Although many in Johannine critical scholarship have argued against viewing Jesus' death as a vicarious atonement (e.g., Bultmann), their arguments have failed to adequately deal with the text of the Fourth Gospel (FG). Morgan-Wynne has recently published a concerted effort to demonstrate that atonement in the FG is indeed vicarious; however, his argumentation can be strengthened. In this discourse, I am arguing that John's understanding of Jesus' death is best seen in light of exodus typology, recognizing Jesus as the climactic fulfillment of exodus and New Exodus figures such as the Passover lamb and the Suffering Servant. Because John chose to portray Jesus in this light, a biblical-theological exegesis which takes these into account will illumine John's understanding of Jesus' death. The goal of this discourse then is to provide such an exegesis, in order to draw out some conclusions about Jesus' death in the FG.

No presente estudo, pretendemos realizar uma leitura de Ecce homo balizada pelo procedimento genealógico, pela fisio-psicologia e pela tipologia presentes no pensamento de Nietzsche. Acreditamos que a mudança que se opera no tratamento do humano a partir dessas três noções permite a Nietzsche, em Ecce homo, realizar uma espécie de duplo movimento. Por um lado, o filósofo realiza a máxima afirmação da vida e de si mesmo, dando expressão a uma série de estados afetivos que o constitui. Por outro lado, ao afirmar-se, Nietzsche marca oposição -- e nisso talvez certa transvaloração -- a um estado de coisas marcado pela desvalorização da efetividade. Nossa hipótese é de que podemos ler a obra em questão como sendo a apresentação de um tipo, o \"tipo Nietzsche\". O Nietzsche que se conta em Ecce homo é aquele que se constitui em oposição à moral socrático-platônico-cristã que predomina no ocidente. E mais que isso é um tipo que, segundo o filósofo, possui o pathos filosófico dionisíaco, ou seja, o tipo forte, saudável e que tem como prerrogativa a afirmação da vida. / This study intends to do a reflection of Ecce Homo embossed by the genealogical procedure, by the physio-psychology and the typology present in Nietzsche\'s thought. We believe that the change that takes place in the treatment of the human from these three notions, allows Nietzsche, in Ecce Homo, to do a type of double movement. In one hand, the philosopher reaches the maximum affirmation of life and oneself, giving expression to a series of affectionate states that constitute him. On the other, in affirming himself, Nietzsche marks an opposition - and with that a certain transvaluation - to a state of things marked by the devaluation of effectiveness. Our hypothesis is that we can read this work as being a presentation of a type, the \"Nietzsche type\". That Nietzsche which narrates himself in Ecce Homo is the one that is constituted in opposition to the Socraticplatonic- Christian moral that prevails on the West. Moreover, it\'s a type that, according to the philosopher, owns the Dionysius philosophical pathos, or, the strong type, healthy, that has as its prerogative the affirmation of the life.

Pesquisas que procuram identificar o empreendedor e seu papel na economia fundamentam-se historicamente em Schumpeter. Empreendedor é aquele que inova, diz o autor, contrariando o senso comum de que bastaria ter um negócio próprio para ganhar essa designação. Diversos estudos indicam que o Brasil é um país com muitos empreendedores, já outros revelam que existem pouca inovação no país, o que de certa forma é uma contradição com a ideia do empreendedor schumpeteriano. No entanto, a intensa criação de novas startups no Brasil podem ser evidência da existência de um tipo de empreendedor mais alinhado à Schumpeter, já que essas são empresas recém-criadas e que se baseiam no desenvolvimento de tecnologias inovadoras com potencial de rápido crescimento e geração de valor. Empresas inovadoras são importantes para o país por serem capazes de influir positivamente no seu desenvolvimento econômico, melhorando as condições de vida de sua população. Empresas inovadoras são criadas por pessoas inovadoras e o objetivo dessa pesquisa foi identificar quais são os tipos de empreendedores que criam startups. Um estudo exploratório foi realizado e contemplou 11 entrevistas abertas com empreendedores de startups que foram analisadas e seus resultados categorizados. A dimensão da inovação é fundamental para distinguir o empreendedor e foi a base para a elaboração da tipologia que identificou 7 tipos diferentes de empreendedores: racionalista, explorador, adaptador, transformador, pré-inovador, utopista e minimalista. Os resultados obtidos indicam que há pouca inovação entre os empreendedores de startups pesquisados. No entanto, foram identificados casos em que os empreendedores desenvolveram tecnologias novas que, mesmo não sendo inéditas, entregam resultados superiores aos seus clientes. A influência da cultura sobre a inovação também foi foco de investigação. A dificuldade dos empreendedores em cooperar, especialmente por eleger elementos emocionais em detrimentos de escolhas utilitárias, sua falta de confiança em instituições e em pessoas, suas preferências por atividades hedonistas, a pouca diversidade e uma relativa baixa capacidade de adaptação frente a adversidades são elementos que contribuem para a dificuldade em inovar as startups. / Academic research looking to identify the entrepreneur and his role in the economy is historically based on Schumpeter. Entrepreneur is the one who innovates, says the author, contradicting the common sense that having a business of its own is enough to gain this designation. Several studies indicate that Brazil is a country with many entrepreneurs, while others show that there is little innovation in the country, which in a sense is a contradiction with the Schumpeterian entrepreneur idea. However, the intense creation of new startups in Brazil in the last few years may be evidence of an entrepreneurial type more aligned with Schumpeter, since these are newly created companies that are based on the development of innovative technologies with the potential for fast growth and value creation. Innovative companies are considered important to the country since they positively influence their economic development and consequently improve live conditions of their population. This innovative companies are created by innovative people and the purpose of this research was to identify the types of entrepreneurs who create startups. A exploratory study was conducted and included 11 open interviews with entrepreneurs of startups that were analyzed and their results categorized. The innovation dimension, fundamental for distinguishing the Schumpeterian and neo-Schumpeterian entrepreneur, was the basis for the typology that identified 7 different types of entrepreneurs: rationalist, explorer, adapter, transformer, pre-innovator, utopian and minimalist. The results indicate that there is little innovation among the entrepreneurs of startups surveyed. However, in some cases the entrepreneurs have developed new technologies and despite not being entirely new, they allow the entrepreneur to deliver superior results to their clients. The influence of culture on innovation was also the focus of this research. The entrepreneurs\' difficulty in cooperating, especially by electing emotional elements in opposition to utilitarian choices, their lack of trust in institutions and people, their hedonistic preferences, the lack of diversity, and a relatively low ability to adapt facing adversity are elements that contribute to the obstacle of innovating in startups.

Submitted by Marilene Donadel (marilene.donadel@unioeste.br) on 2017-09-18T20:19:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Roni_L_da_Silva_2016.pdf: 1120190 bytes, checksum: 1496e48c7be5107a9a8bdeaf016a3b41 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-18T20:19:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Roni_L_da_Silva_2016.pdf: 1120190 bytes, checksum: 1496e48c7be5107a9a8bdeaf016a3b41 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-11 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / It has been having as supporter for some texts of the German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche, the objective of this research is investigate the hierarchy (Rangordnung) and the concept of type (Typus). However, the intent this research doesn’t aim only to interpret the possible hierarchical relations between some types, but also extract this task some hierarchical criteria. The hierarchical criteria of the creation is developed, in a certain measure, as a conducting wire for the chapters, it has been interpreted in the following typological relations: free spirit, and captive spirit, tragic and Socratic, and lord and slave. About these types: Are all the creators? No, not all of them are creators, however, it is not only this characteristic that organizes the hierarchically types, but also the difference between their creations is an important distinguishing point: are signs of affirmation and courage in the face of life, or expressions of fatigue, self-indulgence, escape, fear, and hatred? Do the creations these types raise or impoverish man and life? The concept of creation as a criterion is interpreted – to a large measure – based on the discourse of Thus spoke Zarathustra, entitled, the three metamorphoses. Accordingly, the free spirit is creator, but only of itself exactly; it represents the lion for his courage, being a high hierarchical to be free of the current duties, as opposed to the camel. The camel is captive, because it does not create, only it usually reveres what it has already been created, it is accommodated to the present by its fear of creating. The Dionysian tragic is analogous to the spirit as a child, they both claim life and lie with the unceasing creation. The Socratic also creates, however, as a reaction to the mythological creation of the tragic, and as escape from existence, being more analogous to the camel for its unceasing belief and search of the truth. The Noble type is creator, and analogous to the child, therefore, when subordinating the plebeian type in favor of the creation and of cultivate of a superior type, it makes with innocence and without compassion. Another characteristic is that its creation comes itself from the affirmation and reverence, it is of the first command. The slave creates with hatred and resentment, reacting to the lord’s creation, being more analogous to the camel. Its creation enables an impoverishment, because it aims to conserve the majority, rather than strong type, it has been making this the last one corrupts itself, and it considers itself “bad” in contrast with the flock of “good” men. / Tendo como sustentáculo alguns textos do filósofo alemão Friedrich Nietzsche, o objetivo desta pesquisa é investigar a hierarquia (Rangordnung) e a noção de tipo (Typus). Contudo, o intento deste trabalho não visa apenas interpretar as possíveis relações hierárquicas entre alguns tipos, mas também extrair dessa tarefa alguns critérios hierárquicos. O critério hierárquico da criação é desenvolvido, em certa medida, como um fio condutor para os capítulos, sendo interpretado nas seguintes relações tipológicas: espírito livre e espírito cativo, trágico e socrático, e senhor e escravo. Sobre esses tipos pergunta-se: Todos são criadores? Não, nem todos são criadores, no entanto, não é apenas essa característica que organiza os tipos hierarquicamente, mas também a diferença entre as suas criações é um ponto distintivo importante: são sinais de afirmação e coragem perante a vida, ou expressões de cansaço, comodismo, fuga, medo e ódio? As criações desses tipos elevam ou empobrecem o homem e a vida? O conceito de criação enquanto critério é interpretado – em grande medida – com base no discurso de Assim falou Zaratustra, intitulado Das três metamorfoses. Nesse sentido, o espírito livre é criador, mas apenas de si mesmo; ele representa o leão pela sua coragem, sendo um tipo hierarquicamente elevado por ser livre dos deveres vigentes, ao contrário do camelo. O cativo é o camelo, pois não cria, apenas reverencia habitualmente o que já foi criado, é acomodado ao presente pelo seu medo de criar. O trágico dionisíaco é análogo ao espírito como criança, ambos afirmam a vida e a mentira com a incessante criação. Já o socrático também cria, no entanto, como reação à criação mitológica do trágico, e como fuga da existência, sendo mais análogo ao camelo pela sua incessante crença e busca da verdade. O tipo Nobre é criador, e análogo à criança, pois, ao subordinar o tipo plebeu em prol da criação e do cultivo de um tipo superior, o faz com inocência e sem compaixão. Outra característica é que sua criação vem da afirmação e da reverência de si, é de primeira ordem. Já o escravo cria com ódio e ressentimento, reagindo à criação do senhor, sendo mais análogo ao camelo. Sua criação possibilita um empobrecimento, pois visa a conservar a maioria, ao invés do tipo forte, fazendo com que esse último se corrompa e se considere “mau” em contraste com o rebanho de homens “bons”.

Although psychoanalytic theory can provide a large number of testable hypotheses concerning personality development, scientific psychology has been slow to realize this potential. The concept of character type is one aspect of Freudian theory which merits further investigation. It is believed that certain traits occur together in adult personality because they arise at the same level of psychosexual development. The present study tested the empirical validity of the oral, anal and hysterical character constructs in a normal sample. Relationships between character type and perceptions of parental attitudes and behavior were also explored. 143 psychology students completed a personality questionnaire, which provided scores for traits relevant to the character typology, and the Parental Role Patterns questionnaire (PRP), a measure of adult's perceptions of their own childrearing. Subjects also provided information about birth order, number of siblings, parents' marital status and other demographic variables thought to be relevant to the personality types. It was hypothesized that those traits which have been attributed to the oral, anal and hysterical types would form correlation clusters. Factor analysis was used to test the nature of these intercorrelations. Several hypotheses concerning relationships between personality and childrearing were also advanced. These were tested by computing correlations between personality factor scores and PRP scores. For both male and female subjects, factors identifiable as the oral, anal and hysterical emerged, although the results did not support a view of the oral character as a unitary construct. The anal character emerged most clearly. These findings were discussed in relation to published studies in which the same personality questionnaire was used in a psychiatric population. The majority of the hypotheses pertaining to relationships between personality and childrearing also received support. The oral character was associated with perceptions of low parental warmth and high control, the anal character with high warmth (for females), and the hysterical character with low warmth. A multivariate analysis of variance performed on groups of subjects typical of one of the three character types failed to indicate significant differences in childrearing perceptions. Since an adequate typology should enable researchers to make predictions on the basis of subject assignment to type, the usefulness of the psychoanalytic character typology remains in question. / Arts, Faculty of / Psychology, Department of / Graduate

Main subject of this Master's Thesis is organizational culture. Work defines main terms: definitions, components, structure, influences, function, typologies and methods of organizational culture content. Written inquiry and documents content analysis were used to determine the present state of organization culture in XYZ, a.s. company. The target was to design necessary steps which should provide areas of organizational culture.

This thesis investigates the evolutionary foundation of the Innovation System concept and the quantitative techniques that could be used for a systemic evaluation of innovation policies. This topic has been covered through 6 chapters: / Chapter I: The innovation system concept, which is the central concept of this thesis, finds its foundations in the evolutionary theory of economics and the Schumpeterian point of view on the co-evolution of innovation, organizations and institutions. Developed by Nelson and Winter in 1982, this theory is based on the idea that the surviving firms on the markets are not necessarily the ones that maximize their profits. Indeed, their ability to survive is reinforced by the development of internal organizational routines allowing for a fast adaptation to their changing environment. Thus, when assessing performances in terms of innovation in general, the single firm should not by the only centre of attention anymore. The entire environment surrounding its innovation activities should by analysed to understand the conditions underlying its failure or success. The definition of the innovation system (IS) concept finds its roots in this theory: the environment in which innovation activities take place is as important as the decision of the single innovation actor. Defined as all the institutions and organizations involved in the creation and diffusion of new knowledge and technology, the IS includes not only stakeholders of the innovation process, but also all the transversal sectors affecting innovation near or far: labour market, finance, and education… In such a context, the main justification for public intervention shifted from the market failures described by the neo-classical theory, to systemic failures, i.e. the dysfunctions of the IS, on which governments may take actions. And this shift in the policy rationale also leads to specific evaluation techniques of public initiatives. / Chapter II: The IS concept is defined as all the institutions and organizations involved in the creation, diffusion and absorption of new knowledge and technology. An important question is raised by such a point of view: what is a system? What are its components? How does it foster innovation? This theoretical step is necessary to understand all the aspect of the innovation environment that are concerned by innovation policy design. How could a policy-maker integrate the systemic framework of the IS when initiating public action with the aim to improve performances in terms of science, technology and innovation? A large part of the economic literature is dedicated to the description of innovation systems. So the aim of this chapter consists of synthetizing the aspects referenced in the economic theory as the components of the IS in a normative exercise. First, the term “system” involves the articulation of several components and the relationships existing between them. Departing from this definition, three broad aspect of the IS are considered: the actors of the innovation process, the functions of the system and the resulting objectives that should be pursued by the stakeholders, and the instruments used by public authorities to intervene in such a systemic context. The actors involved in the innovation process are not only the recipient of a public policy, they are also policy makers, implementation agents and targets of the policy measures. The functions of the IS mainly concerns the creation, diffusion and absorption of new knowledge and technology. As the role of the State is to improve the performances of such a system, those functions should be considered as the objectives of public action. Finally, the instruments used by the State to reach these goals can also be detailed: innovation policies can be implemented through direct support measures (financial or fiscal tools), the improvement of the infrastructure allowing for the diffusion of innovation, or the general framework conditions affecting performances. The normative exercise ended up with an exhaustive taxonomy that may be used for further analysis / Chapter III: As the aim of this thesis is to develop analytical tools to integrate the IS point of view in public policy evaluation, the most important aspect of the work consisted in building an exhaustive database on innovation policies implemented in the EU28 Member States and its main non-EU competitors (Australia, China, Japan, the US, India, the Russian Federation, Brazil, South Korea and Canada). This database was constructed in the context of the ENIRI study conducted by the European Commission, between 2013 and 2015. This long-lasting work involved the collection of information concerning the innovation policy measures implemented in all the considered countries, both at the national and regional levels. This information was related to the IS dimensions highlighted in previous chapter. The main sources for data collection were the RIO (former Erawatch) and OECD STIP databases, the RIM Plus Monitor and national sources (Ministry websites), as well as national experts. The budgets was also included or estimated for the 2007-2013 period. Once the data were collected, the policy measures were classified according to the theoretical canvas developed through the taxonomy of chapter II. Functional matrices combining different aspects of the IS allowed for detailed information on the distribution of policy measures among the different dimensions of the system. For example, it is possible to estimate the percentage of policy measures implemented in one country that are dedicated to the fundamental research activities in SMEs. This distribution has been computed both in absolute and budget terms. This difference provided information on the contrast existing between governmental claims and intentions in terms of innovation policies and the effective use of money dedicated to the announced target. Indeed, it is not because a substantial number of policies are dedicated to a specific sector of beneficiary that the allocated budget will be more important. Thus, this policy database should shed a light on the way innovation policies are articulated at a national level, and how they are effectively implemented through their budgets / Chapter IV: The evolutionary foundations of the IS concept imply that there is no general equilibrium describing an ideal situation to which a specific case can be compared. In other words, there is no optimal innovation system, and no ideal configuration that should be imitated by the others. This absence of equilibrium and the systemic point of view adopted in this context lead to the use of alternative techniques to evaluate performances and policies. As suggested by Edquist (2006), this has to be done through a diagnosis of the IS, consisting in the identification of the systemic failures, and the elaboration of strategy to fix the problem. This demarche will be investigated in this chapter of the thesis and the following. In this section, a diagnosis of the IS of 37 countries (28 EU and their 9 non-EU competitors) will be realized through a typology based on innovation performances indicators. The aim of such an analysis is to see whether the different IS can be gathered in groups sharing the same characteristics, relative strengths and weaknesses. The expected results should reveal groups of countries sharing the same configurations in terms of innovation process, and facing the same type of weaknesses, dysfunctions or systemic failures. By doing so, one should be able to identify the needs of each IS, i.e. the components that may need improvement and eventually public intervention. To do so, a principal component analysis and a hierarchical ascendant clustering technique have been implemented on the 37 IS, revealing 4 clusters of countries, depending on their NIS characteristics and advancement: 1) The Asian economies, 2) The lagging-behind and catching-up NIS, 3) The small opened systems, 4) The technological leaders. This analysis has been realized for the 2003-2005 and 2013-2015 periods, revealing that, if the general features of the clusters do not tend to change over time, some countries faced a change a modification of their status: Korea left the Asian group to join the leaders, Cyprus and Ireland opened their boarders to a larger extent in a decade. / Chapter V: Innovation policy typologyThis chapter is focused on the construction of an innovation policy typology based on the distributions of policies obtained in the database presented in chapter III. The results of this typology will be compared with the diagnosis realized in previous section to see if the weaknesses and needs of the NIS are effectively targeted by public action in innovation. Also, the aspects that could enhance or weaken such action, and their combination with other component of the NIS could be better understood. To this purpose, a multiple factor analysis has been implemented on the distributions of policy measures in terms of NIS components, followed by a hierarchical ascendant clustering, revealing groups of countries sharing the same characteristics in terms of policy design and implementation. 34 NIS have been examined (India, Brazil and Russia have been removed from the sample due to the bad quality of the information), using both the budget-weighted and non-budget-weighted distributions of measures on the 2007-2013 period. However, the results of this typology cannot be interpreted separately from the general innovation framework in which the public action is implemented. Indeed, countries having the same features in terms of beneficiaries and/or objectives in terms of policy do not necessarily share the same kind of IS. These implementation characteristics should rather be interpreted in light of the results obtained in the NIS diagnosis typology, in order to examiner if the public money effectively go where it is needed. In general, the different examined countries seem to effectively tackle their weaknesses, but countries facing the same types of problems do not implement the same type of policy mix, reinforcing the hypothesis that the innovation process is embedded in a large institutional framework that my orient public action in a direction rather than another. Two specific cases hold the attention in those results: South Korea, whose leader status came along with an improvement of the in force regulatory framework and a focus on private research, and Japan, dealing with research in the pharmaceutical research and ageing-population issues. / Chapter VI: The impact of macroeconomic and IS factors on the efficiency of public R&DAnother point of view can be adopted in an attempt to integrate the IS representations in policy evaluation techniques: the analysis of their impact on the efficiency of public R&D in leveraging private investments. In this chapter, a combination of two types of analysis is used to examine the problematic: the study of the efficiency of public R&D expenditure and its determinants on one hand, and the investigation of a possible crowding out effect of public R&D on the private one on another hand. The crowding out effect is translated into efficiency analysis, considering the BERD funded by government as an input, and the BERD funded by business as an output. And if an increase in the output leads to a decrease in the output, public intervention is considered to crowd out private initiative, as the firm may decide to replace its own investment with public money, instead of using it as an extra resource to increase its R&D activities. In this context, the IS as environment of R&D activities can be seen as a determinant of this efficiency, as it can strengthen or weaken this crowding out effect. The question asked in this section is the following: how to quantify and model the interdependencies existing between the different components of a NIS in order to integrate them in a quantitative analysis. This has been done in this study by implementing factorial analysis (Buesa, 2010) on a set of indicators collected in the Global Competitiveness Index database, and considered as descriptors of the different aspects of the innovation system. Those IS factors are: 1) the general STI environment, 2) the accessibility of the financial markets, 3) the internationalization of the system, 4) barriers to entrepreneurship and 5) the flexibility of labour regulation. Afterwards, these variables have been added as efficiency determinants in a stochastic frontier model assessing a possible crowding out effect between public and private initiatives. The main results showed that there is an additional effect of public R&d expenditure on private R&D investments (no crowding out). Moreover, the general STI environment and accessibility of financial markets have a positive impact on this efficiency, contrary to the presence of foreign stakeholders in the system. The two last factors remain insignificant. Those results suggest that, if public intervention should have an effect on the performances of the NIS, this relationship is also reciprocal: a well-functioning NIS may have a positive effect on the results of a policy measure. / Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Initially the Esther text was disputed and discarded by the early Church fathers. More recently in the 20th and 21st centuries Christian scholarship has dramatized, distorted, culturalized, feminized, or even politicized it. Indeed, the book has scarcely been defined as divine or devotional. While it has received condemnation from scholars, theologians like Martin Luther concluded that it would be best eliminated from the canon altogether. This thesis seeks to bring the text of Esther back into consideration for valid Christological interpretation by presenting evidence of a typology of Christ as exhibited in God's plan of salvation. In making such an assessment, this thesis presents a lexically-based evaluation from the Hebrew content of various words and phrases from the text, as well as within the larger biblical text. Determining their meaning and usage will serve to elucidate whether the text strategically incorporates Christological connections evidencing of this claim. I consider and apply a popular typologically related assessment of figurative language and symbolism, which also provides diagnostic criteria for typologies. This research thus entails a broad and varied examination of the figurative language and diverse use of symbolism including allusion, intertextual referencing, narrative sequencing, and rhetorical devices among others. Consequently, this broadly-based analysis provides a rich array of evidence that supports a valid typology for Christ in His various roles including His messianic kingship within God's plan of salvation for mankind, as well as other key concepts within God's plan, or associated roles, for example that of Satan.

This study was broken into two sections, the first being a comprehensive meta-analysis describing a profile of the juvenile female who sexually offends. The second section was the collection of data of juvenile females who sexually offend in the State of Utah. After the data were collected, a profile was described and compared to that found in the Review of the Literature and a typology was presented. Ecosystemic legacies were shown to be passed down from one generation to the next. The juveniles were found to come from highly chaotic homes, and subject to maltreatment. Diagnostically, they show symptoms of conduct disorder, substance use/abuse, as well as other risks. Social policy, and legal and therapeutic implications were presented from this typology.

The purpose of this research project is to qualitatively investigate the patterns of activity (modalities) in which entrepreneurs engage to create value for their customers. Proceeding from observations made by Claude Levi-Strauss (1962), who identified distinct modalities in which people of all cultures interact with the world around them, which are engineering, art, bricolage, and to a lesser degree craft, this research uses grounded theory to build a typology of entrepreneurial work and investigates the relationship between entrepreneurial categories, financial performance, longevity of the created ventures, and organizational form. Based on interviews and extensive field work observing 23 entrepreneurs, this study found evidence to support the presence of the four original modalities as well as a fifth -brokerage. The results of this study support a new theory of entrepreneurial work that offers: a) a new five-category typology of how entrepreneurs pattern their work, specifically based on their use of methods, tools, and resources to create value for their customers, and b) propositions suggesting relationships between each of the five modalities, entrepreneurial success, and organizational form. The new five-category typology consists of: 1) art, 2) craft, 3) engineering, 4) bricolage, and 5) brokerage. Among the five patterns of entrepreneurial activity, engineering and brokerage were found to have achieved the highest levels of financial success; however, none of the modalities appeared to be related to the longevity of the ventures. The category of engineering also seemed to be the most closely associated with organizational growth and formal hierarchical structures, while entrepreneurs who relied exclusively on bricolage experienced little growth and flat organizational structures. The implications from these observations are that patterns of activity are consequential for organizational growth and that financial success, while helpful and desirable, is not necessary for entrepreneurial ventures to survive for long periods of time.