À la Libération, vu les pénuries et les restrictions, le troc, entre civils et militaires américains, s’organise tout naturellement. Mais, les produits de l’U.S. Army font rapidement l’objet de trafics, essentiellement basés sur un échange monétaire. En Seine-et-Oise, au cours des premiers mois de liberté, ce phénomène économique enregistre un développement au processus rapide, favorisé par l’installation de troupes et d’infrastructures américaines ainsi que par le désenchantement de la Libération. En 1945, vu le contexte militaire, économique et social, l’expansion des trafics est fulgurante. D’ailleurs, la gangstérisation des relations, entre certains civils et militaires, et l’inertie des polices franco-américaines et de la justice française ont largement contribué à cette expansion. Les trafiquants professionnels et occasionnels volent, recèlent ou trafiquent, dans la plupart des cas, des vêtements, des chaussures, des textiles, des denrées alimentaires, de l’essence ou des pneumatiques. Mais, du redéploiement des troupes américaines au retour d’un marché libre, ces trafics de proximité perdent brusquement de leur importance. L’année 1946 marque les derniers temps forts de ce marché clandestin. De 1947 à 1949, les trafiquants assistent à la disparition des trafics et à la fin d’une époque dorée. Car, malgré les mésententes locales et l’antipathie réciproque, ces trafics ont enregistré un succès phénoménal. Les civils et les militaires américains étaient conscients de la brièveté de cette manne. Cependant, en 1950, même si le contexte économique diffère totalement, les trafics de produits américains vont réapparaître aux abords des bases militaires américaines de l’OTAN. / At the Liberation, in circumstances of scarcity and restrictions, barter between civilians and American servicemen developed quite naturally. But the U.S. Army goods quickly became the object of illicit sales, mainly for cash. In Seine-et-Oise, during the first months of freedom, this economic phenomenon developed rapidly, facilitated by the installation of American troops and infrastructures as well as by the disillusionment that followed Liberation. In 1945, given the military, economic and social context, the expansion of black market traffic was sensational. Moreover, the gangsterization of relations between some civilians and servicemen and the inertia of Franco-American policing and French justice contributed significantly to this expansion. The professional and occasional traffickers stole, received stolen goods and dealt mainly in clothing, shoes, textiles, foodstuffs, gasoline or tires. With the redeployment of the American troops and the return of the free market, these convenience transactions lost their importance abruptly. The year 1946 marked the last surge of this illicit market. From 1947 to 1949, the traffickers saw the decline of black market traffic and the end of a golden era. Despite local misunderstandings and mutual antipathy, this traffic was phenomenally successful. The civilians and the American servicemen were aware that this opportunity would be brief. However, in 1950, in a very different economic context, the traffic in U.S. Army goods would reappear around the American military bases established as part of NATO.

A study of Asian clam (Corbicula fluminea Müller) colonization in relation to changes in aquatic vegetation community as a result of management of Hydrilla verticillata (L. f.) Royle with grass carp was conducted at the Lewisville Aquatic Ecosystem Research Facility (LAERF), Lewisville, TX, from April 2015 through October 2016. Percent vegetation cover, C. fluminea abundance and water quality metrics (pH, turbidity, conductivity, DO, calcium, chlorophyll a) from 16 experimental subjects were analyzed. Treatments included four replicated grass carp stocking densities; 1-control with no fish stocked (n = 4), 2-low density of 40-43 fish per vegetated ha (n = 4), 3-medium density of 72-81 fish per vegetated ha (n = 4) and 4-high density of 110-129 fish per vegetated ha (n = 4). Data analysis showed statistical significance in the relation of C. fluminea abundance to percent vegetation cover (multiple linear regression, r2 = 0.820), grass carp stocking densities (two-way analysis of variance, p = <0.001) and chlorophyll a (multiple linear regression, r2 = 0.339). Findings of this research indicate the possibility that management of hydrilla had enabled establishment of secondary invasive species.

No description available.