Este trabalho consiste em analisar documentação referente à educação clandestina de crianças em idade inferior a quinze anos, no gueto de Varsóvia, durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial, quando Hitler, ao invadir a Polônia em 1939, ordenou o confinamento dos judeus em guetos. A citada documentação se refere aos diferentes olhares daqueles que se debruçaram a escrever sobre a educação nesse gueto, tais como: o olhar institucional, o olhar dos educadores e o olhar das crianças. Por meio dessa análise, buscou-se compreender a forma de organização e o andamento das atividades desenvolvidas pelo ensino clandestino, além de conhecer a percepção institucional, dos educadores e crianças envolvidos nesse processo educacional. Entre os documentos analisados, há referências à organização da educação clandestina em todos os níveis e em diversos lugares dentro do gueto. Em se tratando das crianças, faz-se menção à Central de Associações de Proteção aos Órfãos e Crianças Judias Abandonadas (Centos) oferecendo à criança cuidados sistemáticos de sobrevivência e educação; e às diversas organizações educativas de antes da guerra patrocinando em cantinas [refeitórios] um ensino mais próximo do ensino escolar, como por exemplo, a Organização ou União Central das Escolas Judaicas (TsYShO). Evidenciou-se que a educação foi um dos mais importantes cenários para a resistência individual e coletiva. A organização do ensino e as atividades educacionais foram orientadas às necessidades da criança como da comunidade. O momento exigiu que uma atitude social fosse tomada em conjunto com medidas educativas, assim, a educação velou pela vida física, emocional e, na medida do possível, pela vida intelectual da criança. O seu desenvolvimento intelectual, embora importante, não era entendido como prioritário apesar de serem ministradas disciplinas tais como geografia, história, matemática e literatura. Para tornar as atividades educacionais mais atrativas e desviar a atenção da criança da obsessão pela comida, o desenho, os jogos e as canções ocuparam espaço prioritário no atendimento à criança. Currículos foram elaborados de acordo com as prioridades ditadas pela situação extrema. O educador teve como missão prioritária a sobrevivência da criança e sua dignidade humana, por meio de cuidados sistemáticos procurou regastar a infância da criança, dando ao seu dia a dia um senso de normalidade: a criança deveria voltar a brincar, aprender, interessar-se pelos jogos e pelo ensino, deixar a mendicância, os roubos e o contrabando. Patrocinadores do ensino clandestino no gueto elaboraram seus objetivos e métodos com base nas experiências e reflexões de vários educadores, considerando princípios de higiene, alimentação, companheirismo, autogestão, atividades ligadas à natureza. A educação agiu como fomentadora da cultura e da história judaica, fadada, segundo a perspectiva nazista, ao aniquilamento, oferecendo à criança uma vida cultural intensa, com espetáculos e danças, concertos, concursos, entre outras atividades culturais. A educação considerou o momento presente da criança permitindo que adultos e crianças reagissem à realidade de modo a transformá-la, recorreu ao passado histórico fortalecendo na criança sua memória histórica e cultural e visualizou um futuro com possibilidades, no qual a criança sobrevivente à guerra daria continuidade a sua vida como indivíduo e como povo com história e memória. / This work consists of analyzing documentation regarding the clandestine education of children bellow the age of fifteen, in the Warsaw ghetto, during World War II, when Hitler to invaded Poland in 1939, ordered the confinement of Jews in ghettos. The aforementioned documentation refers to the different perspectives of those who have with hard work wrote about education in this ghetto, such as the institutional view, the view of educators and children view. Through this analysis, we sought to understand how the organization and progress of activities undertaken by clandestine teaching, plus the institutional perception, of educators and children involved in the educational process. Among the documents reviewed, there are references to clandestine organization of education at all levels and in various locations within the ghetto. In the case of children, mention is made of the Central Association for the Protection of Orphans and Abandoned Jewish Children (Centos) providing systematic care for the child survival and education, and various educational organizations before the war in sponsoring canteens [dining] a teaching closest school education, such as the Organization or Union Central of Jewish Schools (TsYShO). It was evident that education was one of the most important scenarios for individual and collective resistance. The organization of teaching and educational activities were geared to the needs of the child and the community. The time required that a social attitude was taken in conjunction with educational measures thus ensured education for life physically, emotionally and, to the extent possible, the intellectual life of the child. Your intellectual development, while important, was not seen as a priority despite being taught subjects such as geography, history, math and literature. To make the educational activities more attractive and divert attention from the child\'s obsession with food, design, games and songs occupied space priority in child care. Resumes were prepared in accordance with the priorities dictated by extreme situation. The educator had as mission priority child survival and human dignity through systematic care sought regastar childhood of the child, giving your everyday life a sense of normalcy: the child should return to play, learn, interest in by games and teaching, let begging, theft and smuggling. Sponsors clandestine teaching in the ghetto set their goals and methods based on the experiences and reflections of various educators, considering principles of hygiene, food, companionship, self-management activities related to nature. Education acted as fomenting culture and Jewish history, doomed from the perspective Nazi annihilation, offering the child a rich cultural life with performances and dances, concerts, contests, and other cultural activities. Education considered the present moment the child allowing adults and children react to reality in order to transform it, historical past resorted to strengthening child in his historical and cultural memory and envisioned a future of possibilities, in which the child survivor of the war would continue their lives as individuals and as a people with history and memory.

With the increasing use of fission-type nuclear power generation, particularly high-levels radioactive nuclear waste are generated, so the safe use of nuclear energy requires proper disposal of high-level radioactive nuclear waste. The selected treatment method is deep geological disposal. Therefore, underground research laboratory (URL) to prepare for deep geological disposal will also be carried out. Corrosion of metallic materials, which are closely related to the safety of URL, is the focus of this research project. This study selected monitoring techniques for URL and developed a rough monitoring scheme for temperature and resistivity in URL. In this study, corrosion-temperature and corrosion-resistivity monitoring experiments were carried out in different bentonite samples to simulate the experiments in URL. The results show that the self-compensating high-precision inductance corrosion monitoring system and multifunction soil corrosion rate measurer proved to be a good system for monitoring the corrosion-temperature and corrosion-resistivity of metals. However, the life span limitation makes them unable to meet the requirements of URL. The results also show that the corrosion rate of metal in bentonite is positively correlated with temperature. The existing electrochemical probes are suitable for monitoring the corrosion rate, but not suitable for soil corrosion rate monitoring.

In a critical analysis of several independantly produced South African comics of the 1980s and early 1990s, close analysis of the comics leads to an assessment of the artists'intentions and purposes. Discussion of the artists' sources focuses on definitions of different types of comics. What is defined as a comic is usually what has been produced under that definition, and these comics are positioned somewhere between the popular and fine art contexts. As the artists are amateurs, the mechanical structure of comics is exposed through their skill in manipulating, and their initial ignorance of, many comic conventions. By comparison to one another, and to the standard format of commercial comics, some explanation of how a comic works can be reached. The element of closure, bridging the gaps between frames, is unique to comics, and is the most important consideration. Comic artists work with the intangible, creating from static elements an illusion of motion. If the artist deals primarily with what is on the page rather than what is not, the comic remains static. Questions of quality are reliant on the skill with which closure is implemented. The art students who produced these comics are of a generation for whom popular culture is the dominant culture, and they create for an audience of peers. Their cultural milieu is more visual than verbal, and often more media oriented than that of their teachers. They must integrate a fine art training and understanding into the preset rules of a commercial medium. Confronted with the problem of a separation of languages, they evolve a new dialect. Through comparative and critical analyses I will show how this dialect differs from the language of conventional comics, attempting in particular to explain how the mechanics of the cornie medium can limit or expand its communicative potential.

Flood propagation over urban areas can cause an interaction between the free-surface flow and large underground pipe networks used for storm drainage and sewage, causing outflows and inflows at the bed. The associated waves may collide with each other and the surface waves. In this thesis the shallow water equations are used to model this type of wave interaction over dry or wet beds with bathymetry gradients and friction terms. The proposed shallow water scheme is solved based on finite volume high-resolution Godunov-type methods. The solver is well-balanced and can accurately balance the source terms and flux-gradients for the steady-state solutions. The solver also utilises a new type of Riemann wave speed to provide depth-positive results over nearly dry beds and dry states. Additionally a new type of source term is introduced in the continuity equation to model pipe inflow and outflow conditions at bed connections. For the standard one-dimensional shallow water equations the numerical results are validated with analytical solutions or other reference solutions provided in the literature. This includes the incipient Riemann problems for nearly dry and dry-states, steady flow over a hump in a rectangular channel and the wave propagation problem. Eventually, the generation of dry bed in the middle, over discontinuous topography is considered. Close agreement is achieved between the shallow water scheme and analytical or reference solutions for the above test cases. For the shallow water problems with influx/efflux source terms comparisons are made with STAR-CD, a commercial Navier-Stokes solver for general fluid flow prediction. The shallow water model is first used to simulate vertical flows through finite gaps in the bed. Next, the interaction of the vertical flows with a dam-break flow is considered for both dry and wet beds. An efflux number, En, is defined based on the vertical efflux velocity and the gap length. A parameter study is undertaken to investigate the effect of the one-dimensional approximation of the present model, for a range of non-dimensional efflux numbers. It is found that the shallow flow model gives sensible predictions at all times provided En<0.5, and for long durations for En>0.5. Dam break flow over an underground connecting pipe is also considered for the one-dimensional efflux problems. To solve two-dimensional problems the shallow water scheme uses the dimensional-splitting method which solves each one-dimensional Riemann problem in the x- and y-directions separately. The cross-derivative terms for second-order accuracy are incorporated by solving another Riemann problem in the orthogonal direction. For two-dimensional problems first the dam-break problems are considered over wet and dry beds. Then, flood propagation over complex terrain is demonstrated. Next, efflux discharge is modelled in isolation over a dry bed and then with dam-break interaction, comparing with STAR-CD results. Again very good agreement is shown between the two-dimensional shallow water model and STAR-CD for the efflux numbers of En<0.5. For modelling the inundation problem over an underground pipe network the solver is coupled with the general underground pipe network solver to calculate the efflux discharge as the flood waves pass through the pipe network. For analysing the pipe network with unknown effluxes an additional set of equations is incorporated into the solution of a general pipe network solver. The shallow water solver coupled to an underground pipe network is then used to simulate dam-break interaction with pipe networks with 9 and 25 nodes to demonstrate the versatility of the method.

M.A. / Believing in misfortune is sometimes considered regarded as barbaric and superstitious. Regardless of how these practices are perceived, people strongly believe in the existence of misfortune and bad luck. The occurrence of misfortune is often attributed to a wide range of sources, such as ancestors, river people, pollution and witches. Together the river people, the ancestors, pollution and witchcraft provide an explanation for evil and misfortune. Misfortune can therefore arise from one, or a combination of these four, or additionally from natural, and/or non-natural means. Misfortune is not only an interesting concept but also problematic to those who believe in it. Misfortune can become a self-fulfilling prophecy. In other words it becomes real in their lives and it directly influences them. Preventive strategies for evil and misfortune are as different as the causes. The kinds of experiences of misfortune that are taken as data are bodily conditions, failures and losses. A qualitative study was conducted at Harmony Gold’s Doornkop Shaft near Soweto and Sir Albert Medical Centre a nearby situated medical facility for specifically mine related injuries and health issues in Randfontein, to determine how mineworkers perceive and experience misfortune and if they do, how they explain it and deal with it? The target population was underground mineworkers because according to Xhosa custom (isithethe) one is prohibited from working underground because it is a sacred place of the dead. Whenever therefore they go down, that symbolises death and in some cases they would be regarded as people who are shaking the bones of ancestors. Working underground therefore makes one prone to accidents, illness and misfortune. The project also examines the rituals of migrants which serve as a form of preventing misfortune and ensuring good health. It is argued that working underground is a violent experience. The miners struggle with the environment, heat, falling of rocks, unnatural conditions and bad air. However, this project points out the importance of solidarity among underground workers more especially during accidents where they become a source of inspiration to one another and rescue each other before the emergency services reach them. / Prof. Anton Senekal

This dissertation focused on developing an integrated surface – subsurface hydrologic simulation numerical model by programming and testing the coupling of the USGS MODFLOW-2005 Groundwater Flow Process (GWF) package (USGS, 2005) with the 2D surface water routing model: FLO-2D (O’Brien et al., 1993). The coupling included the necessary procedures to numerically integrate and verify both models as a single computational software system that will heretofore be referred to as WHIMFLO-2D (Wetlands Hydrology Integrated Model). An improved physical formulation of flow resistance through vegetation in shallow waters based on the concept of drag force was also implemented for the simulations of floodplains, while the use of the classical methods (e.g., Manning, Chezy, Darcy-Weisbach) to calculate flow resistance has been maintained for the canals and deeper waters. A preliminary demonstration exercise WHIMFLO-2D in an existing field site was developed for the Loxahatchee Impoundment Landscape Assessment (LILA), an 80 acre area, located at the Arthur R. Marshall Loxahatchee National Wild Life Refuge in Boynton Beach, Florida. After applying a number of simplifying assumptions, results have illustrated the ability of the model to simulate the hydrology of a wetland. In this illustrative case, a comparison between measured and simulated stages level showed an average error of 0.31% with a maximum error of 2.8%. Comparison of measured and simulated groundwater head levels showed an average error of 0.18% with a maximum of 2.9%.

abstract: Underground infrastructure is a critical part of the essential utility services provided to society and the backbone of modern civilization. However, now more than ever before, the disastrous events of a striking underground utilities cost billions of dollars each year in societal damages. Advanced technology and sophisticated visualization techniques such as augmented reality (AR) now play a significant role in mitigating such devastating consequences. Therefore, it is vitally important to coordinate resources, share information, and ensure efficient communication between construction personnel and utility owners. Besides, geographic information systems (GIS) provide a solution for interoperability in the construction industry. Applying such technologies in the field of underground construction requires accurate and up-to-date information. However, there is currently limited research that has integrated AR and GIS and evaluated the effectiveness and usability of the combination in this domain. The main objective of this research was to develop an integrated AR-GIS for mapping and capturing underground utilities using a mobile device. To achieve these objectives, a design research approach utilized to develop and evaluate a mobile extended-reality (XR-GIS) application. This research has produced an efficient solution for data collection and sharing among stakeholders in the underground construction industry. The main challenge in creating a reliable and adaptive outdoor AR system is the accurate registration of virtual objects in the real world. Due to the limited accuracy of smartphones, this study used an external Global Positioning System (GPS) devices to reduce positional error. The primary motivation behind this research is to make the construction industry more aware of the benefits of leveraging AR to prevent utility strikes and enhance public safety. This dissertation fills the gap in the knowledge regarding applying Augmented Reality (AR) in the underground infrastructure mapping. This study’s three research objectives are: (1) Identify the challenges and barriers facing the underground construction industry when applying AR. (2) Develop an integrated AR-GIS for mapping and capturing underground utilities using a mobile device. (3) Evaluate the horizontal accuracy of the captured data used by the AR phone application XR-GIS that has been developed by the author. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Civil, Environmental and Sustainable Engineering 2020

This master thesis is a study of risk assessment tools and other risk management documentation created by consultants and contractors in the US and Sweden for underground construction projects. Risk management as part of managing underground projects is common practice in both countries for underground construction projects. Depending on location and other parameters other types of risks than the geological ones need to be considered, for example of the settings of the project is an urban environment or if it is situated in a less densely populated area. Normally underground project also involves large investments and therefore managing cost is important. Risk management is a way of managing cost and other areas that may be of concern. The main goals of this thesis are to: Identify a theoretical general approach to risk management and specifically risk assessments based on a literature study Identify similarities between risk management practices in the two countries Identify differences between risk management practices in the two countries Identify how risk management practices differ in the two countries from the theoretical approach established from the literature study Apart from the study of theoretical literature 12 projects in total were studied; 5 Swedish projects and 7 projects from the USA. The conclusions of this thesis are generally not statistically significant nor do they indicate trends; they are purely observation on the specific documentation studied. When comparing application in Sweden vs. application in the USA; main conclusions are: It is recognized that practices within risk management are generally the same in the two countries as established when studying theoretical literature on the subject. However categorization of risk parameters is normally less detailed in both countries’ project specific documentation than found in theoretical literature. The US risk management as a rule includes a numerical simulation to determine contingency levels for cost and schedule high ranked risks but the simulations were not done in the Swedish project specific documents. However it must be remembered that the US-projects studied were provided from one soul provider and is not in any way significant for this country but for the particular provider studied. Evaluating the risk registers of the projects studied there seem to be more concern for damages to third party in the US as compared to in Sweden. Also right-of-way, insurance and financial issues are of higher concern in the US projects studied as compared to the Swedish projects studied. The projects in Sweden put a slightly higher emphasis on space availability for construction than in the US projects. For more detailed findings; please read on!

The aim of the thesis was to develop a usable mobile application prototype to be used in the underground mining environment. In order to fulfill the aim, the research question How can a mobile application be designed for usability with focus on operability for an underground mine? was researched, analysed and answered. The main methods for driving the design process were ISO 9241-210, Human-centred design for interactive systems, requirement engineering and  conceptual design. The results of the thesis were based on qualitative data, collected from semi-structured interviews from five respondents. These respondents had a background as a operator in underground mines in different countries. The qualitative data was analysed and interpreted into functional and non-functional user requirements. The user requirements in parallel with design principles were used to produce a final concept that would be transformed from a low fidelity into a high fidelity prototype. The high fidelity prototype was developed using Android Studio, Java and later tested and evaluated using SUS questionnaire and usability heuristics to rate the overall usability of the application . The answer to the research question lied in the methodology used in this thesis. This was achieved by involving the stakeholders, people affected by the future design in the entire process, with different methodology during the different phases of the design process.

The aim of diploma thesis is to design and create a project documentation of a multifunctional building. The building is situated in Banská Bystrica in a slightly sloping terrain. The building is divided into 3 parts - A, B, C, that are connected by 2 floors of underground garages and the first floor, where are situated commercial premises. There are apartments located on the next 5 floors, 18 of them in each part, with a layout of 2+kk and 3+kk. The load-bearing system of this building consists of a reinforced concrete skeleton, supplemented by reinforced concrete and masonry perimeter walls. The roof is flat and rugged, partly walkable and partly covered with gravel and vegetation. The overall character of the building fits into the surrounding buildings.