Cette thèse traite du processus de valorisation des quotidiens nationaux d’informations générales sur le double marché de la presse (lecteurs et annonceurs) en s’intéressant au rôle de l’activité d’édition dans la création de valeur. L’analyse de l’activité des « travailleurs de la presse » (rédacteurs, secrétaires de rédaction, direction des journaux, personnel des régies publicitaires, etc.) vise à décrire la production d’un bien hybride, à la fois informationnel et publicitaire, dont les caractéristiques finales résultent d’opérations de qualification et d’évaluation des contenus, et d’opérations rédactionnelles et techniques transformant des projets éditoriaux en produits édités. L’observation du travail éditorial et des usages des dispositifs d’édition dans les rédactions de presse quotidienne montre l’existence d’un processus de rationalisation de l’activité de conception et de fabrication du journal. Les directions cherchent à maîtriser ce processus pour accroître leur contrôle de l’édition et de la valorisation des quotidiens mais la rationalisation industrielle ne garantit pas la rentabilité des entreprises dans un marché des biens informationnels en mutation. Pour faire face aux incertitudes liées à la valorisation des journaux, les éditeurs agissent sur le positionnement éditorial des titres et sur le travail d’édition effectué par les rédactions, tout en engageant le développement de structures rédactionnelles « plurimédias ». L’activité d’édition des contenus est au cœur de la chaîne de valeur du journal, mais l’évolution des pratiques culturelles et la transformation du paysage médiatique engendrent une remise en cause des modèles économiques des entreprises de presse et bousculent les pratiques de travail dans les rédactions comme les représentations des métiers qui s’y exercent. / This thesis deals with the process of valorization of national daily newspapers on the two-sided market of the press (readers and advertisers) and considers the role of the edition activity in the creation of value. The analysis of the activity of “press workers” (writers, editors, managers, commercials in advertising agencies) aims at describing the production of an hybrid good, both informational and advertising, of which final characteristics result from operations of qualification and valuation of contents, and from editorial and technical operations that transform editorial projects into edited products. The observation of editorial work and edition systems uses in daily press newsrooms shows a process of rationalization of the conception and production of newspapers. Editors want to master this process in order to reinforce their control of edition and valorization of newspapers, but industrial rationalization does not guarantee firms profitability in a changing market of informational goods. To face uncertainty of newspapers valorization, editors take action on the editorial position of papers and on the work of edition done by editorial staff, and they engage the development of cross-media newsrooms. The activity of contents edition is at the heart of the value chain of newspaper, but the evolution of cultural practices and the transforming media landscape put in question business models of newspapers and challenge work practices as well as representations of occupations in newsrooms.

Le développement des contenus vidéo en ligne ont changé l’environnement de l’internet et des médias jusqu’à devenir une partie de notre vie quotidienne. Cependant, le développement de cette industrie est contraint par plusieurs problèmes, tels que la faible valeur de la publicité, le manque de rentabilité et les litiges de droit d’auteur. Des recherches scientifiques sont à mener se concentrant sur les modes de revenu des plateformes de diffusion et le fonctionnement du marché.Ma thèse mène dans un premier temps une description détaillée de marché des contenus vidéo en ligne en Chine. J’analyse les caractéristiques du marché à l’aide de la théorie des marchés bifaces. Puis la thèse examine les modes de tarification, construit un modèle de marchés bifaces différenciée verticalement, et explore la stratégie de prix optimal dans les différents modes et le choix optimal du mode de fixation des prix. Ensuite, je construis un modèle de concurrence avec la différenciation horizontale avec différents choix d’accès des annonceurs. La thèse explore de manière centrale les modes de transaction et les comportements des entreprises entre les fournisseurs de contenu et la plateforme ainsi que l’équilibre du marché.La thèse procède à une description détaillée du mécanisme de revenus et le fonctionnement de l’industrie des contenus vidéo en ligne basé sur la théorie des marchés bifaces et les caractéristiques de cette industrie émergente. Selon les résultats de la modélisation mathématique, l’analyse conclut par des suggestions à destination des plateformes et de cette industrie adaptées aux caractéristiques chinoises. / The appearance and following flourish of online video content have changed the Internet environment and media ecology of information era, which even become part of our life every day. However, the development of online video content industry is persecuted by several problems, such as lower advertising value, lack of profitability and constant copyright disputes. Specific research on the revenue modes of online video content platform and the operating mechanism of online video content market is essential.I conduct a detailed description for present China’s online video content market at first and then analyze the market characteristics using two-sided market theory. Next the thesis examines the exiting price modes, constructs a model of two-sided vertically differentiated markets, and explore the optimal pricing strategy under the different modes and the optimal choice of pricing mode. Then the thesis constructs a horizontal differentiated model of market competition under the different accessing choices of advertisers. The thesis intensively explores the transaction mode and business behavior between content providers and content platform on the accessing ways and market equilibrium.The dissertation conducts a detailed description of the revenue and operation mechanism for online video content industry based on the theory of two-sided markets and the characteristics of this emerging fresh industry. According to the analysis results concluded by the mathematical modeling, corresponding policy suggestions confirming to the online video content market with Chinese characteristics would be proposed from the perspectives of platform operation and whole industry.

Submitted by Adriana Alves Rodrigues (aalves@espm.br) on 2018-10-04T16:08:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 tabata_alves_ferreiravfinal_capa.pdf: 1312792 bytes, checksum: e19b9bf15fa909eb53b94f79214c0868 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Alves Rodrigues (aalves@espm.br) on 2018-10-04T16:09:08Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 tabata_alves_ferreiravfinal_capa.pdf: 1312792 bytes, checksum: e19b9bf15fa909eb53b94f79214c0868 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Debora Cristina Bonfim Aquarone (deborabonfim@espm.br) on 2018-10-04T18:47:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 tabata_alves_ferreiravfinal_capa.pdf: 1312792 bytes, checksum: e19b9bf15fa909eb53b94f79214c0868 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-04T18:47:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tabata_alves_ferreiravfinal_capa.pdf: 1312792 bytes, checksum: e19b9bf15fa909eb53b94f79214c0868 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-05-24 / The dynamics of the payment card market is linked to a number of factors, including socioeconomic and institutional factors, in this work expressed by the economic and government regulation of countries. Because it is an industry subject to market, government interventions tend to be necessary for better functioning of the sector. The objective of this study is to study the relationship between and government regulation with the development of the countries: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru. The method of adopted is based on a panel data regression model. The bases used are from secondary data extracted from The Heritage Foundation and Euromonitor International, as well as information collected from the Central Banks and electronic media of these countries, between 2002 and 2016. The results obtained with the fixed effects model allow us to conclude that the variables Socioeconomic variables, per capita GDP and Gini index have statistical significance and affect payment card transactions in the countries studied here, the institutional variables "Economic Freedom (EF)", "Government Regulation (REG), have no effect on the growth of card transactions in the countries studied during the period considered in this analysis. / A dinâmica do mercado de cartões de pagamento está ligada a diversos fatores, incluindo socioeconômicos e institucionais, nesse trabalho expressos pela liberdade econômica e regulação governamental dos países. Por se tratar de uma indústria sujeita a falhas de mercado, intervenções governamentais tendem a ser necessárias para um melhor funcionamento do setor. O objetivo desse trabalho é estudar a relação entre liberdade econômica e regulação governamental com o desenvolvimento do mercado de cartões de pagamento dos países: Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Colômbia, México e Peru. O método de pesquisa adotado baseia-se em um modelo de regressão de dados em painel. As bases utilizadas são de dados secundários extraídos da The Heritage Foundation e da Euromonitor International, assim como informações coletadas dos Bancos Centrais e das mídias sociais eletrônicas desses países, no período entre 2002 e 2016. Os resultados obtidos com o modelo de efeitos fixos permitem concluir que as variáveis socioeconômicas PIB Per Capita e Índice de Gini têm significância estatística e afetam o crescimento das transações com cartões de pagamento nos países aqui estudados, porém as variáveis institucionais “Liberdade Econômica (EF)”, “Regulação Governamental (REG), não apresentam nenhum efeito sobre o crescimento das transações com cartões de pagamento nos países estudados durante o período considerado nessa análise.

This dissertation investigates the relationship of competition and firms' price responses, by analyzing: i) whether new entry reduces price discrimination, ii) when incumbents reduce price discrimination preemptively in response to the threat of entry, and iii) how competition increases prices. The dissertation consists of three independent essays addressing each of the above questions. The first two essays present an empirical analysis of the airline industry and the third essay presents a theoretical analysis of the credit card industry. In the empirical study of the relationship between competition and firms' pricing in the airline industry, I emphasize the importance of distinguishing the equilibrium behaviors with respect to different market characteristics. Major airlines can price discriminate differently in a market where they compete with low-cost carriers comparing to in another market where they don't, and also they can respond dfferently to the threat of entry depending on whether they are certain about the rival's future entry. The study reveals that competition has a positive effect on price discrimination in the routes where major airlines compete against one anther. In these routes, competition reduces lower-end prices to a greater extent than upper-end prices. In contrast, an entry by low-cost carriers results in a significant negative relationship between competition and price discrimination. Thus, the opposite results in the literature are both evident in the airline industry, and it is very important to identify the different forces of competition on price discrimination. Firms can respond to potential competition as well as actual competition. So, I extend the study to the relationship of potential competition and price discrimination, specially in cases where major airlines compete against one another while facing Southwest's threat of entry. I also attempt to suggest major airlines' motives of reducing price discrimination preemptively. The results of the study suggest that incumbents reduce price dispersion when it is possible to deter the rival's entry and that the potential rival discourages incumbents from deterring entry by announcing before its beginning service. Finally, I examine when competition can increase prices in a market, by analyzing the issuing side of the credit card industry. This industry is characterized by a two-sided market with a platform. Under the no-surcharge rule that restricts merchants to set the same price for cash and card purchases, the equilibrium interchange fee increases with competition. This occurs because issuers can compensate losses from competing on the issuing side by collectively increasing the interchange fee. As a result, limiting competition may improve social welfare when the interchange fee is higher than the social optimal level. In contrast, in the absence of the no-surcharge rule, the analysis shows that competition always improves social welfare by lowering the price of the market.

Submitted by XUGUI LIU (liuxugui@gmail.com) on 2018-01-22T15:35:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Informação-Liu-dissertação.pdf: 3179607 bytes, checksum: 0c9b17276caa45a594380235ef6f1354 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Mayara Costa de Sousa (mayara.sousa@fgv.br) on 2018-01-22T15:52:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Informação-Liu-dissertação.pdf: 3179607 bytes, checksum: 0c9b17276caa45a594380235ef6f1354 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-22T17:39:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Informação-Liu-dissertação.pdf: 3179607 bytes, checksum: 0c9b17276caa45a594380235ef6f1354 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-18 / This project seeks to investigate the Paggi case, the first and only company that currently adopts payments through the messaging application in Brazil. This payment model leveraged the critical mass of messaging application users and thus achieved a lot of success in China. Besides China, countries like the United States and India are also beginning to implement this payment model. Thus, it is interesting to study this pioneering case in Brazil, where there is a high demand for the use of messaging applications. The main objective of this work is to discover the similarities and differences in the evolution of the payment model through the messaging application between the two companies selected from Brazil and China through the short-term evolutionary metrics. To Achieve this objective, interviews, documents, and publications analyzes were carried out to compare the similarities and differences regarding the evolution of the payment model of the two companies. It is hoped that the results found in this study could contribute to those interested in the Mobile Payments market, including those called Fintechs and also the messaging application companies that are looking to expand their platform and service lines, as follows: (1) to better understand the similarities and differences in the business model and the evolution of payment through messaging application between suppliers in these countries, (2) to offer recommendations for new entrants in this market in Brazil, to better structure their value propositions to customers, and (3) to identify the difficulties and facilities to implement this mobile payment model in the Brazilian market. / Este projeto busca investigar o caso Paggi, a primeira e a única empresa que, atualmente, adota pagamentos por meio de aplicativo de mensagens no Brasil. Esse modelo de pagamento aproveitou a massa crítica de usuários dos aplicativos de mensagens e, assim, obteve muito sucessos na China. Além da China, países como Estados Unidos e Índia também estão começando a implantar esse modelo de pagamento. Dessa forma, é interessante estudar esse caso pioneiro no Brasil, onde há uma alta demanda de uso de aplicativos de mensagens. O objetivo central deste trabalho é descobrir as similaridades e as diferenças em relação à evolução do modelo de pagamento por meio de aplicativo de mensagens entre as duas empresas selecionadas no Brasil e na China, com base em métricas evolucionais de curto prazo. Para atingir esse objetivo, foram realizadas entrevistas, análises de documentos e publicações, com a finalidade de comparar e analisar as similaridades e diferenças em relação ao modelo de negócios e a evolução do modelo de pagamento das duas empresas. Espera-se que os resultados encontrados neste estudo possam contribuir para os interessados no mercado de Mobile Payments, inclusive, as denominados Fintechs e também, as empresas de aplicativos de mensagens que buscam expandir sua plataforma e linhas de serviços, da seguinte maneira: (1) compreender melhor as similaridades e diferenças no modelo de negócios e na evolução do pagamento por meio de aplicativo de mensagens entre fornecedores desses países, (2) oferecer recomendações para novos entrantes nesse mercado, no Brasil, a melhor estruturar suas propostas de valor a clientes e (3) identificar as dificuldades e facilidades de implantar desse modelo de pagamento móvel no mercado brasileiro.

The study shows that multi-sided markets pose difficulties when the relevant product market is to be defined. These difficulties pertain to two questions. The first question is whether one or several markets should be defined. In this regard, it is not easy to extract a coherent method from the cases examined. Instead, the methods applied give the impression of ad hoc-solutions, where similar circumstances result in dissimilar outcomes. Indeed, it is hard to reconcile the different market definitions in Visa International MIF and MasterCard MIF. The uncertainties are not limited to these two cases, as the methods applied in Google Shopping too give rise to ambiguities. Why was the market for general search engine platforms separated into two distinct product markets, but the market for comparison shopping services encompassed both sides? Unfortunately, this discussion was not present in the decision. This only serves to reinforce the impression that these questions are solved on an ad hoc-basis. A clear method of approaching multi-sided markets is desirable, not least because the enforcement of competition rules must be characterized by consistency and foreseeability. Hopefully, the judgement in Google Shopping will bring further clarity to this. Nonetheless, the conclusion is that one market should be defined when differences between competitive constraints on the two sides are absent. E contrario, this means that two markets should be defined when such differences are present. This is true regardless of the market in question being a transaction or a non-transaction market. This method seems preferable to strictly adhering to the division of multi-sided markets into transaction or non-transaction markets. If the Commission’s analysis is correct in that there are no differences in competitive constraints on the two sides of comparison shopping services, in combination with crossing network effects, the platform’s multi-sidedness is a necessary trait for both sides. This means that a substitute has to be multi-sided in order for it to be included on the relevant product market, which minimizes the risk for false negatives. Vice versa, the definition of two markets allows for one-sided products to be included on the relevant product market, which minimizes the risk for false positives. This is important not only for the binary finding of dominance or non-dominance, but also the degree of dominance. As concluded above, incorrectly defining one market may artificially inflate the degree of dominance into false super-dominance, and incorrectly defining several markets may artificially dilute the degree of dominance. The second question is how substitutability should be measured. It is obvious from the cases examined that qualitative measures are used and not quantitative measures. The products’ characteristics, intended use, purpose, functionalities, users’ perceptions of the product, etc. were given much attention. The SSNIP test was not applied in any of the cases. The first conclusion to be drawn from the examination above is therefore that the difficulties regarding measuring substitutability on multi-sided markets mainly concern quantitative measures. The arguments against applying a SSNIP test related to the cellophane fallacy (in two different forms, one of which was deceivingly similar to the reverse cellophane fallacy) and differences in price sensitivities between the two sides. Network effects present an additional difficulty, which may lead to exaggerated results when measuring substitutability. The second conclusion to be drawn is that there exists a reluctance to apply a SSNIP test in a way that is tailored for multi-sided markets. One method that has been proposed is to apply the test on the total sum paid by both sides, while allowing the intermediary to adjust the increase in price in accordance with its price structure. The categorical dismissal of applying the test in this way suggests that adapted versions have some time to wait before being introduced into case law and decisional practice. If they, as their proponents argue, are a robust way of broadening the evidence of possible substitutability, this is unfortunate. The risk of defining the market overly narrow or overly broad is of course present in this regard as well. A broader spectrum of evidence therefore minimizes the risk of incorrectly finding both dominance and non-dominance.