètres de génération de bulles. De même, nous avons pu voir que la réponse acoustique est liée `a la résonance des bulles dans le milieu liquide. Cette réponse est une fonction du diamètre des bulles générées. Enfin, nous proposons l’utilisation du système microfluidique en électronique pour produire des capacités variables, ouvrant la voie à des nouvelles fonctionnalités pour la microfluidique diphasique. / Since the past few years, there has been an increasing effort in developing microfluidic devices for dispersing one fluid phase in another immiscible fluid phase. Micro fluidic bubbles or droplets have many applications in different fields such as photonics, chemistry, biology... For most of these applications, it is important to control the size and the shape of these droplets or bubbles, since they directly influence the response of the system. Our goal is to generate mono disperse and controllable droplets to produce tunable structures. We also analyze their formation mechanisms and study the parameters that affect their size and their shape. In the present work, we use T-junction geometry to generate droplets of uniform size. In this configuration, there are three known regimes of droplet generation: dripping, squeezing and jetting regimes. We are particularly interested in the study of the dripping regime since it ensures the generation of droplets of smaller size compared to the other regimes. The experimental and the theoretical studies have shown that the droplets diameter decreases when the channels width decreases, when the continuous phase velocity increases and when the dispersed phase velocity decreases. In addition, we have shown evidence of a new regime of droplet generation in which the droplet diameter is constant, independent of the continuous and dispersed phases velocities and only related to the geometry of the T-junction channels. We named this new regime the balloon regime. We finally demonstrated the usefulness of the tunability of microfluidic systems in optics and acoustics. Actually, we show that the diffraction grating period can be easily changed by controlling the parameters of bubble generation. We show also that the acoustic response is related to the bubbles resonance in the liquid medium. This response is a function of the bubbles diameter. Finally, we propose the use of the microfluidic system in electronics, for realizing varying capacitors, where the diphasic microfluidic opens the way to new functionalities

Cette thèse présente une contribution à l’étude des transferts d’eau au sein des piles à combustible de type PEMFC, un aspect clé de cette technologie. Une approche de simulation numérique est développée en couplant un modèle de type réseau de pores dans la couche de diffusion (DM), une approche mixte continue –réseau de pore dans la couche microporeuse (MPL) et une modélisation par compartiments dans la couche active. L’approche développée prend en compte les transferts couplés de chaleur et d’eau via notamment la modélisation des phénomènes de changement de phase dans la DM et la MPL (évaporation et condensation). Dans une première partie, nous étudions le cas où l’eau migre dans l’assemblage MPL-DM directement en phase liquide. L’impact de la variation de pression dans la phase gazeuse sur la distribution de la phase liquide est étudié. L’épaisseur optimale de la MPL est également étudiée. Dans une seconde partie, nous étudions des situations où l’eau se forme par condensation dans la couche de diffusion. Nous étudions tout d’abord l’impact des propriétés de la couche de diffusion et de la MPL sur le diagramme de condensation. Ensuite nous analysons l’impact de la formation de l’eau liquide sur la distribution de courant locale. Enfin, l’impact de la mouillabilité sur les figures de condensation est étudié. Cette dernière étude est vue comme un premier pas vers l’étude des mécanismes de dégradation dans le régime de condensation. / This thesis is a contribution to the study water transfers within PEM fuel cell, a key element of this technology. A numerical simulation tool is developed coupling a pore network model in the gas diffusion layer (DM), a mixed continuum – pore network approach in the microporous layer (MPL) and a model by compartments in the catalyst layer. The developed approach takes into account the coupled heat and water transfers through the modeling of phase change phenomena (evaporation – condensation) in the DM and in the MPL. In the first part, we study the case where water migrates into the MPL-DM assembly directly in liquid phase. The impact of gas pressure variation on liquid phase distribution is studied. The optimal thickness of MPL is studied too. In the second part we study situations where liquid water essentially formed by condensation in the diffusion layer. We first study the impact of DM and MPL properties on the condensation diagram. Then we analyze the impact of liquid water formation on the local current density distribution. Finally the impact of wettability modifications on the liquid water patterns is studied. This last study is considered as a first step toward the study of degradation mechanisms in the condensation regime.

Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2016-06-08T14:47:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Julio Cezar dos Santos Nascimento.pdf: 1976053 bytes, checksum: 53410347ad1578d486d39f21c31e19aa (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-08T14:47:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Julio Cezar dos Santos Nascimento.pdf: 1976053 bytes, checksum: 53410347ad1578d486d39f21c31e19aa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-28 / During ripening, vegetable seeds and grain accumulated substantial amount of phytic acid, representing over 60% of total phosphorus in them. Phytate acts as an energy source for seed germination and is rarely available for non-ruminants, since they do not synthesize the enzyme. Due to the unavailability of biological organic phosphorus in many vegetable foods, research has sought alternative sources of phosphorus in order to better use. Incorporated in this context are the phytases, which form a group of enzymes that catalyze reactions gradual dephosphorylation of phytate. For enzyme purification the aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS) have been widely used for protein separation due to its low cost compared to other purification processes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the variables that influence production and purification of phytase by aqueous two-phase systems, as well as the biochemical characteristics of phytase produced by Aspergillus niger var. phoenicis URM 4924. The culture medium for the production of phytase were studied using factorial design and response surface methodology. The best condition for the production of phytase (8.80 U/mL) was found matching 1.25% of rice bran and 3.0% corn steep liquor. The optimum pH was 5.0, and remains at over 80% of residual activity at pH 5.0 to 9.0 for 15 hours. The phytase showed affinity constant of 0.12 mM and maximum velocity of 7.9 ηmol.s-1. The best conditions of extraction in aqueous two-phase systems were obtained with 26% (w/w) PEG 8000 (g/mol), pH 8.0 and 12% (w/w) citrate thus promoting purification factor of 7.58, partition coefficient of 3.62 and yield of 113.4%. The extraction using ATPS PEG/citrate proved to be promising for purification of phytase produced by A. niger var. phoenicis URM 4924 and may be applied in the composition of animal feed non-ruminants. / Durante o amadurecimento, sementes de legumes e cereais acumulam quantidade substancial de ácido fítico, representando mais de 60% do fósforo total dos mesmos. O fitato serve como fonte de energia para a germinação da semente, sendo pouco disponível para animais não-ruminantes, pois esses não sintetizam a fitase. Devido à indisponibilidade biológica do fósforo fítico em diversos alimentos de origem vegetal, as pesquisas têm buscado por fontes alternativas de fósforo, visando um melhor aproveitamento. Inseridas neste contexto estão as fitases, que formam um grupo de enzimas que catalisam reações graduais de defosforilação do fitato. Para a purificação de enzimas os sistemas de duas fases aquosas (SDFA) têm sido amplamente usados para separação de proteínas por conta do seu baixo custo quando comparado a outros processos de purificação. O objetivo deste trabalho foi a avaliação das variáveis que influenciam a produção e purificação da enzima por sistemas de duas fases aquosas, bem como a determinação das características bioquímicas de fitase produzidas por Aspergillus niger var. phoenicis URM 4924. Os meios de cultivo para a produção de fitases foram estudados utilizando planejamento fatorial e metodologia de superfície de resposta. A melhor condição para a produção de fitase (8,80 U/mL) foi encontrada combinando 1,25% de farelo de arroz e 3,0% de milhocina. A fitase apresentou temperatura ótima a 60°C e manteve 38,4% da atividade residual a 90°C por 120 minutos. O pH ótimo foi 5,0, e permaneceu com mais de 80% da atividade residual na faixa de pH 5,0 a 9,0 por 15 horas. A fitase apresentou constante de afinidade de 0,12 μM e velocidade máxima de 7,9 ηmol.s-1. As melhores condições de extração em sistemas de duas fases aquosas foram obtidas com 26% (m/m) de PEG 8000 (g/mol), pH 8,0 e 12% (m/m) de citrato promovendo assim, aumento de pureza de 7,58, coeficiente de partição de 3,62 e recuperação de 113,4%. A extração utilizando SDFA PEG/citrato demonstrou ser promissora para purificação de fitase produzida por A. niger var. phoenicis URM 4924, podendo ser aplicada na composição de rações de animais não-ruminantes.

Lors de sa détente dans une turbine, la vapeur subit une chute d’enthalpie qui entraîne sa condensation spontanée sous forme d’un nuage de gouttelettes submicroniques. Ces gouttes vont se déposer sur les aubes aval et y former un film d’eau. Ce dernier est arraché sous l’effet de l’écoulement de vapeur environnant ce qui crée des gouttes de quelques dizaines de microns qui peuvent se redéposer sur les aubes aval. Ces phénomènes sont à l’origine de pertes, généralement regroupées sous le terme générique de ”pertes par humidité”, estimées grâce à la loi de Baumann. Le but de cette thèse est de mettre en place dans un code méridien des modèles permettant la prise en compte des phénomènes de condensation, de déposition et d’écoulement des films liquides afin de pouvoir estimer les pertes liées à chacun d’entre eux. Dans cette optique un modèle diphasique homogène permettant d’avoir accès à la fraction massique de liquide et au nombre de gouttes est implanté dans le code méridien. Ce modèle est validé sur un cas test expérimental de détente en tuyère et alimente le modèle de déposition. Les contributions de la diffusion, de la turbophorèse, de la thermophorèse, de la gravité et de l’inertie des gouttes à la déposition sont étudiées. Il apparaît nécessaire de prendre en compte la diffusion, la turbophorèse et la déposition inertielle sur les bords d’attaque des aubes. Un modèle permettant d’avoir accès à l’épaisseur et à la vitesse d’un film liquide soumis au cisaillement d’un écoulement environnant, à la force de frottement sur la paroi et aux effets de la rotation est mis en place. Ce modèle est validé par rapport à des résultats expérimentaux d’écoulement de film liquide sur une plaque plane dans des conditions proches de celles rencontrées en turbine à vapeur basse pression. Finalement, un calcul réalisé sur une géométrie réelle de turbine basse pression de 8 étages permet de démontrer l’applicabilité de la méthodologie mise en place sur un cas industriel. Les contributions des phénomènes étudiés aux pertes par humidité sont explicitées. / During the expansion in a turbine, the enthalpy of the steam fall. This fall leads the steam to cross the saturation line and brings about its spontaneous condensation and the appearance of fog droplets. The deposition of these droplets on downstream blades lies at the root of the creation of a liquid film. This film is torn off by steam flow and creates coarse water. These big droplets can impact downstream blades. Each of these phenomena induces some losses which are generally grouped in the ”wetness losses” estimated thanks to Baumann’s rule. The aim of this work is to develop, in a throughflow code, some models which allow to take into account the condensation, deposition and liquid film flow and the losses linked to each of these phenomena. An homogeneous two phases flow model is implemented in the throughflow code. Two transport equations on the mass fraction of liquid and on the droplets number are added to Euler’s equations written for gas phase. This model is validated on an experimental test case of expansion in nozzle and feeds the model of deposition. The influences of diffusion, turbophoresis, thermophoresis, gravity and of inertia of droplets on the deposition are studied. It appears to be necessary to take into account diffusion, turbophoresisand deposition due to inertia on the leading edges of blades. A model which allows to evaluate the thickness and the velocity of a liquid film submitted to aerodynamic shear, friction on blades and rotational effects has been developed. This model is validated on experimental results of a liquid film flow on a flat plate in some conditions representatives of those encountered in low pressure steam turbines. Finally a calculation realised on a real geometry of a 8-stages low pressure steam turbine has demonstrated that the methodology developed during this work can be used on an industrial test case. The contributions of the phenomena studied to wetness losses are evaluated.

The aim of this diploma thesis was to design experimental setup for planar samples erosion by means of the water jet on the rotational sample configuration, laboratory experimental testing and its evaluation by means of the 3D optodigital microscope Olympus DSX 510. There were observed typical erosion patterns at the solid tested material surfaces as well as the cavitation erosion. Experiments were carried out at the following water pressures: 0.432 MPa, 1.50 MPa on the rotating sample, at 2.50 MPa on steady sample and on flooded sample for different treatment times. Experimental results of waterjet impact on rotating sample were compared with the theoretical modelling data obtained by CFD modelling. Computational modelling was done in two parts: 3D modelling of water jet flow impact on rigid steady surface and 3D modelling of water jet impact on rigid moving surface. The latter modelling was solved as two phase modelling, where the computational model “Volume of Fluid” was employed. The aim of the study was to find out for the individual cases under study appearance of the water flow and the changes of the magnitude of the force of the impinging water jet on the wall.

Este trabalho investigou o efeito da temperatura nos sistemas aneróbios com células imobilizadas tendo como estudo de caso um sistema anaeróbio em duas fases. Inicialmente, foram realizados experimentos preliminares com um sistema em duas fases composto por Reator Acidogênico Horizontal Tubular (RAHT) seguido de Reator Anaeróbio Horizontal de Leito Fixo (RAHLF), nas temperaturas de 15ºC, 20ºC e 25ºC. Os resultados mostraram que o RAHT alcançou 48% de remoção de DQO e que a desvantagem da ausência de microrganismos consumidores de H2 no sistema praticamente não afetou a produção de ácido acético. Pôde-se observar que na faixa de temperatura estudada o RAHT não apresentou mudanças significativas em seu desempenho. Posteriormente foram realizados experimentos com cinco reatores metanogênicos do tipo RAHLF, alimentados com esgoto sintético simulando o efluente do RAHT, com velocidades de 10,4 cm/h, a 52,0 cm/h e temperatura de 15ºC a 35ºC. Os resultados permitiriam o desenvolvimento de um modelo empírico-estatístico para simulação do desempenho dos reatores, tendo como variáveis a velocidade superficial do líquido sobre as biopartículas e a temperatura de operação. Os resultados preditos pelo modelo demonstraram boa representatividade dos valores experimentais. Com isso, foi possível observar as influências da velocidade superficial (vs) e da temperatura, nas concentrações residuais de substrato (Sr) e nas constantes cinéticas aparentes de primeira ordem (K1app). Conclui-se então, que apesar do aumento de vs resultar em maiores valores de K1app, também foi observado aumento no valor de Sr indicando que existe um tempo de contato mínimo entre os microrganismos e o substrato. / The effects of temperature and superficial velocity in an anaerobic methanogenic immobilized cell rector of a two phase-system were investigated. Preliminarily, a Tubular Horizontal Acidogenic Reactor (THAR) followed by Horizontal-flow Anaerobic Immobilized Biomass (HAIB) composed the experimental system, operated at the temperatures of 15°C, 20°C and 25°C. COD removal efficiency of 48% was observed in the THAR. Likewise, the disadvantage of the absence of H2-consumer methanogenics microorganisms in the system almost did not affect the production of acetic acid. The temperature variation has not caused significant changes in the THAR performance. The next step was the development of experiments using five methanogenics HAIB reactors fed on synthetic wastewater simulating THAR effluent having superficial velocities from 10,4 cm/h to 52,0 cm/h and temperature from 15°C to 35°C. The results enabled the development of a statistical-empiric modeling to simulate the reactors performance using the liquid superficial velocities and the temperature operation as model variables. The model demonstrated a good agreement with the experimental values. The influence of the superficial velocities (vs) and temperature, in the substrate residual concentration (Sr) and in the first order (K1app) apparent kinetic constant was observed. Despite the K1app values have increased largely with vs, the Sr concentration also increased. These results permit to conclude that a minimum contact time between the microorganisms and the substrate may be necessary in such processes.