A dengue é um dos principais problemas de Saúde Pública da atualidade. É transmitida por mosquitos do gênero Aedes, sendo a espécie Aedes aegypti o vetor responsável pela transmissão no Brasil. O principal alvo de controle da doença é seu vetor, sendo o controle químico amplamente utilizado em todas as regiões atingidas. Como forma de prevenção ou em períodos de epidemia, torna-se necessária a eliminação dos mosquitos adultos, sendo indicada a nebulização a ultrabaixo volume (UBV) a frio do organofosforado malation por meio do uso de equipamentos pulverizadores acoplados a veículos. Este inseticida utilizado pode sofrer desvios durante e após a aplicação a UBV, caracterizando-se como um potencial agente de desequilíbrio ecológico, podendo atingir e gerar efeitos danosos em organismos não alvos aquáticos e terrestres. Este trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver e validar um método de análise para o malation em cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência e obter recuperação do inseticida em níveis aceitáveis em água e solo, avaliar seu período de dissipação e tempo de meia vida (t1/2) nestas matrizes e classificá-lo quanto à toxicidade aguda e ao risco ambiental de acordo com diferentes autores, para o microcustáceo Daphnia magna, para a minhoca Eisenia foetida, para o peixe mato grosso (Hyphessobrycon eques) e para a macrófita Lemna minor. O método foi considerado adequado para análise do malation. A recuperação obtida para água foi de 97 por cento e para solo, 96 por cento . Efeitos tóxicos decorrentes da exposição ao inseticida foram observados para todos os organismos, sendo a Daphnia magna a espécie mais sensível aos testes de toxicidade aguda, com alto risco de intoxicação ambiental oriundo do uso peridomiciliar do malation. Em solo, o composto permaneceu na superfície com t1/2 de 4,5 h e sofreu lixiviação após ocorrência de chuva, sendo detectado por até 29 dias após a aplicação. Em água, o t1/2 foi de 0,1 h em pH 9.0 não sendo mais detectado a partir do segundo dia após aplicação. Em pH 7.0 e 5.0, esse período estendeu-se por até 7 dias, sendo o t1/2 de 3,2 e 4,4 d, respectivamente. / Dengue is one of the major public health problems nowadays. It is transmitted by mosquitoes of the genus Aedes, and the Aedes aegypti specie is the vector responsible for transmission in Brazil. The main target to control the disease is its vector, and the chemical control is widely used in all affected regions. As a preventive measure or in epidemic periods, it becomes necessary to eliminate adult mosquitoes, being indicated the ultralow volume nebulization of malathion organophosphate in cold way through the use of sprinklers attached to vehicles. This used insecticide can suffer deviation during and after application ULV, characterizing itself as a potential agent of environmental imbalance, with the possibility of reach and generate harmful effects on aquatic and terrestrial non-target organisms. This work had the objective to develop and validate a method of analysis for malathion in high performance liquid chromatography and obtain recovery of insecticide in acceptable levels in water and soil, evaluate its dissipation period and half-life time in these matrices and classify it on acute toxicity and environmental risk according to different authors, to the microcrustacean Daphnia magna, to the earthworm Eisenia foetida, to the fish Hyphessobrycon eques and to the macrophyte Lemna minor. The method was considered appropriate for analysis of malathion. The obtained recovery for water was 97 per cent and for soil, 96 per cent . Toxic effects resulting from exposure to the insecticide were observed for all organisms, resulting that Daphnia magna is the most sensitive species to the acute toxicity tests, with high risk of environmental intoxication originated from malathion peridomicilary use. In soil, the compound remained on the surface with t1/2 of 4.5 h and suffered lixiviation after rain occurrence, being detected for up to 29 days after application. In water, the t1/2 was 0.1 h in pH 9.0 and was not detected from the second day after application. In pH 7.0 and 5.0, this period was extended for up to 7 days, being the t1/2 of 3.2 and 4.4 d, respectively.

A dengue é um dos principais problemas de Saúde Pública da atualidade. É transmitida por mosquitos do gênero Aedes, sendo a espécie Aedes aegypti o vetor responsável pela transmissão no Brasil. O principal alvo de controle da doença é seu vetor, sendo o controle químico amplamente utilizado em todas as regiões atingidas. Como forma de prevenção ou em períodos de epidemia, torna-se necessária a eliminação dos mosquitos adultos, sendo indicada a nebulização a ultrabaixo volume (UBV) a frio do organofosforado malation por meio do uso de equipamentos pulverizadores acoplados a veículos. Este inseticida utilizado pode sofrer desvios durante e após a aplicação a UBV, caracterizando-se como um potencial agente de desequilíbrio ecológico, podendo atingir e gerar efeitos danosos em organismos não alvos aquáticos e terrestres. Este trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver e validar um método de análise para o malation em cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência e obter recuperação do inseticida em níveis aceitáveis em água e solo, avaliar seu período de dissipação e tempo de meia vida (t1/2) nestas matrizes e classificá-lo quanto à toxicidade aguda e ao risco ambiental de acordo com diferentes autores, para o microcustáceo Daphnia magna, para a minhoca Eisenia foetida, para o peixe mato grosso (Hyphessobrycon eques) e para a macrófita Lemna minor. O método foi considerado adequado para análise do malation. A recuperação obtida para água foi de 97 por cento e para solo, 96 por cento . Efeitos tóxicos decorrentes da exposição ao inseticida foram observados para todos os organismos, sendo a Daphnia magna a espécie mais sensível aos testes de toxicidade aguda, com alto risco de intoxicação ambiental oriundo do uso peridomiciliar do malation. Em solo, o composto permaneceu na superfície com t1/2 de 4,5 h e sofreu lixiviação após ocorrência de chuva, sendo detectado por até 29 dias após a aplicação. Em água, o t1/2 foi de 0,1 h em pH 9.0 não sendo mais detectado a partir do segundo dia após aplicação. Em pH 7.0 e 5.0, esse período estendeu-se por até 7 dias, sendo o t1/2 de 3,2 e 4,4 d, respectivamente. / Dengue is one of the major public health problems nowadays. It is transmitted by mosquitoes of the genus Aedes, and the Aedes aegypti specie is the vector responsible for transmission in Brazil. The main target to control the disease is its vector, and the chemical control is widely used in all affected regions. As a preventive measure or in epidemic periods, it becomes necessary to eliminate adult mosquitoes, being indicated the ultralow volume nebulization of malathion organophosphate in cold way through the use of sprinklers attached to vehicles. This used insecticide can suffer deviation during and after application ULV, characterizing itself as a potential agent of environmental imbalance, with the possibility of reach and generate harmful effects on aquatic and terrestrial non-target organisms. This work had the objective to develop and validate a method of analysis for malathion in high performance liquid chromatography and obtain recovery of insecticide in acceptable levels in water and soil, evaluate its dissipation period and half-life time in these matrices and classify it on acute toxicity and environmental risk according to different authors, to the microcrustacean Daphnia magna, to the earthworm Eisenia foetida, to the fish Hyphessobrycon eques and to the macrophyte Lemna minor. The method was considered appropriate for analysis of malathion. The obtained recovery for water was 97 per cent and for soil, 96 per cent . Toxic effects resulting from exposure to the insecticide were observed for all organisms, resulting that Daphnia magna is the most sensitive species to the acute toxicity tests, with high risk of environmental intoxication originated from malathion peridomicilary use. In soil, the compound remained on the surface with t1/2 of 4.5 h and suffered lixiviation after rain occurrence, being detected for up to 29 days after application. In water, the t1/2 was 0.1 h in pH 9.0 and was not detected from the second day after application. In pH 7.0 and 5.0, this period was extended for up to 7 days, being the t1/2 of 3.2 and 4.4 d, respectively.

När man som utrikes född akademiker kommer till Sverige är det lätt att hamna i en migrationsprocess som kan ta lång tid. Det immigrerar individer till Sverige med en akademisk examen i bagaget samtidigt som Sverige lider brist på vissa akademiska yrkesgrupper. De som kommer skulle kunna avhjälpa bristen på akademisk arbetskraft men de har svårt att ta sig in på den svenska arbetsmarknaden. Vårt syfte med denna studie har varit att undersöka och analysera utrikes födda personer med en lärarexamen och deras väg till ULV (utländska lärares vidareutbildning). Vi har studerat vilka förväntningar de har på utbildningen och om de ser skillnader på sin yrkesroll i Sverige jämfört med det tidigare hemlandet. Vi har använt oss av en kvalitativ undersökningsmetod för att få en helhetsförståelse för våra åtta respondenter. Resultatet har tolkats utifrån olika teman och analyserats genom Hodkinson och Sparkes teori Careership och de brytpunkter de talar om och utifrån Pierre Bourdieus teoretiska begrepp kapital, fält och habitus. Vi har även använt Angelöw och Jonssons rollteorier om tillskrivna roller, förvärvade roller och rollförluster. Donald E Super tolkar individers förändringsprocesser i olika faser han kallar cykler. Vid olika faser i livet sker det en minicykel då respondenterna är med om en förändring som kan vara personlig eller samhällelig liknande flytten till ett nytt land, tillfälliga arbeten, ny familjesituation och så vidare. Respondenterna har haft både rollförluster och rollkonflikter under sin väg mot arbetsmarknaden i Sverige. Vägen till ett yrke och en identitet i Sverige har tagit längre tid än de önskat och många har kämpat med att utveckla sitt kapital genom språkkunskaper, kunskaper om den nya kulturen och samhället. Sina fält har de försökt att vidga genom tillfälliga arbeten och nya kontakter men också genom nya sociala nätverk.

Tidigare forskning och dagstidningar visar att det kommer många invandrade akademiker till Sverige, däribland lärare, samtidigt som det råder stor brist på pedagoger. Utländska lärares vidareutbildning är ett projekt vid sex universitet och högskolor i Sverige, dit lärare med en utländsk examen kan vända sig för att komplettera sin utbildning och få en svensk lärarlegitimation eller behörighet. Med anledning av detta är syftet med arbetet att undersöka invandrade lärares syn på ULV-projektet och vilka hinder och möjligheter de mött. Vi har även undersökt hur de upplever tillgången till studie- och yrkesvägledning. För att besvara våra frågeställningar har tidigare forskning, teorin Planned happenstance och begreppen Kapital och Habitus tillsammans med kvalitativa intervjuer använts. Det empiriska materialet inhämtades genom sex kvalitativa intervjuer med ULV-deltagare från Malmö högskola. Resultatet visar bland annat att deltagarna ser positivt på projektet och upplever många möjligheter. De menar till exempel att de nu har två lärarutbildningar och att de har utvecklats och vuxit oerhört som både person och pedagog. Resultatet visar även att språket, som från början var deras största upplevda hinder, idag kan ses som en möjlighet. / Earlier research and newspapers show that many immigrant academics come to Sweden, including teachers, while there is a great shortage of educators. Foreign teacher training (ULV-project) is a project at six universities and colleges in Sweden, where a teacher with a foreign degree can turn to complete their education and get a Swedish teacher certification. For this reason, the purpose of the thesis is to examine immigrant teachers' views of the ULV-project and what obstacles and opportunities they faced. We also examined how they perceive the access to educational and vocational guidance. In order to answer our questions, previous research, the theory Planned happenstance and concepts Capital and Habitus along with qualitative interviews were used. The empirical data was collected through six interviews with ULV participants from Malmö University. The result shows that participants look positively on the project and they experience many possibilities. They argue, for example, that they now have two teacher education degrees and that they have developed and grown tremendously as both a person and a teacher. The result also shows that language, which from the beginning was their greatest perceived barriers today, can be seen as an opportunity.

The Sami has lived of reindeer husbandry for more than a thousand years, but the reindeer has also been an important prey for predators as wolverines, bears, lynx’ and wolfs. For the reindeer and their own survival, the Sami therefor have developed a unique knowledge regarding predators they must avoid, of which the wolf is the worst of them all. This thesis attempts to point out in which ways the wolf has effected the reindeer husbandry in Sweden, and how the problems has been presented through three periods during the last hundred years, in one of the Sami’s own media channels, the magazine called Samefolket. The thesis also attempts to clarify the implemented and proposed solutions, and the changing of them, and even to find out how the reindeer herder’s, and people in general, have looked at the occurrence of wolves, now and then. The Swedish wolf population has increased considerably during the last hundred years, but the occurrence of wolves has been a significant problem for the reindeer husbandry during all the treated periods. The wolves chases, sores, aches and kills all kinds of reindeers, and spreads the reindeer herds, and scares them and makes them difficult to work with. In addition, this create great frustration, stress and a lot of extra work for those who work with the reindeers. Several measures to solve the problem has been proposed, and with different results. In previous years, hunting with different methods was common, and good hunting performances was prized. From 1966, killing wolves is illegal. The development of good compensation systems is therefore one of the tried solutions of the problems after that. In recent years, it has also been decided that the wolf population should not exceed a particular number of individuals in the reindeer pastry areas.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-11-16Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:58:15Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_jl_me_jabo.pdf: 612702 bytes, checksum: 10eaf81ab013fceaeeadf68e95ced4d8 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Gravena Ltda / O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a eficiência, no controle de psilídeos, pulgão-marrom-dos-citros e minadora-das-folhas e também a seletividade a Pentilia egena, da aplicação terrestre em volume ultra baixo (UBV) em pomar de laranja. Foram realizadas 03 pesquisas, sendo que a primeira pesquisa foi realizada visando avaliar a mortalidade de adultos confinados do psilídeo e seletividade sobre a Pentilia egena na estação de pesquisa da Gravena Ltda em Jaboticabal-SP, a segunda pesquisa foi realizada visando avaliar a mortalidade de ninfas do psilídeo, pulgão-marrom-dos-citros e minadora-das-folhas em ramos novos em citros e a terceira pesquisa foi realizada visando avaliar a mortalidade de adultos confinados do psilídeo, sendo estas duas últimas realizadas na Fazenda Cachoeira do São Lourenço em Matão-SP. O delineamento estatístico adotado foi em blocos casualizados com número variável de tratamentos em cada pesquisa e quatro repetições. A aplicação da primeira pesquisa foi realizada no dia 25 de março de 2010, da segunda no dia 17 de novembro de 2010 e da terceira em 03 de maio de 2011, sendo usados nas pesquisas os seguintes produtos: Boveria bassiana (2,0 kg/ha), lambda- cialotrina (0,4 L/ha), dimetoato (2 L/ha), etofenprox (0,5 L/ha), thiamethoxan (0,2 kg/ha), Imidacloprid + espirotetramate (0,25 L/ha) e imidacloprido (0,4 L/ha) usando o pulverizador Pulsfog de volume ultra baixo (U.B.V.) comparado com o tratamento com imidacloprido (0,4L/ha) usando pulverizador com lanças manuais e de jato transportado. Baseado nos resultados obtidos pode-se concluir que os tratamentos, com volume ultra baixo (UBV), foram eficientes no controle de psilídeos, pulgão-marrom-dos-citros e minadora-das-folhas. Quanto à seletividade as modalidades de aplicação usadas foram classificadas de moderada a altamente tóxicos para as larvas e adultos de P. egena / The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficiency in the control of psyllids, citrus brown aphids and the citrus leaf-miner, and also the selectivity to Pentilia egena, by using ground application in ultra-low volume (ULV) in orchard orange. Three surveys were conducted, the first survey was conducted to evaluate the mortality of adult psyllids (Diaphorina citri) confined and selectivity on the ladybug (Pentilia egena) at the Research Station of Gravena Jaboticabal Ltda. The second survey was performed to evaluate the mortality of nymphs of the psyllid, the citrus brown aphid, and citrus leaf-miner in citrus and new branches. And, the third survey was conducted to evaluate the mortality of adults confined the psyllid, the latter being held in the Farm St. Lawrence Waterfall. The statistical design used was randomized blocks with variable number of treatments in each study and four replications. The implementation of the first survey was conducted on March 25th, 2010, the second on November 17th, 2010 and the third survey on May 3rd, 2011, being used in research the following products: Boveria bassiana (2.0 kg / ha), lambda-cyhalothrin (0.4 L / ha), dimethoate (2 L / ha), etofenprox (0.5 L / ha), thiamethoxan (0.2 kg / ha), Imidacloprid spirotetramat + (0, 25 L / ha) and imidacloprid (0.4 L / ha) using the sprayer Pulsfog ultra-low volume (ULV) compared to treatment with Imidacloprid (0.4 L / ha) using manual spray booms and jet transport. Based on the results obtained it is concluded that the treatments with ultra-low volume (ULV), were effective in controlling adults and nymphs of psyllids, citrus brown aphid and citrus leaf-miner. The selectivity of the used application methods was classified as moderate (M) to high (A) toxic to the larvae and adults of P.egena

Le moustique tigre Aedes albopictus, pur produit de la mondialisation, s’est installé en Europe dans les années 1970s, et en région PACA en 2004, grâce au transport intercontinental de ses œufs, capables de résister à la dessiccation et d’effectuer une diapause. Ce moustique est capable de transmettre 27 virus comme la dengue, zika et chikungunya. Le premier objectif du présent travail a été l’étude des aspects biologique d’Ae. albopictus dans son milieu naturel dans une région où il s’est implanté depuis plus de 10 ans, à Nice au sud-est de la France. Nous avons utilisé différentes méthodes de captures : les pièges pour adultes BGs ®, les pièges pondoirs avec une infusion de foin pour la récolte des œufs ainsi que la capture sur Homme, afin d’apprécier la densité de ce moustique, ses fluctuations spatiotemporelles et les taux de parturité des femelles. Les deux années de l’étude de la dynamique saisonnière ont montrés un début d’activité des moustiques au mois d’avril atteignant un pique d’activité en Juillet-Août et diminuant par la suite jusqu'à ce que l'activité a cessé au mois de novembre. Nous avons enregistré des taux de parturité élevées qui se sont stabilisés entre 0,52 et 0,71 entre le mois de juin et octobre respectivement. Ces taux de parturités indiquent un taux de survie élevé qui pourrait être encore supérieur à cause du comportement de skip oviposition des femelles Ae. albopictus. De plus nous avons mis en évidence un taux important de femelles gravides (jusqu’à 44 %) capturées sur Homme indiquant une prise de repas multiples durant un même cycle gonotrophique. L'objectif principal de ce travail a été d'évaluer l'efficacité des pulvérisations spatiales d’Ultra Bas Volume (UBV) d’insecticides, la principale méthode utilisée dans le cas de foyers urbains. La population locale d’Ae. albopictus a montré une forte sensibilité à la deltaméthrine (le seul insecticide homologué pour lutter contre les moustiques adultes en France) bien que les mâles ont été beaucoup plus sensible que les femelles. Une comparaison des résultats par application topique et par les tests en tube OMS a confirmé que cette différence a été due à la plus petite taille des mâles par rapport aux femelles. Durant six essais sur le terrain, on n’a obtenu aucun impact significatif des traitements UBV de deltaméthrine sur les femelles, bien qu'il y ait eu une réduction significative des mâles. En revanche, le traitement par thermonébulisation autour d’un petit groupe de maisons a permis une quasi-élimination (95%) des moustiques mâles et femelles. Ces résultats apportent un élément de réponse sur les stratégies à mener en santé publique. Enfin, l'efficacité de plusieurs formulations de peintures insecticides issues de la technologie de microencapsulation ont été testée dans des conditions de laboratoire et de terrain. Les résultats ont été encourageants et les tests ont démontré que les peintures à base d’organophosphorés ont une rémanence de 2 ans. Le but ultime était d'utiliser des pièges pondoirs traités avec ces peintures insecticides comme une méthode de contrôle: en théorie, cette méthode vise l’exploitation du comportement de skip oviposition qui oblige les femelles à déposer leurs œufs sur plusieurs gîtes différents augmentant la probabilité pour que celles-ci rencontrent un piège pondoir traité avec un insecticide. Dans un petit essai sur le terrain, cependant, aucun impact sur la population sauvage n’a été observé. Nous discutons de cette méthode ainsi que de son intérêt face à la menace toujours grandissante liée à la propagation continuelle d’Ae. albopictus à travers le monde. / The Asian Tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, first appeared in Europe in the 1970s,almost certainly a result ofintercontinental transport of its dessication-resistant eggs. In the laboratory,the species is capable of transmitting 27 viruses including Yellow Fever, dengue, chikungunya and zika, although in the field it is not considered an efficient vector because it is not host-specific.The first objective of our studies was to monitor aspects of the biology of the species in Nice (southeastern France), where it has been established for more than 10 years. Infusion-baited ovitraps, B-G® adult traps and human landing captures were used to reveal seasonal population fluctuations, parous rates and other parameters. In two complete years of study, adult mosquitoes began to appear in April, reached a plateau in July-August and declined thereafter until activity ceased in November. Parous rates were stable from June to October (0,52 to 0,71%) indicating a balance between recruitment (eclosion) and mortality. During this period, daily survival probability was high although this may be an underestimate if the duration of the gonotrophic cycle is extended by skip oviposition. Up to 44% of females captured by landing capture were gravid, confirmation of multiple blood-meals per gonotrophic cycle.The main focus of the work was an assessment of the efficacy of Ultra-low Volume (ULV) space sprays, the principal method used in the event of urban outbreaks. The local population proved highly susceptible to deltamethrin (the only insecticide approved for adult mosquito control in France) although femaleswere significantly less susceptible than males. A comparison of results by topical application and by the WHO tube test confirmed this difference is a function of size. In six separate field trials,there was no evidence of any impact of ULVdeltamethrin on females although there was a significant reduction of males. By contrast, outdoor treatment of a small cluster of homes with a portable thermal fogger gave virtual elimination (ca. 95%) of both sexes.These results are clearly of public health significance.Lastly, the efficacy of several slow-release formulations of microencapsulated insecticide in paint was tested in laboratory and semi-field conditions. Results were encouraging and tests demonstrated that the paints remained effective for 24 months on plastic surface. The ultimate goal was to use paint-treated ovitraps as a control method: in theory, skip ovipositon should ensure a high probability that ovipositing females will make contact with a treated trap on their rounds of suitable oviposition sites. In a small field trial, however, no impact on the wild population was observed. This may have been because too few treated traps were deployed; further studies along these lines could prove worthwhile.

Orientador: Marcelo da Costa Ferreira / Banca: Júlio César Galli / Banca: Hamilton Humberto Campos / Resumo: O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a eficiência, no controle de psilídeos, pulgão-marrom-dos-citros e minadora-das-folhas e também a seletividade a Pentilia egena, da aplicação terrestre em volume ultra baixo (UBV) em pomar de laranja. Foram realizadas 03 pesquisas, sendo que a primeira pesquisa foi realizada visando avaliar a mortalidade de adultos confinados do psilídeo e seletividade sobre a Pentilia egena na estação de pesquisa da Gravena Ltda em Jaboticabal-SP, a segunda pesquisa foi realizada visando avaliar a mortalidade de ninfas do psilídeo, pulgão-marrom-dos-citros e minadora-das-folhas em ramos novos em citros e a terceira pesquisa foi realizada visando avaliar a mortalidade de adultos confinados do psilídeo, sendo estas duas últimas realizadas na Fazenda Cachoeira do São Lourenço em Matão-SP. O delineamento estatístico adotado foi em blocos casualizados com número variável de tratamentos em cada pesquisa e quatro repetições. A aplicação da primeira pesquisa foi realizada no dia 25 de março de 2010, da segunda no dia 17 de novembro de 2010 e da terceira em 03 de maio de 2011, sendo usados nas pesquisas os seguintes produtos: Boveria bassiana (2,0 kg/ha), lambda- cialotrina (0,4 L/ha), dimetoato (2 L/ha), etofenprox (0,5 L/ha), thiamethoxan (0,2 kg/ha), Imidacloprid + espirotetramate (0,25 L/ha) e imidacloprido (0,4 L/ha) usando o pulverizador Pulsfog de volume ultra baixo (U.B.V.) comparado com o tratamento com imidacloprido (0,4L/ha) usando pulverizador com lanças manuais e de jato transportado. Baseado nos resultados obtidos pode-se concluir que os tratamentos, com volume ultra baixo (UBV), foram eficientes no controle de psilídeos, pulgão-marrom-dos-citros e minadora-das-folhas. Quanto à seletividade as modalidades de aplicação usadas foram classificadas de moderada a altamente tóxicos para as larvas e adultos de P. egena / Abstract: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficiency in the control of psyllids, citrus brown aphids and the citrus leaf-miner, and also the selectivity to Pentilia egena, by using ground application in ultra-low volume (ULV) in orchard orange. Three surveys were conducted, the first survey was conducted to evaluate the mortality of adult psyllids (Diaphorina citri) confined and selectivity on the ladybug (Pentilia egena) at the Research Station of Gravena Jaboticabal Ltda. The second survey was performed to evaluate the mortality of nymphs of the psyllid, the citrus brown aphid, and citrus leaf-miner in citrus and new branches. And, the third survey was conducted to evaluate the mortality of adults confined the psyllid, the latter being held in the Farm St. Lawrence Waterfall. The statistical design used was randomized blocks with variable number of treatments in each study and four replications. The implementation of the first survey was conducted on March 25th, 2010, the second on November 17th, 2010 and the third survey on May 3rd, 2011, being used in research the following products: Boveria bassiana (2.0 kg / ha), lambda-cyhalothrin (0.4 L / ha), dimethoate (2 L / ha), etofenprox (0.5 L / ha), thiamethoxan (0.2 kg / ha), Imidacloprid spirotetramat + (0, 25 L / ha) and imidacloprid (0.4 L / ha) using the sprayer Pulsfog ultra-low volume (ULV) compared to treatment with Imidacloprid (0.4 L / ha) using manual spray booms and jet transport. Based on the results obtained it is concluded that the treatments with ultra-low volume (ULV), were effective in controlling adults and nymphs of psyllids, citrus brown aphid and citrus leaf-miner. The selectivity of the used application methods was classified as moderate (M) to high (A) toxic to the larvae and adults of P.egena / Mestre

There are many diseases transmitted by mosquitoes and, among them, dengue has been standing out in the last years by the increasing and elevated numbers of infected people, being considered as one of the principal problems of the public health in the world. In view of the use of agricultural techniques for the control of the vector, as the application of pesticides through the chemical treatment of the environment and the absence of a specific equipment for the control in high scale, the aim of this work was the development of a concept of a machine for such purpose, which attends satisfactorily to the requirements of the clients/users, making it possible to maximize the efficiency obtained nowadays in this process. Among the characteristics present in the concept, are: the presence of two mouth aerosol generators instantaneously adjustable by the operator from his cabin of work; the possibility of simultaneous aerosol generation for both sides perpendicular to the direction of the moving of the machine and the presence of individual cabins for the driver and the operator of the aerosol generator. / São muitas as doenças transmitidas por mosquitos e, entre elas, a dengue vem se destacando nos últimos anos pelo crescente e elevado número de pessoas infectadas, sendo considerada como um dos principais problemas de saúde pública no mundo. Tendo em vista o emprego de técnicas agrícolas para o controle do vetor, como a aplicação de agrotóxicos através do tratamento químico do ambiente e a ausência de um equipamento específico para o controle em grande escala, este trabalho teve por objetivo o desenvolvimento da concepção de uma máquina para tal finalidade, que atenda satisfatoriamente os requisitos dos clientes/usuários, possibilitando maximizar a eficiência atualmente obtida neste processo. Dentre as características elaboradas do conceito, estão: a presença de dois bocais nebulizadores instantaneamente ajustáveis pelo operador de dentro da sua cabine de trabalho; a possibilidade de nebulização simultânea para ambos os lados perpendiculares ao sentido de deslocamento da máquina e a presença de cabines individuais para o motorista e o operador do nebulizador.

La conception de circuit à très faible tension d'alimentation est un moyen depuis longtemps connu pour diminuer la consommation d'énergie des circuits pour un même service rendu [VITTOZ weak inversion]. La faible tension permet de gagner à la fois en courant de fuite [K ROY leakage] et surtout en courant dynamique qui reste la partie de l'énergie consommée la plus ardue a maîtriser. Elle s'accompagne d'un délai multiplié par plusieurs ordres de grandeur et une sensibilité accrue aux variations de paramètres des dispositifs. Cette variation étant plus grande dans les technologies récentes, la conception à très faible tension était jusqu'à récemment limitée aux nœuds technologiques en deçà de 40nm, mais des avancées récentes en technologie 32nm ont été publiés [TI ISSCC2011]. Un premier travail de thèse [ABOUZEID PhD], a permis de confirmer la faisabilité de la conception de circuit ULV. Plus précisément ont été démontrées : · une méthodologie de conception de cellules logiques en technologie 90nm, 65nm, 45nm et 40nm · une adaptation des flots automatiques d'implémentation et de vérification en 40nm · un précurseur de SRAM en CMOS65nm Sur cette base le présent travail de thèse consistera en l'élargissement de l'éventail du champ de conception ULV vers la gestion d'alimentation, la compensation des conditions environnementales et l'optimisation architecturale afin de préparer l'industrialisation de futures applications ULV. / IoT applications continue to push towards ultra-low-power constrained ASICs, creating severe challenges to achieve sufficient power efficiency in extreme Voltage and Temperature conditions. Thus, it is necessary to build closed-loop compensation systems that are autonomous to environmental conditions especially temperature at sub-threshold regime. Two major work are proposed: an adaptive techniques that allow to enhance the performance of designs that leverage aggressive voltage scaling. we fully exploits the FD-SOI 28nm technology dual gate capabilities to both attain optimal power efficiency points and compensate for gradual changes in overall device performance due to process, voltage, and temperature variations. Our proposed compensation Unit system is a fully-digital error-prediction solution providing a compromise between industry reliability requirements and manufacturing guard-band reduction with low-invasiveness and post-silicon tunability. Critical-Paths timing monitors are distributed across the processor and tuned to match the closest critical paths. A programmable workload emulator allows to adapt and take into account the processor tasks. Generated warning Flags due to V-T variations are analyzed based on an adjustable warning rate and body bias is adapted correspondingly. Based on the operation voltage, either fine or coarse body biasing can be activated for compensation. The second part of this thesis addresses on-chip temperature monitoring that plagues aggressively voltage scaled ASICs. We propose to closely monitor temperature fluctuations at low-voltage but also hot-spot detection at nominal and over-drive supply voltage conditions.