As relações Brasil-África do Sul apontam para uma aproximação em novos termos desde o final dos anos noventa. Fazendo parte de um movimento mais amplo de redefinição das relações de poder no ambiente internacional, não é coincidência que tal desfecho tenha ocorrido ao final da bipolaridade. Do ponto de vista estrutural, retoma-se a busca de inclusão de potências médias, dentre as quais o Brasil e a África do Sul, no Conselho de Segurança da ONU, bem como uma maior participação nos processos decisórios globais de comércio. Na perspectiva conceitual ocorreu a mudança paradigmática para as noções de segurança humana e de desenvolvimento sustentável baseado na capacitação do homem. Nesse cenário de debate de reforma das instituições internacionais, despontaram candidatos de esquerda nos governos brasileiro e sul-africano, com suas agendas voltadas para a satisfação das necessidades sociais, incluindo combate ao HIV e à fome. A redefinição teleológica da ONU e a inserção pró-ativa brasileira acabou culminando numa agenda global pro misero liderada pelo Brasil. Sobre essas bases, ocorreu a reaproximação entre Brasil e África do Sul, negociada bilateralmente, mas formalizada numa aliança trilateral que incluiu a Índia, resultando no chamado IBAS, uma parceria de natureza multitemática, fortemente conotada com o humano e o social. / The Brazil-South África relations point out an approximation in new terms since the nineties ending. Being part of a bigger movement of redefinition of the power relations in international ambient, it is not coincidence that it had happened within de final of the bipolarity. From a structural view, there is a recall for inclusion of middle power potencies, like Brazil and South Africa, in the UN Security Council, as like as demanding more participation in the global decisional processes about trade. By the conceptual perspective, a paradigmatic change had happened in the notions of human security and sustainable development based on men capacitating. In this setting of debate about international institutions reform, candidates from left parties has became presidents in Brazil and South Africa, implementing agendas directed for the satisfactions of the social needs, like the fight against HIV infection e starvation. The teleological redefinition of UN and the Brazilian pro-active insertion has culminated in the pro misero global agenda under Brazil leadership. On these bases, has occurred the reapproximation between Brazil and South Africa, bilaterally negotiated, but formalized under a trilateral alliance that included India, resulting the named IBSA, a multi-thematic coalition, strongly denoted with the human and social ideals.

Esta dissertação analisa o resultado da COP 21, que aconteceu em Paris no ano de 2015, através da capacidade que as coalizões domésticas, dentro de China e Estados Unidos, tiveram em influenciar a política climática durante o período que vai de 1992 até 2015. É através da identificação das coalizões domésticas (ambiental e pó-desenvolvimento econômico) que buscamos explicar como o processo político doméstico, nos dois países, foi moldado a partir das articulações e interações entre os grupos que compõe as coalizões. Até a COP 21, a política climática global parecia não avançar em vistas a uma solução do aquecimento global, a COP 15 é referenciada neste trabalho como o fracasso dos acordos climáticos, no entanto, 5 anos mais tarde, em 2015, juntos EUA e China, o dois maiores emissores da atualidade, anunciam suas metas de redução dos gases de efeito estufa. O que explica essa mudança de posicionamento, segundo a hipótese deste trabalho, é o amadurecimento e a articulação das coalizões doméstica dentro dos dois países, em primeiro lugar, e os acordos bilaterais que ambos promoveram entre os anos de 2009 e 2015 para trata das questões climáticas fora do sistema ONU de tomada d decisão. O resultado encontrado é que de fato, até 2009, a coalizão pró-desenvolvimento econômico conseguiu que sua influencia no processo político da condução da politica climática prevalecesse, no entanto, do período posterior a 2009 até 2015, pudemos ver que a coalizão ambiental conseguiu que sua influencia causasse, inclusive, um transbordamento para a arena internacional. / This essay analyze the COP 21 outcomes, that was held in Paris in 2015, through the domestic coalitions capacity, inside China and USA, had to influence the climate policy during the period that goes from 1992 until 2015. It is through the identification of domestic (environmental and economic development) coalitions that we seek to explain how the domestic political process, in both countries, was shaped by the articulations and interactions between the groups that make up the coalitions. Until COP 21, global climate policy did not seem to advance towards a solution to global warming, COP 15 is referred to, in this paper, as the failure of climate agreements, however, 5 years later in 2015, U.S and China together, the two largest emitters today, announce their targets for reducing greenhouse gases. What explains this change of position, according to the hypothesis of this work, is that the maturation and articulation of domestic coalitions within both countries, first, and the bilateral agreements that both promoted between the years of 2009 and 2015 to deal with the climate change issues outside of the UN system of decision-making. The result was that in fact, until 2009, the economic development coalition had its influence on the political process of climate policy prevailing, however, from the period after 2009 until 2015, we could see that the environmental coalition succeeded in its influence would even cause an overflow to the international arena.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-11T14:02:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 andre.pdf: 821975 bytes, checksum: 8b72d2493d068d6a827082e5eb108bf6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-07-28 / There is a huge amount of information in the World Wide Web in pages composed by similar objects. E-commerce Web sites and on-line catalogs, in general, are examples of such data repositories. Although this information usually occurs in semi-structured texts, it is designed to be interpreted and used by humans and not processed by machines. The identification of these objects inWeb pages is performed by external applications called extractors or wrappers. In this work we propose and evaluate an automatic approach to the problem of generating wrappers capable of extracting and structuring data records and the values of their attributes. It uses the Tree Alignment Algorithm to find in the Web page examples of objects of interest. Then, our method generates regular expressions for extracting objects similar to the examples given using the Multiple Sequence Alignment Algorithm. In a final step, the method decomposes the objects in sequences of text using the regular expression and common formats and delimiters, in order to identify the value of the attributes of the data records. Experiments using a collection composed by 128 Web pages from different domains have demonstrated the feasibility of our extraction method. It is evaluated regarding the identification of blocks of HTML source code that contain data records and regarding record extraction and the value of its attributes. It reached a precision of 83% and a recall of 80% when extracting the value of attributes. These values mean a gain in precision of 43.37% and in recall of 68.75% when compared to similar proposals. / Existe uma grande quantidade de informação na World Wide Web em páginas compostas por objetos similares. Web sites de comércio eletrônico e catálogos online, em geral, são exemplos destes repositórios de dados. Apesar destes dados serem apresentados em porções de texto semi-estruturados, são projetados para serem interpretados e utilizados por humanos e não processados por máquinas. A identificação destes objetos em páginas Web é feita por aplicações externas chamadas extratores ou wrappers. Neste trabalho propomos e avaliamos um método automático para o problema de extrair e estruturar registros e valores de seus atributos presentes em páginas Web ricas em dados. O método utiliza um Algoritmo de Alinhamento de Árvores para encontrar nestas páginas exemplos de registros que correspondem a objetos de interesse. Em seguida, o método gera expressões regulares para extrair objetos similares aos exemplos dados usando o Algoritmo de Alinhamento de Múltiplas Sequências. Em um passo final, o método decompõe os registros em sequências de texto aplicando a expressão regular criada e formatações e delimitadores comuns, com o intuito de identificar os valores dos atributos dos registros. Experimentos utilizando uma coleção composta por 128 páginasWeb de diferentes domínios demonstram a viabilidade do nosso método de extração. O método foi avaliado em relação à identificação de blocos de código HTML que contêm os registros e quanto à extração dos registros e dos valores de seus atributos. Obtivemos precisão de 83% e revocação de 80% na extração de valores de atributos. Estes valores significam um ganho na precisão de 43,37% e na revocação de 68,75%, em relação a propostas similares

Made available in DSpace on 2015-09-25T12:22:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Saulo Felipe Costa Parte 2.pdf: 361638 bytes, checksum: d21806503737bc697a9763f121ba43ee (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-05-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The research aimed to screen for evidence of the influence of ideals of the international medium on the pattern of public policies in Brazil and Colombia. Through an approach that linked the theory of two levels games and policy paradigm understanding in Kuhn and the mechanism of social learning, it was possible to develop a proxy for the degree of influence of international pressure for the adoption of a given policies. We attempted to analyze the influence of the proposed of solution to the state problems, issued by multilateral agencies, through what became known as the Washington Consensus. The choice of Brazil was due to an increased availability of data, while the choice of Colombia is its function in this country experience a long period of democratic rule, with jarring ideological profile of the Brazilian. For this, the research has focused on the behavior of public spending in both countries, was also performed a more specific case study on the deployment of the managerial model of public administration in Brazil, with the aim of better understanding how this process occurred import and export of ideas and solutions for different problems. The research showed that multilateral organizations have greater power to print your ideas in countries' policies when such changes are first and second order, by type built. In return, changes in third order are only induced by multilateral bodies, since the ideology of society plays a more decisive role for the incorporation or not of such ideas "exogenous . / A pesquisa em tela buscou por evidências da influência de ideais do meio internacional sobre o padrão de oferta de políticas públicas no Brasil e na Colômbia. Através de uma abordagem que uniu a teoria dos jogos de dois níveis à compreensão de mudança de paradigma em Kuhn e ao mecanismo de aprendizagem social (social learning), foi possível elaborar uma proxy para o grau de influência das pressões internacionais pela adoção de determinado conjunto de políticas. Buscou-se analisar a influência das propostas de solução aos problemas estatais, emanadas por agências multilaterais, através do que ficou conhecido como Consenso de Washington. A escolha do Brasil se deu devido uma maior disponibilidade de dados, ao passo que a opção pela Colômbia se deu em função deste país experimentar um longo período democrático, com perfil ideológico destoante do brasileiro. Para tanto, a pesquisa se debruçou sobre o comportamento do gasto público em ambos os países, foi executado também um estudo de caso mais específico sobre a implantação do modelo gerencial de administração pública no Brasil, com o intuito de melhor compreender como se deu este processo de importação e exportação de ideais e soluções para os mais diversos problemas. A pesquisa evidenciou que os organismos multilaterais possuem um maior poder de imprimir seu ideário nas políticas dos países quando tais mudanças são de primeira e de segunda ordem, segundo a tipologia construída. Em contra partida, mudanças de terceira ordem são susceptíveis apenas de indução pelos organismos multilaterais, uma vez que a ideologia da sociedade desempenha um papel mais determinante para a incorporação ou não de tal ideário exógeno .

Les boîtes quantiques sont des sources de photons uniques prometteuses pour les réseaux d’information quantique, qui peuvent être intégrées dans des circuits photoniques et s’appuyer sur des technologies de semi-conducteur éprouvées. Dans ce contexte, ce travail se concentre sur les propriétés d’indiscernabilité des photons émis par une boîte quantique semiconductrice sous excitation résonnante. Nous utilisons une configuration particulière où les boîtes sont insérées dans une microcavité planaire permettant de s’affranchir du fond de diffusion parasite du laser d’excitation et d’améliorer la collection du signal d’émission. Nous pouvons ainsi explorer un régime de très basse puissance, où les photons d’excitation sont diffusés élastiquement sur la transition fondamentale de la boîte quantique (régime de diffusion Rayleigh résonnante). Dans ce régime, la cohérence du laser d’excitation est transmise aux photons émis, faisant des boîtes quantiques une source de photons uniques avec une cohérence extrêmement longue.Les propriétés d’indiscernabilité sont étudiées en utilisant les interférences à deux photons (coalescence) dans un interféromètre de Hong–Ou–Mandel. Une étude expérimentale complète de l’indiscernabilité est présentée en fonction de la puissance d’excitation ainsi que du temps de cohérence du laser d’excitation. Elle montre en particulier l’effet de la diffusion élastique dans la limite de basse puissance d’excitation. Il apparaît qu’une nouvelle caractéristique quantitative doit être introduite afin d’estimer l’indiscernabilité en tant que phénomène temporel, un aspect particulièrement important lorsque les émetteurs sont des sources continues de photons. / Quantum dots are good candidates as single photon emitters for quantum information networks, facilitating their integration in photonic circuits based on well known semiconductor technology. In this context, this work focuses on the indistinguishability of the photons emitted by semiconductor quantum dots excited resonantly. We use a peculiar configuration where the quantumdots are embedded in a planar microcavity, allowing for better excitation and collection efficiencies. We are then able to investigate very low excitation power regimes, where the photons are elastically scattered by the fundamental transition of the quantum dot (Resonant Rayleigh Scattering). In this regime, the coherence of the excitation laser is imprinted on the emitted photons, making the quantum dot a source of single photons with a very long coherence.The indistinguishability is investigated by using a Hong–Ou–Mandel interferometer to perform two-photon interference. We carry out a comprehensive experimental study of the excitation power dependence of the indistinguishability as well as its dependence on the excitation laser coherence, which shows the important role of elastic scattering in the low excitation power limit. It appears that a new figure of merit needs to be introduced to assess the indistinguishability as a temporal phenomenon, an aspect which is particularly relevant when dealing with continuous-wave excitation.

Ce travail est une contribution à la simulation numérique d'écoulements turbulents dans un but d'application industrielle. Nous nous intéressons dans un premier temps à une nouvelle combinaison "VMS-LES/procédure dynamique" pour la simulation d'écoulements autour de cylindres circulaire et carré. L'approche VMS-LES mise en œuvre a pour originalité d'utiliser une procédure de moyennage sur des volumes finis agglomérés dans le but de séparer les échelles, l'approche dynamique étant celle introduite par Germano en LES. Une approche hybride RANS/VMS-LES est ensuite évaluée sur le problème du cylindre circulaire à des nombres de Reynolds élevés. Cette approche introduit un paramètre d'hybridation qui selon la résolution locale de grille privilège le modèle RANS ou celui VMS-LES. Enfin, les performances d'un algorithme de Schwarz deux-niveau, qui utilise les méthodes de déflation et de balancing, sont examinées d'un point de vue efficacité et scalabilité dans le cas de simulations VMS-LES. / This work is a contribution to the numerical simulation of turbulent flows with the aim of industrial application. At first, we focus on a new combination "VMS-LES/dynamic procedure" for the simulation of flows around circular and square cylinders. The VMS-LES approach adopted in this work is original in using an averaging procedure over agglomerated finite volumes in order to separate the scales, the dynamic approach being the one introduced by Germano in LES. A RANS/VMS-LES hybrid approach is then evaluated on the circular cylinder test case at high Reynolds numbers. This approach introduces a hybridization parameter which privileges the RANS model or the VMS-LES model according to the grid resolution. Finally, the performance of a two-level Schwarz algorithm, which uses the deflation and balancing methods, are examined in terms of efficiency and scalability in the context of VMS-LES simulations.

The diploma thesis United Kingdom and the Israeli-Palestine peace process is focused on British foreign policy towards the situation in Israel/Palestine and the ongoing peace process between 1997 and 2001. It addresses the main assumptions for the approach of the Tony Blair's government and their fulfilling. It is based on the analysis of speeches and documents issued by the Labour Party or by the government of the United Kingdom, on which it at first defines the assumptions about the activities of the United Kingdom on the international level, which it understands as commitments towards British and the electorate. Further, it presents the major steps made towards the situation in Israel/Palestine, as well as the long-term motives of Tony Blair government's approach to this area, which can be seen in speeches and other materials. It then examines whether the policy towards the Israeli-Palestine peace process matched the outlined assumptions and expectations. Subsequently, it deals with the causes of the found differences and discusses the importance of this topic for the government of Tony Blair and its possibilities get more involved in these issues. In the last section it analyses the other possible foreign policy interests of the United Kingdom that influenced the approach towards...

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This study is exploring the possibilities of automatic morphological analysis of L-verbs in the Palula language by the help from Finite-state technology and two-level morphology along with supervised machine learning. The type of machine learning used are neural Sequence to Sequence models. A morphological transducer is made with the Helsinki Finite-State Transducer Technology, HFST, toolkit covering the L-verbs of the Palula Language. Several Sequence to Sequence models are trained on sets of L-verbs along with morphological tagging annotation. One model is trained with a small amount of manually annotated data and four models are trained with different amounts of training examples generated by the Finite-State Transducer. The efficiency and accuracy of these methods are investigated. The Sequence to Sequence model trained on solely manually annotated data did not perform as well as the other models. A Sequence to Sequence model trained with training examples generated by the transducer performed the best recall, accuracy and F1-score, while the Finite-State Transducer performed the best precision score. / Denna studie undersöker möjligheterna för en automatisk morfologisk analys av L-verb i språket Palula med hjälp av finit tillståndsteknik och två-nivå-morfologi samt övervakad maskininlärning. Den typ av maskininlärning som används i studien är neurala Sekvens till Sekvens-modeller. En morfologisk transduktor är skapad med verktyget Helsinki Finite-State Transducer Technology, HFST, som täcker L-verben i Palula. Flera Sekvens till Sekvens-modeller tränas på set av L-verb med morfologisk taggningsannotation. En modell tränas på ett litet set av manuellt annoterade data och fyra modeller tränas på olika mängder träningsdata som genererats av den finita tillstånds-transduktorn. Effektiviteten och noggrannheten för dessa modeller undersöks. Sekvens till Sekvens-modellen som tränats med bara manuellt annoterade data presterade inte lika bra som de andra modellerna i studien. En Sekvens till Sekvens-modell tränad med träningsdata bestående av genereringar producerade av transduktorn gav bästa svarsfrekvens, noggrannhet och F1-poäng, medan den finita tillstånds-transduktorn gav bästa precision.

MARTINA SUMICHRASTOVA 10.5.18 The Fading Face of the Chinese Dragon? The Dispute Over the Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands ABSTRACT Keywords: the Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands, China vs Japan, The face of nation, two level game theory, Chinese Dream The emergence of the global-economic crisis of 2008 helped the People's Republic of China to acquire the status of the world's second-largest economy. Not only did it open the doors for more significant opportunities for China in the sphere of commerce, but it allowed the People's Republic of China to be seen differently in the matters of military, diplomacy as well as on their level of domestic politics. This thesis aims to provide an insight into a smouldering territorial dispute over the Senkaku/ Diaoyu Islands concerning the deeply enrooted concept of the face. The concept of the face is essential mainly for Confucian societies as well as the East- Asian societies. However, slipping of the Chinese Dream, the People's Republic of China seems to be challenged in socio-political terms. Is the face of Chinese Dragon fading away? As it is well known, both sides involved in the conflict, China, and Japan have had a turbulent history of disputes and quarrels. What makes the Chinese Officials to get involved in the territorial dispute, to strengthen the face of Chinese Dragon? The...