This paper takes its point of departure in the skewed attention towards the ‘protection’ of women rather than the ‘participation’ of women when talking about ‘Women, Peace &Security’ (WPS) in the UN Security Council. Given the centrality of Sweden, as the first country in the world with a feminist foreign policy, this thesis fills a gap in the current research as it investigates whether this skewed attention was reflected during Sweden’s time as a non-permanent member in the UNSC 2017-2018 or not. A quantitative content analysis of 318 Swedish statements in the UNSC 2017-2018 conducted in this paper shows an overall result where Sweden mentions women in the context of participation more frequently than protection. This outcome is further explained by three Government Officials active during Sweden’s time in the UNSC, as resulting from the Swedish strategy and the feminist foreign policy. Furthermore, the results of this study indicate a change in how frequently Sweden refers to participation over protection between 2017 and 2018; the strategy of attaching larger focus to participation is significantly clearer the second year. The interviewees explain that this was due to the increased experience in the UNSC and increased credibility for Sweden among the other member states. The current stage of the conflict or peacekeeping operation in question, i.e. in the country of discussion in the UNSC, was also considered as a large part of the strategy, suggesting the nature of the conflict to be of importance for the results and hence relevant to analyze in future research on the attention payed to participation versus protection in the UNSC.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-09-25T12:23:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Wemblley Lucena de Araujo.pdf: 1334917 bytes, checksum: 8e8724c6cba0815304a848b110d957c9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The present dissertation aims to analyze the position of Brazil in the Security Council (SC) of the United Nations (UN) about the peace operations in Haiti and East Timor. Since its first performances until the latest mandates in United Nations Security Council (UNSC), the Brazil intends to integrate this body of definite form and from that status, raising its prestige and influence in the international arena. The Brazilian claims due to a permanent seat on the UNSC defend security at the regional level (Haiti - Latin America and the Caribbean) and the strengthening of procedures for cooperation with the countries of the region (Haiti) and the Community of Portuguese Speaking Countries - CPLP (East Timor) are characterized as axes that reinvigorate the importance of Brazil's role within the UNSC. Thus, Haiti and East Timor are emblematic cases of engagement of Brazilian foreign policy in troubled conflict scenarios and systematically discussed in the UNSC. Thus, based on the use of a descriptive, analytical and qualitative methodology, the central objective of this dissertation is to analyze the Brazilian position in the UNSC about the discussions on peace operations in Haiti and East Timor, and from that position, discuss the main paradigmatic elements that contribute to the understanding of Brazilian foreign policy. / A presente dissertação tem como propósito analisar a posição do Brasil no Conselho de Segurança (CS) da Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU) sobre as operações de paz no Haiti e no Timor Leste. Desde suas primeiras atuações no Conselho de Segurança das Nações Unidas (CSNU) aos mandatos mais recentes, o Brasil intenciona integrar de forma definitiva nesse organismo e a partir desse status, elevar o seu prestígio e a sua influência no cenário internacional. As pretensões brasileiras em função de um assento permanente no CSNU, na defesa da segurança no âmbito regional (Haiti América Latina e Caribe) e no fortalecimento dos processos de cooperação com os países da região (Haiti) e da Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa CPLP (Timor Leste) se configuram como eixos que revigoram a importância da atuação do Brasil no âmbito do CSNU. Desse modo, o Haiti e o Timor Leste constituem casos emblemáticos do engajamento da política externa brasileira em cenários conturbados por conflitos e sistematicamente discutidos no âmbito do CSNU. Dessa forma, baseando-se na utilização de uma metodologia descritiva, analítica e qualitativa, o objetivo central dessa dissertação consiste em analisar o posicionamento brasileiro no CSNU diante das discussões sobre as operações de paz no Haiti e no Timor Leste, e a partir desse posicionamento, discutir os principais elementos paradigmáticos que contribuem para o entendimento da política externa brasileira.

This thesis deals with the Syrian conflict. The Syrian conflict has continued for over three years (April 2014) and still constitutes a topical and developing affair. It represents a pressing and unresolved national and international issue. There is a vast amount of groups with different ideas involved in this conflict. During the conflict, conventional, as well as chemical weapons were used. The consequences of the fighting are mostly faced by local inhabitants who have been severely suffering due to the harsh living and humanitarian conditions. The aim of this thesis is to depict the problems of the Syrian conflict, evaluate the role the UN has had up to the present, and answer the question whether the UN has totally failed in solving the Syrian conflict, or not.

The thesis deals with China's Internal Challenges and the Impact on International Relations in the 21st century. First it analyses the transformation of the middle class, urbanisation and the one-child policy. After that the thesis deals with the economic boom of China, its present position in the world economy and its domestic and foreign investments. Attention is also focused on the increasing assertiveness of China in foreign affairs, particularly with regard to its voting in the UN Security Council. Finally, the thesis analyses the problems of disputed island and interior territories that China claims.

Armed conflict and violence against civilians in the Democratic Republic of the Congo has persisted for years starting in the 1990s. The Eastern, Western and North-Eastern parts of the country have seen the presence of a multiplicity of armed groups that have caused an escalation of the humanitarian crisis. The United Nations, in the interest of civilian protection, peacekeeping and security sector reform in the Democratic Republic of the Congo declared a mission under The United Nations Organisational Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC). In spite of this mission, civilians continued in the Congo to suffer attacks and to endure human rights abuses by the armed militants that are fighting government and the government forces in shape of the Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (FARDC). This study examines the problematique of the mandate of MONUC in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in light of the challenges that have made its success debatable. The success of MONUC has become debatable in light of the fact that in spite of its presence and implementation in the DRC, between 2007 and 2010, conflict and the violence against civilians escalated to unprecedented levels. This study examines the causalities of the failure and observes its effect while making propositions towards amelioration of the challenges and the failure of the United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. / Political Sciences / M.A. (International Politics)

The aim of the work is to analyze the concepts of humanitarian intervention and responsibility to protect (R2P) with special emphasis on their development in the light of the ongoing Syrian crisis. The text follows the evolution of humanitarian intervention into R2P and introduces theoretical assumptions behind both concepts. It is argued that at the moment, R2P does not bring particularly novel concepts into the international law and can be generally described as a hybrid of legal, political and moral obligations. Consequently, the text includes a case study of the Syrian conflict and an evaluation of the way R2P has been applied during the crisis. Final section of the work is devoted to a suggestion of a new solution for R2P - responsibility while protecting.

O objetivo desta dissertação é examinar o grau de concertação política do IBAS no ano de 2011, período onde os três países – Índia, Brasil e África do Sul – participaram pela primeira vez como um bloco e como membros não permanentes do CSNU. Como objetivo geral, a pesquisa examinará por intermédio do comportamento de votação e temas de agendas como forma de verificar se a concertação do IBAS para temas de alta política, de fato pode ser caracterizada como eixo central desta coalizão. Para examinar o comportamento do bloco, serão abordados os conceitos teóricos de potências médias, de system affecting states e de geometria variável para melhor compreender o prestígio e legitimidade internacional deste bloco, percebido na forma limitada de influenciar o sistema internacional. Além disso, também se examinará a partir do discurso de Bandung e da Declaração de Brasília, se o IBAS se mantém na retórica ou se de fato insere um mecanismo novo para apoiar e promover o desenvolvimento na plataforma do eixo Sul-Sul. A pesquisa se fundamentou em levantamento documental dos seguintes referenciais bibliográficos: a) artigos e literatura acadêmica com abordagem conceitual sobre as coalizões, potências médias, cooperação Sul-Sul; b) declarações multilaterais; c) reportagens; d) think-tanks em torno deste tema e o site oficial da ONU (Conselho de Segurança-UNBISNET). Diante do examinado, a hipótese central foi constatada, sendo que o IBAS de fato tem como pilar central o eixo Sul-Sul Hard como plataforma para fortalecer o grau de influência para a ampliação e reforma do CSNU. Conclui-se que a convergência apresentada pelo bloco em 2011 como membros não permanentes imprimiu uma postura que foi além da interlocução, mostrando um alinhamento e convergência quantos aos temas de alta política voltados para os temas de governança global. / The aim of this dissertation will examine the degree of political consensus of IBSA in 2011, a period where the three countries participated in the first time as a block, and as non- permanent members of the UNSC. As a general objective, the research will examine through voting behavior issues and agendas as a way to verify that the IBSA dialogue to issues of high politics, in fact it can be characterized as the centerpiece of this coalition. For examining the behavior of the block will be approached the theoretical concepts of middle power, the System Affecting States and the variable geometry coalition to better understand the prestige and international legitimacy of this block , realized in a limited way to influence the international system. Furthermore, also it will examine the speech from Bandung and Brasilia Declaration, if the IBSA remains in rhetoric or actually inserts a new mechanism to support and promote the development plataform on the South-South axis. The research was based on documentary survey of the following bibliographic references : a) articles and academic literature on the conceptual approach to coalitions; middle powers; South-South cooperation; b ) multilateral declarations; c ) reports; d ) think-tanks around this theme and the official website of the UN (Security Council - UNBISNET). Before the examination, it was concluded that IBSA actually has as the central pillar of the South- South Hard as a platform to strengthen the degree of influence on the expansion and reform of the UNSC. It is inferred that from the consultation policy presented by the bloc in 2011 as non-permanent members, printed a posture that was beyond the dialogue, it showed an alignment and convergence on the issues of high politics focused on issues of global governance.

Submitted by RODRIGO AUGUSTO DUARTE AMARAL null (rodrigoadamaral@hotmail.com) on 2017-04-06T20:47:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 AMARAL, R A D - OCUPAÇÃO E RECONSTRUÇÃO DO IRAQUE_ A ATUAÇÃO DA COALIZÃO DE AUTORIDADE PROVISÓRIA 2003-2004.pdf: 1768219 bytes, checksum: 218385b0a99c4a470e96aaab577fe1f8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-04-12T20:08:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 amaral_rad_me_mar.pdf: 1768219 bytes, checksum: 218385b0a99c4a470e96aaab577fe1f8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-12T20:08:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 amaral_rad_me_mar.pdf: 1768219 bytes, checksum: 218385b0a99c4a470e96aaab577fe1f8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Entre março de 2003 e junho de 2004, os Estados Unidos da América, em conjunto com a Grã-Bretanha, ocuparam o Iraque e obtiveram o status de Autoridade Provisória emitido pelo Conselho de Segurança da Organização das Nações Unidas (CSONU) na Resolução 1483 para reconstruir o Estado iraquiano após a derrubada do Regime Baath. Pela primeira vez desde o final da segunda Guerra Mundial, uma potência ganhava status de força ocupante pela Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU), sem ser um mandato da ONU propriamente, como usualmente nas operações de paz (Peacekeeping operations) regidas pelo órgão internacional. A invasão do Iraque em 2003, contou com um consenso no pensamento político norteamericano no qual os EUA teriam a responsabilidade e o dever de derrubar o regime de Saddam Hussein, que supostamente cometia crimes contra humanidade, representava uma ameaça à segurança internacional. Em grande medida, a fórmula norte-americana para a invasão e ocupação do Iraque consistiu em justificar suas ações em termos de “razão humanitária” e legitimá-las por meio de mecanismos jurídicos. A execução do plano de ocupação do Iraque contou com um papel fundamental de membros da elite iraquiana da oposição ao Regime Baath em apoio a agenda das potências anglo-americanas. Entretanto, se esse inédito processo de statebuilding for analisado deixando de lado essas premissas humanitárias, ao contrário do que fazem as análises mainstream de política externa dos EUA, pode-se identificar possíveis benefícios político-econômicos consequentes a esse projeto de reconstrução do Iraque. A partir da análise dos documentos oficiais da Coalizão de Autoridade Provisória (CAP) e o questionamento às premissas liberais internacionalistas que pautaram a justificativa e posteriormente as críticas aos resultados da administração da CAP, pudemos identificar possíveis benefícios político-econômicos aos EUA e suas corporações durante os 14 meses de ocupação. Sobretudo nos setores de energia, agricultura, serviços de segurança e infraestrutura, e ainda outros benefícios financeiros a setores não-estatais (como das Organizações não Governamentais e as economias informais). Em termos de poder, a ocupação resultou na aproximação entre EUA e Iraque de domínio norte-americano, e em termos de mercado a CAP liberalizou a economia iraquiana permitindo acesso de multinacionais a diversos setores do mercado iraquiano. Assim, evidencia-se a consolidação de uma agenda político-econômica iraquiana submissa aos interesses norte-americanos. / Between March 2003 and June 2004, the United States of America (US), together with Britain, occupied Iraq and obtained the status of Provisional Authority granted by the UN Security Council in Resolution 1483 to rebuild the Iraqi state after the overthrow of the Baath Regime. For the first time since the end of World War II, an international power gained occupying power status through United Nations (UN), without being a UN proper mandate, as usually in peacekeeping operations governed by the international body. The 2003 invasion of Iraq had a consensus in American political though that the United States would have the responsibility and duty to overthrow Saddam's regime, which allegedly committed crimes against humanity, posed a threat to international security. To a large extent, the American formula for the invasion and occupation of Iraq consisted in justifying its actions in terms of "humanitarian reason" and legitimizing them by means of legal mechanisms. Implementation of the Iraq occupation plan had a key role for members of the Iraqi opposition elite to the Baath Regime in support of the Anglo-American powers agenda. However, if this unprecedented statebuilding process is analyzed by leaving aside these humanitarian premises, unlike the mainstream US foreign policy analysis, one can identify possible political-economic benefits that result from this reconstruction project in Iraq. Based on the analysis of the official documents of the Provisional Authority Coalition (CPA) and questioning the internationalist liberal premises that guided the justification and later criticism of the results of CPA administration, we were able to identify possible political-economic benefits to the US and its corporations during The 14 months of occupation. Particularly in the energy, agriculture, security services and infrastructure sectors, as well as other financial benefits to non-state sectors (such as NGOs and informal economies). In terms of power, the occupation resulted in the US-Iraq approaching of US dominance, and in terms of market CPA liberalized the Iraqi economy allowing multinational access to various sectors of the Iraqi market. Thus, it is evident the consolidation of an Iraqi political-economic agenda submissive to the North American interests.

O objetivo desta dissertação é examinar o grau de concertação política do IBAS no ano de 2011, período onde os três países – Índia, Brasil e África do Sul – participaram pela primeira vez como um bloco e como membros não permanentes do CSNU. Como objetivo geral, a pesquisa examinará por intermédio do comportamento de votação e temas de agendas como forma de verificar se a concertação do IBAS para temas de alta política, de fato pode ser caracterizada como eixo central desta coalizão. Para examinar o comportamento do bloco, serão abordados os conceitos teóricos de potências médias, de system affecting states e de geometria variável para melhor compreender o prestígio e legitimidade internacional deste bloco, percebido na forma limitada de influenciar o sistema internacional. Além disso, também se examinará a partir do discurso de Bandung e da Declaração de Brasília, se o IBAS se mantém na retórica ou se de fato insere um mecanismo novo para apoiar e promover o desenvolvimento na plataforma do eixo Sul-Sul. A pesquisa se fundamentou em levantamento documental dos seguintes referenciais bibliográficos: a) artigos e literatura acadêmica com abordagem conceitual sobre as coalizões, potências médias, cooperação Sul-Sul; b) declarações multilaterais; c) reportagens; d) think-tanks em torno deste tema e o site oficial da ONU (Conselho de Segurança-UNBISNET). Diante do examinado, a hipótese central foi constatada, sendo que o IBAS de fato tem como pilar central o eixo Sul-Sul Hard como plataforma para fortalecer o grau de influência para a ampliação e reforma do CSNU. Conclui-se que a convergência apresentada pelo bloco em 2011 como membros não permanentes imprimiu uma postura que foi além da interlocução, mostrando um alinhamento e convergência quantos aos temas de alta política voltados para os temas de governança global. / The aim of this dissertation will examine the degree of political consensus of IBSA in 2011, a period where the three countries participated in the first time as a block, and as non- permanent members of the UNSC. As a general objective, the research will examine through voting behavior issues and agendas as a way to verify that the IBSA dialogue to issues of high politics, in fact it can be characterized as the centerpiece of this coalition. For examining the behavior of the block will be approached the theoretical concepts of middle power, the System Affecting States and the variable geometry coalition to better understand the prestige and international legitimacy of this block , realized in a limited way to influence the international system. Furthermore, also it will examine the speech from Bandung and Brasilia Declaration, if the IBSA remains in rhetoric or actually inserts a new mechanism to support and promote the development plataform on the South-South axis. The research was based on documentary survey of the following bibliographic references : a) articles and academic literature on the conceptual approach to coalitions; middle powers; South-South cooperation; b ) multilateral declarations; c ) reports; d ) think-tanks around this theme and the official website of the UN (Security Council - UNBISNET). Before the examination, it was concluded that IBSA actually has as the central pillar of the South- South Hard as a platform to strengthen the degree of influence on the expansion and reform of the UNSC. It is inferred that from the consultation policy presented by the bloc in 2011 as non-permanent members, printed a posture that was beyond the dialogue, it showed an alignment and convergence on the issues of high politics focused on issues of global governance.

Submitted by Elesbão Santiago Neto (neto10uepb@cche.uepb.edu.br) on 2018-07-17T15:17:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Wemblley Lucena de Araújo.pdf: 40140583 bytes, checksum: 0c11a5dac2db6c840c56a65b28f31609 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-17T15:17:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Wemblley Lucena de Araújo.pdf: 40140583 bytes, checksum: 0c11a5dac2db6c840c56a65b28f31609 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-18 / CAPES / The present dissertation aims to analyze the position of Brazil in the Security Council (SC) of the United Nations (UN) about the peace operations in Haiti and East Timor. Since its first performances until the latest mandates in United Nations Security Council (UNSC), the Brazil intends to integrate this body of definite form and from that status, raising its prestige and influence in the international arena. The Brazilian claims due to a permanent seat on the UNSC defend security at the regional level (Haiti - Latin America and the Caribbean) and the strengthening of procedures for cooperation with the countries of the region (Haiti) and the Community of Portuguese Speaking Countries - CPLP (East Timor) – are characterized as axes that reinvigorate the importance of Brazil's role within the UNSC. Thus, Haiti and East Timor are emblematic cases of engagement of Brazilian foreign policy in troubled conflict scenarios and systematically discussed in the UNSC. Thus, based on the use of a descriptive, analytical and qualitative methodology, the central objective of this dissertation is to analyze the Brazilian position in the UNSC about the discussions on peace operations in Haiti and East Timor, and from that position, discuss the main paradigmatic elements that contribute to the understanding of Brazilian foreign policy. / A presente dissertação tem como propósito analisar a posição do Brasil no Conselho de Segurança (CS) da Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU) sobre as operações de paz no Haiti e no Timor Leste. Desde suas primeiras atuações no Conselho de Segurança das Nações Unidas (CSNU) aos mandatos mais recentes, o Brasil intenciona integrar de forma definitiva nesse organismo e a partir desse status, elevar o seu prestígio e a sua influência no cenário internacional. As pretensões brasileiras em função de um assento permanente no CSNU, na defesa da segurança no âmbito regional (Haiti – América Latina e Caribe) e no fortalecimento dos processos de cooperação com os países da região (Haiti) e da Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa – CPLP (Timor Leste) – se configuram como eixos que revigoram a importância da atuação do Brasil no âmbito do CSNU. Desse modo, o Haiti e o Timor Leste constituem casos emblemáticos do engajamento da política externa brasileira em cenários conturbados por conflitos e sistematicamente discutidos no âmbito do CSNU. Dessa forma, baseando-se na utilização de uma metodologia descritiva, analítica e qualitativa, o objetivo central dessa dissertação consiste em analisar o posicionamento brasileiro no CSNU diante das discussões sobre as operações de paz no Haiti e no Timor Leste, e a partir desse posicionamento, discutir os principais elementos paradigmáticos que contribuem para o entendimento da política externa brasileira.