Detta arbete börjar med att presentera en kodningssats gällande linjärkodning över ändliga ringar för kodning av korrelerade diskretaminneslösa källor. Denna sats inkluderar som specialfall motsvarandeuppnåbarhetssatser från Elias och Csiszár gällande linjär kodning överändliga kroppar. Dessutom visas det att för varje uppsättning av ändligakorrelerade diskreta minneslösa källor, så finns alltid en sekvens avlinjära kodare över vissa ändliga icke-kropp-ringar som uppnårdatakompressionsgränsen bestämd av Slepian-Wolf-regionen. Därmed slutervi problemet med linjär kodning över ändlig icke-kropps-ringar föri.i.d. datakomprimering med positiv bekräftelse gällande existens. Vi studerar också kodning av funktioner, där avkodaren är intresseradav att återskapa en diskret mappning av data som genererats av flerakorrelerade i.i.d. källor och som kodats individuellt. Vi föreslårlinjär kodning över ändliga ringar som en alternativ lösning på dettaproblem. Vi visar att linjär kodning över ändliga ringar presterarbättre än sin ändliga-kropp-motsvarighet, liksom dessutomSlepian-Wolf-kodning, i termer av att uppnå bättre kodningshastigheterför kodning av flera diskreta funktioner. För att generalisera ovannämnda genomförbarhetssatser, både gällandedatakompression och funktionskodningsproblemet, till Markov-källor(homogena irreducerbara Markov-källor), så introducerar vi ett nyttkoncept gällande klassificering av typiska sekvenser, benämndSupremus-typiska sekvenser. Den asymptotiska likafördelningsprincipensamt en generaliserad version av typiskhets-hjälpsatsen förSupremus-typiska sekvenser bevisas. Jämfört med traditionell (stark ochsvag) typiskhet, så tillåter Supremus-typiskhet oss att härleda bättretillgängliga verktyg och resultat, som låter oss bevisa att linjärkodning över ringar är överlägsen andra metoder. I motsats härtillmisslyckas argument baserade på den traditionella versionen antingen medatt nå liknande resultat eller så är de härledda resultaten svåra attanalysera på grund av en utmanande utvärdering av entropitakt. För att ytterligare undersöka den grundläggande skillnaden mellantraditionell typiskhet och Supremus-typiskhet och dessutom göra våraresultat än mer allmänt gällande, så betraktar vi ävenasymptotiskt medelvärdesstationära ergodiska källor. Våra resultat visaratt en inducerad transformation med avseende på en ändligt mätbar mängdöver ett rekurrent asymptotiskt medelvärdesstationärt dynamiskt systemmed ett sigma-ändlig sannolikhetsmått är asymptotisktmedelvärdesstationär. Följaktligen så gällerShannon-McMillan-Breiman-teoremet, liksom Shannon-McMillan-teoremet, föralla reducerade processer härledda ur rekurrenta asymptotisktmedelvärdesstationära stokastisk processer. Alltså ser vi att dettraditionella typiskhetkonceptet endast realiserarShannon-McMillan-Breiman-teoremet i ett globalt hänseende, medanSupremus-typiskhet leder till att resultatet håller samtidigt även föralla härledda reducerade sekvenser. / This work first presents a coding theorem on linear coding over finite rings for encoding correlated discrete memoryless sources. This theorem covers corresponding achievability theorems from Elias and Csiszár on linear coding over finite fields as special cases. In addition, it is shown that, for any set of finite correlated discrete memoryless sources, there always exists a sequence of linear encoders over some finite non-field rings which achieves the data compression limit, the Slepian--Wolf region. Hence, the optimality problem regarding linear coding over finite non-field rings for i.i.d. data compression is closed with positive confirmation with respect to existence. We also address the function encoding problem, where the decoder is interested in recovering a discrete function of the data generated and independently encoded by several correlated i.i.d. sources. We propose linear coding over finite rings as an alternative solution to this problem. It is demonstrated that linear coding over finite rings strictly outperforms its field counterpart, as well as the Slepian--Wolf scheme, in terms of achieving better coding rates for encoding many discrete functions. In order to generalise the above achievability theorems, on both the data compression and the function encoding problems, to the Markovian settings (homogeneous irreducible Markov sources), a new concept of typicality for sequences, termed Supremus typical sequences, is introduced. The Asymptotically Equipartition Property and a generalised typicality lemma of Supremus typical sequences are proved. Compared to traditional (strong and weak) typicality, Supremus typicality allows us to derive more accessible tools and results, based on which it is once again proved that linear technique over rings is superior to others. In contrast, corresponding arguments based on the traditional versions either fail to draw similar conclusions or the derived results are often hard to analyse because it is complicated to evaluate entropy rates. To further investigate the fundamental difference between traditional typicality and Supremus typicality and to bring our results to a more universal setting, asymptotically mean stationary ergodic sources, we look into the ergodic properties featured in these two concepts.Our studies prove that an induced transformation with respect to a finite measure set of a recurrent asymptotically mean stationary dynamical system with a sigma-finite measure is asymptotically mean stationary. Consequently, the Shannon-McMillan-Breiman Theorem, as well as the Shannon-McMillan Theorem, holds simultaneously for all reduced processes of any finite-state recurrent asymptotically mean stationary random process.From this, we see that the traditional typicality concept only realises the Shannon-McMillan-Breiman Theorem in the global sequence, while Supremus typicality engraves the simultaneous effects claimed in the previous statement into all reduced sequences as well. / <p>QC 20150225</p>

This investigation will use this ability in a different way. Studies have shown that a category can create a grade structure of prototypical items. We will take a graded structure generated by a category, and see if we can recreate the category based on presenting prototypical examples in a variety of ways. Five different sampling techniques will be used to determine which one is the best for category reconstruction. Since the items themselves have bits of information about the category, the number of samples presented will also be manipulated to determine if this is a factor in determining the category. The independent variables investigated were: sampling technique, and prompt conditions. In determining the effect of the independent variables on matching a category, the independent variables were also considered as mediating variables of each other. The method of opportunistic sampling was used for the surveys. The main participants were undergraduate 3rd year students taking a MSci 311 course at the University of Waterloo. Results indicate that there was no statistical significance. Fluctuations in significance levels indicate some random findings. Participants are not discriminating the samples or prompts which were given. This research is a contribution to this field because little research has been conducted in this area and implications are drawn for future research on the saliency of a category or attribute that can vary by context or knowledge

This investigation will use this ability in a different way. Studies have shown that a category can create a grade structure of prototypical items. We will take a graded structure generated by a category, and see if we can recreate the category based on presenting prototypical examples in a variety of ways. Five different sampling techniques will be used to determine which one is the best for category reconstruction. Since the items themselves have bits of information about the category, the number of samples presented will also be manipulated to determine if this is a factor in determining the category. The independent variables investigated were: sampling technique, and prompt conditions. In determining the effect of the independent variables on matching a category, the independent variables were also considered as mediating variables of each other. The method of opportunistic sampling was used for the surveys. The main participants were undergraduate 3rd year students taking a MSci 311 course at the University of Waterloo. Results indicate that there was no statistical significance. Fluctuations in significance levels indicate some random findings. Participants are not discriminating the samples or prompts which were given. This research is a contribution to this field because little research has been conducted in this area and implications are drawn for future research on the saliency of a category or attribute that can vary by context or knowledge

abstract: The goal of this study was to explore the multidimensionality of gender typicality and its relation to preadolescents’ psychological adjustment. With a sample of 378 6th grade students (52% male; M age = 11.44, SD = .56; 48% White), I examined how four specific dimensions of gender typicality (behavior, appearance, activities, and peer preference) predict children’s global sense of typicality; whether children’s global sense of gender typicality, behavior, appearance, activities, and peer preference are differentially predictive of self-esteem, social preference, and relationship efficacy; and whether examining typicality of the other gender is important to add to own-gender typicality. Regression analyses indicated that all four specific typicality dimensions contributed to preadolescents’ overall sense of own- and other-gender typicality (except appearance for own-gender typicality). Generally, all domains of gender typicality were related to the four adjustment outcomes. Own-gender typicality related more strongly to self-esteem, social preference, and own-gender relationship efficacy than did other-gender typicality; other-gender typicality was more strongly related to other-gender relationship efficacy. Relations between typicality and adjustment were stronger for gender-based relationship efficacy than for self-esteem or social preference. Although some differences existed, relations between typicality and adjustment were generally similar across typicality domains. Results implicate the need to measure other-gender typicality in addition to own-gender typicality. Additional contributions and suggestions for future research are discussed. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Family and Human Development 2015

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(情報学) / 甲第18617号 / 情博第541号 / 新制||情||96(附属図書館) / 31517 / 京都大学大学院情報学研究科社会情報学専攻 / (主査)教授 田中 克己, 教授 吉川 正俊, 教授 黒橋 禎夫 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Informatics / Kyoto University / DFAM

This study examines how Chinese speakers understand sentences describing events that have varying degrees of typicality. How the interpretation of typicality is obtained from linguistic input is not fully understood. In this study, I investigate the association of pairs of content words in order to determine their contribution to judgments of event typicality. The associations between words could influence the interpretation of event typicality. Two words that are not associated semantically, for example baby and wine, may be seen as an atypical combination. However, when these words are placed in a sentence context, the resulting sentences can be a typical scenario, such as the baby spilled the wine. Four offline judgment studies were conducted to obtain quantitative measurements of the association of word pairs and of judgments of event typicality in sentences. These studies demonstrated that noun pairs showed larger differences in their association ratings than those of noun-verb pairs. When the sentences containing the word pairs were judged, the association of the noun pair strongly influenced the sentence’s event typicality ratings, regardless of word order or of the typicality of the verb. Two online, word-by-word self-paced reading studies were conducted to examine whether judgments of word associations and event typicality are used in real-time sentence processing. The results showed that there was a slowdown in reading times at the critical regions when the noun pairs were atypical. The typicality of the verb did not result in a difference in reading times, regardless of the word order of the sentences, although offline judgment scores of event typicality were predictive of online reading times. The findings of these studies suggest that: (1) event typicality is more than the semantic association between words. Noun-noun and noun-verb associations contribute to event typicality but the association of two nouns has a more significant contribution and is not affected by an intervening word, (2) the typicality of verbs contributed to real-time sentence processing, insofar as the verbs contributed to the judged typicality of the events expressed by SVO and SOV clauses, and (3) in real-time sentence processing, regardless of the sentence’s word order, the association of nouns has greater impact on event typicality processing. This is not likely to be due simply to a priming effect between nouns, but rather also reflects the processing of the sentence’s event typicality. / text

O desenvolvimento tecnológico que se apresenta no dia-a-dia, mediante o aprimoramento de aparelhos domésticos, de videogames, de celulares, de computadores, de televisores, etc. é da mesma forma, porém paulatinamente, inserido no judiciário. Hoje é possível, por meio da videoconferência, percorrer centenas de quilômetros sem se deslocar, fazendo com que a distancia entre juízes e testemunhas ou réus seja limitada à distancia entre esses sujeitos e o aparelho de vídeo e televisão instalado em penitenciárias e fóruns. Outrossim, prestigia-se a dignidade da pessoa humana ao evitar a revitimização de crianças e adolescentes vítimas ou testemunhas de violência, diferenciando-as, nos termos do preconizado pela Constituição Federal, dos adultos, no decorrer do processo judicial. Por outro lado, o desenvolvimento alcança também as organizações criminosas, fazendo com que essas se tornem cada vez mais ameaçadoras à segurança pública, dificultando a produção de provas em seu desfavor, pelo que alguns Tribunais passaram a aceitar, de forma ainda polêmica, a produção de provas por meio de testemunha indireta e de testemunha anônima. Com todas essas transformações afetando diretamente o judiciário, e face ao surgimento de novas formas de se produzir provas consolidadas no direito, como é o caso da prova testemunhal, surge a necessidade de se fazer uma análise da admissibilidade desses novos meios de produção probatória. A análise de admissibilidade é feita inicialmente por meio de um estudo da tipicidade e dos elementos típicos da prova testemunhal como concebida no Código de Processo Penal atual. Após estabelecido o parâmetro, analisa-se os termos em que vêm sendo produzidas as novas formas de produção de prova testemunhal. Se essas estiverem de acordo com os elementos típicos da prova testemunhal, devem ser aceitas no ordenamento brasileiro como prova testemunhal típica. Se, por outro lado, os novos meios de produção probatória derivados da prova testemunhal mostrarem-se em desacordo com os elementos típicos da prova testemunhal, não poderão ser aceitos no ordenamento, exceto se não representarem prejuízo às partes. / The technological development that is presented in day-to-day, by upgrading household appliances, video games, cell phones, computers, televisions, etc. is in the same way, but gradually, inserted in the judiciary. Today it is possible, through video conferencing, travel hundreds of miles without moving, making the distance between judges and witnesses or defendants is limited to the distance between these subjects and the videocamera and television set in prisons and forums. Furthermore, honors the dignity of the human person to avoid revictimization of child victims or witnesses of violence , differentiating them, as recommended by the Federal Constitution, of the adults, in the course of judicial proceedings. Moreover, the development also reaches criminal organizations, making these become an increasingly threat to public security , dificulting the production of evidence in their disfavor, that´s why some courts have come to accept, in a still polemic form, the production of evidence through indirect and anonymous witness testimony. With all these changes directly affecting the judiciary, and with the emergence of new ways to produce consolidated evidence, as is the case of testimonial evidence, there is a need to do an analysis of the admissibility of these new means of evidentiary production. The analysis of admissibility is initially done through a study of typicality and typical elements of testimonial evidence as conceived in the current Code of Criminal Procedure. After the parameter is set, starts the analyze of the terms that are being produced the new forms of production of testimonial evidence. If these are in agreement with the typical elements of testimonial evidence, they should be accepted in the Brazilian system as typical witnesses. If, on the other hand, the new means of production derived from testimony show themselves against the typical elements of testimony, these can´t be accepted in the order, except if they do not represent harm to the parties.

abstract: Previous research has shown that highly empathic children are generally more emotionally positive, sociable, and altruistic compared to their less empathic peers (Miller & Jansen op de Haar, 1997). These traits and behaviors linked with empathy have been associated with positive outcomes such as popularity in the peer group (Decovic & Gerris, 1994). However, a negative relation between these constructs has been found when studied in the context of preadolescence for boys (Oberle, Schonert-Reichl, & Thomson, 2010), suggesting a potential moderating effect of gender typicality since empathy is classified as a communal and therefore stereotypically feminine trait. The current study examines the relation between the constructs of gender, empathy, gender typicality, and peer acceptance in a preadolescent sample, and mixed findings suggest differential effects of empathy on peer acceptance for preadolescent boys and girls. Future research should continue examining these differential effects for boys and girls throughout childhood and adolescence. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Family and Human Development 2015

O desenvolvimento tecnológico que se apresenta no dia-a-dia, mediante o aprimoramento de aparelhos domésticos, de videogames, de celulares, de computadores, de televisores, etc. é da mesma forma, porém paulatinamente, inserido no judiciário. Hoje é possível, por meio da videoconferência, percorrer centenas de quilômetros sem se deslocar, fazendo com que a distancia entre juízes e testemunhas ou réus seja limitada à distancia entre esses sujeitos e o aparelho de vídeo e televisão instalado em penitenciárias e fóruns. Outrossim, prestigia-se a dignidade da pessoa humana ao evitar a revitimização de crianças e adolescentes vítimas ou testemunhas de violência, diferenciando-as, nos termos do preconizado pela Constituição Federal, dos adultos, no decorrer do processo judicial. Por outro lado, o desenvolvimento alcança também as organizações criminosas, fazendo com que essas se tornem cada vez mais ameaçadoras à segurança pública, dificultando a produção de provas em seu desfavor, pelo que alguns Tribunais passaram a aceitar, de forma ainda polêmica, a produção de provas por meio de testemunha indireta e de testemunha anônima. Com todas essas transformações afetando diretamente o judiciário, e face ao surgimento de novas formas de se produzir provas consolidadas no direito, como é o caso da prova testemunhal, surge a necessidade de se fazer uma análise da admissibilidade desses novos meios de produção probatória. A análise de admissibilidade é feita inicialmente por meio de um estudo da tipicidade e dos elementos típicos da prova testemunhal como concebida no Código de Processo Penal atual. Após estabelecido o parâmetro, analisa-se os termos em que vêm sendo produzidas as novas formas de produção de prova testemunhal. Se essas estiverem de acordo com os elementos típicos da prova testemunhal, devem ser aceitas no ordenamento brasileiro como prova testemunhal típica. Se, por outro lado, os novos meios de produção probatória derivados da prova testemunhal mostrarem-se em desacordo com os elementos típicos da prova testemunhal, não poderão ser aceitos no ordenamento, exceto se não representarem prejuízo às partes. / The technological development that is presented in day-to-day, by upgrading household appliances, video games, cell phones, computers, televisions, etc. is in the same way, but gradually, inserted in the judiciary. Today it is possible, through video conferencing, travel hundreds of miles without moving, making the distance between judges and witnesses or defendants is limited to the distance between these subjects and the videocamera and television set in prisons and forums. Furthermore, honors the dignity of the human person to avoid revictimization of child victims or witnesses of violence , differentiating them, as recommended by the Federal Constitution, of the adults, in the course of judicial proceedings. Moreover, the development also reaches criminal organizations, making these become an increasingly threat to public security , dificulting the production of evidence in their disfavor, that´s why some courts have come to accept, in a still polemic form, the production of evidence through indirect and anonymous witness testimony. With all these changes directly affecting the judiciary, and with the emergence of new ways to produce consolidated evidence, as is the case of testimonial evidence, there is a need to do an analysis of the admissibility of these new means of evidentiary production. The analysis of admissibility is initially done through a study of typicality and typical elements of testimonial evidence as conceived in the current Code of Criminal Procedure. After the parameter is set, starts the analyze of the terms that are being produced the new forms of production of testimonial evidence. If these are in agreement with the typical elements of testimonial evidence, they should be accepted in the Brazilian system as typical witnesses. If, on the other hand, the new means of production derived from testimony show themselves against the typical elements of testimony, these can´t be accepted in the order, except if they do not represent harm to the parties.

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