Syftet med denna uppsats är att beskriva användarnas upplevda nytta/upplevelse av ett affärssystem som företaget använder. Vidare redogörs för de eventuella svårigheter företaget stött på vid uppgradering av affärssystemet. Studien har utgått ifrån en kvalitativ undersökning och en deduktiv ansats. Genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med ett urval på sex respondenter i ett fastighetsbolag skapades en empiri. De valda respondenterna arbetar på olika avdelningar och har olika positioner i företaget, detta för att kunna ge en helhetsbild av företaget till studien. Företagets affärssystem är ett verksamhetsanpassat affärssystem, som företaget är nöjda med. Det finns för- och nackdelar med ett sådant system, där en av nackdelarna som respondenterna nämner är att det är kostsamt. Det är kostsamt framförallt vid uppgradering av affärssystemet, då det tar mycket tid att utföra och att företaget är i stort behov av konsulter. Behovet av konsulter finns för att kunna uppgradera systemet, samt när problem uppstår med systemet. Något annat som kostar är interna och externa utbildningar. Det företaget gör är att ta in konsulter för att utbilda sina anställda istället för att skicka anställda på utbildning. Anledningen till att konsulter tas in av företaget är för att fler anställda tar del av utbildningen vid en internutbildning, vilket leder till en mindre kostnad för företaget. / The purpose of this essay is to describe the users' perceived benefits / experience of an ERP system that the company uses. Furthermore, outlines the possible difficulties the company encountered when upgrading the ERP system. The study has been based on a qualitative study and a deductive approach. Through semi-structured interviews with a sample of six respondents in a property company created an empiricist. The selected respondents are working in different departments and with different positions in the company, this in order to give an overall picture of the company in to the study. The system of the company is an activity suited ERP and the company is pleased with. There are advantages and disadvantages of such system, where one of the disadvantages that the respondents mention is that it is costly. It is costly, especially when upgrading the business system, in which it takes much time and that the company is in great need of consultants. The need for consultants is in order to upgrade the system, as well as problems arise within the system. Something else that costs is internal and external training programs. What the company doe’s, is to bring in consultants to train their employees. The reason that the consultants are brought in by the company is that more employee’s takes part of the training during an internal, which leads to a lower cost to the company.

Measurements of the neutron emission, resulting from nuclear fusion reactions between the hydrogen isotopes deuterium and tritium, can provide a wealth of information on the confinement properties of fusion plasmas and how these are affected by Magneto-Hydro-Dynamic (MHD) instabilities. This thesis describes work aimed to develop neutron measurement techniques for nuclear fusion plasma experiments, specifically regarding the performance and design of collimated neutron flux monitors (neutron cameras) for the Mega Ampere Spherical Tokamak, MAST, and for MAST Upgrade. The first part of the thesis focuses on the characterization of a prototype neutron camera installed at MAST and provides an account of the very first measurements of the neutron emissivity along its collimated fields of view. It is shown that the camera has sufficient temporal and spatial resolution to measure the effect of MHD instabilities on the neutron emissivity. The neutron camera fulfils the requirement on the measurements of the neutron count rate profile with less than 10 % statistical uncertainty in a time resolution of 1 ms. The instrument's more rudimentary capabilities to provide information on the neutron energy distribution are also presented and discussed. The encouraging results obtained with the prototype neutron camera show the potential of a collimated neutron flux monitor at MAST and suggest that an upgraded instrument for MAST Upgrade will provide crucial information on fast ions behavior and other relevant physics issues. The design of such an upgraded instrument for MAST Upgrade is discussed in the second part of the thesis. Two design options are explored, one consisting of two collimator arrays in the horizontal direction, another more traditional design with lines-of-sight in the poloidal cross section plane. On the basis of the experience gained with the prototype neutron camera and on the exploratory design and estimated performance for the upgraded camera presented here, a conceptual design of a neutron camera upgrade is proposed.

This thesis uses a case study of the Community Home Energy Retrofit Project (CHERP) and it analyzes the larger statewide effort in California to increase energy efficiency in existing residential buildings to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. CHERP’s primary strategy is to embed itself into a community, educate residents on the multiple benefits of energy efficiency, and inspire them to take energy-saving actions in their own homes. It then builds its own community by connecting like-minded individuals together and provides an opportunity for them to exercise their political agency. This thesis analyzes CHERP’s effort in the context of the political, social, and economic climate of California. It identifies three obstacles for widespread energy efficiency adoption: one, CHERP’s lack of funding to support permanent staff and pay for collateral materials; two, low access to energy efficiency measures for low-income households and renters; and three, a lack of high quality home performance contractors that perform energy efficiency upgrades utilizing a whole-house energy systems approach. The thesis concludes with five recommendations to overcome these issues.

La première prise des données du LHC (2010-2012) a été marquée par la découverte du boson scalaire, dit boson de Higgs. Sa masse a été mesurée avec une précision de 0.2% en utilisant ses désintégrations en deux photons et celles en deux bosons Z donnant quatre leptons dans l’état final. Les couplages ont été estimés en combinant plusieurs états finaux, tandis que la précision sur leur mesure pourra bénéficier énormément de la grande statistique qui sera accumulée pendant les prochaines périodes de prise des données au LHC (Run 2, Phase 2).Le canal H→ZZ*→4 leptons, a un rapport d'embranchement réduit mais présente un faible bruit de fond, ce qui le rend attractif pour la détermination des propriétés du nouveau boson. Dans cette thèse, l’analyse conduite pour la mise en évidence de ce mode dans l’expérience ATLAS est détaillée, avec un poids particulier porté à la mesure et au contrôle du bruit de fond réductible en présence d’électrons.Dans le cadre de la préparation de futures prises de données à très haute luminosité, prévues à partir de 2025, deux études sont menées:La première concerne l’observabilité du mode de production du boson de Higgs en association avec des quarks b. Une analyse multivariée, basée sur des données simulées, confirme un très faible signal dans le canal H→2 photons.La seconde concerne la conception et le développement d’un détecteur interne en silicium, adapté à l’environnement hostile, de haute irradiation et de taux d’occupation élevée, attendues pendant la Phase 2 du LHC. Des études concernant l’optimisation de la géométrie, l’amélioration de l’efficacité ainsi que la résistance à l’irradiation ont été menées. A travers des mesures SiMS et des simulations des procédés de fabrication, les profiles de dopage et les caractéristiques électriques attendues pour des technologies innovantes sont explorés. Des prototypes ont été testés sous faisceau et soumis à des irradiations, afin d’évaluer les performances du détecteur et celles de son électronique associée. / The discovery of a scalar boson, known as the Higgs boson, marked the first LHC data period (2010-2012). Using mainly di-photon and di-Z decays, with the latest leading to a four leptons final state, the mass of the boson was measured with a precision of <0.2%. Relevant couplings were estimated by combining several final states, while corresponding uncertainties would largely benefit from the increased statistics expected during the next LHC data periods (Run 2, Phase 2).The H→ZZ*→4l channel, in spite of its suppressed brunching ratio, benefits from a weak background, making it a prime choice for the investigation of the new boson’s properties. In this thesis, the analysis aimed to the observation of this mode with the ALTAS detector is presented, with a focus on the measurement and control of the reducible electron background.In the context of preparation for future high luminosity data periods, foreseen from 2025 onwards, two distinct studies are conducted:The first concerns the observability potential of the Higgs associated production mode in conjunction with two b-quarks. A multivariate analysis based on simulated data confirms a very weak expected signal in the H→di-photon channel.The second revolves around the conception and development of an inner silicon detector capable of operating in the hostile environment of high radiation and increased occupancy, expected during LHC Phase 2. Main studies were concentrated on improving radiation hardness, geometrical and detection efficiency. Through fabrication process simulation and SiMS measurements, doping profiles and electrical characteristics, expected for innovative technologies, are explored. Prototypes were designed and evaluated in test beams and irradiation experiments in order to asses their performances and that of associated read-out electronics.

<p>This project was inspired by an ENG 5004 session that explored how humans process information coupled with a complaint in my workplace about how difficult it was to analyze our management data. The workplace problem lay in the technology in use: character based terminals presenting data in tabular format regarding schedule data for work on maps. This data tends to be graphically and geographically related. and more easily processed visually as symbols by humans.</p><p> The challenge in this project is that it attempts to engineer a business process and implement it in software (in an existing and operating system). The conceptual solution is to provide a graphical user interface (GUI) which presents schedule elements graphically (GANTT, PERT, and Resource Use Charts) in the visual paradigm with which managers are familiar. Further. the scheduled work is geographically based. so a graphical device that shows where a job is located is useful, especially when adjacent jobs that contended for data at their borders are also shown. And finally, given the graphic tools for reporting and analysis, the capabilities to use these tools to create and implement schedules would provide managers with greatly improved efficiency.</p><p> The conceptual solution indicates an evolution in technology for this customer. A move from the mainframe driven operations and character based display to more distributed processing and graphically based displays is indicated. The capability required is a small subset of the existing system which is not to be disturbed during integration and installation.</p><p> The solution to be implemented is to migrate the needed functions to a PC based terminal running a graphical user interface. The desired applications are hosted locally on the PC which is connected to the mainframe through existing networks. An application on the PC provides the interface to the mainframe for data extraction. and later, a data interface. Scheduling, database, and Geographic information systems (GIS) are resident on the PC. and are integrated to support customer use. The PC is then the Integrated Management Workstation (IMWS). The interface and database elements are essentially invisible to the manager. It is the manager's job to strategize and implement work plans. not worry about the inner workings of the computer system. The scheduling and GIS applications are represented to the manager who interacts, analyzes. and decides. The manager is the last and decisive element in the system, and uses the new capabilities to help manage the work. This project defines the problem, provides the conceptual solution, and provides the engineering management plans and system requirements to implement the solution. This project does not build anything and no code is written. These tasks are to be accomplished by the team that implements this project according to the guidance and stipulations contained in the project documents.</p> / Master of Science

Magister Artium - MA / As the title indicates, this research is concerned about the displacement and resettlement situation in Arada sub-city, Addis Ababa. The City Administration is implementing an urban redevelopment program to improve the poor infrastructural facilities, service provision,sewerage, sanitation, housing quality and supply. The implementation of these projects displaces households from their residential area exposing them to various impoverishment risks. The Impoverishment Risks and Reconstruction Model (Cernea, 2000), which is a tool used for managing risk identification, prevention and mitigation, stipulates displaced people could encounter one or more of the eight potential risks of landlessness, joblessness, homelessness, social disarticulation, marginalization, increased morbidity and mortality, food insecurity and loss of access to common property resources. Thus many development practitioners advocate the importance of democratization of the displacement and resettlement processes to reduce potential risks.The purpose of the research is to investigate how the displacement and resettlement process has been undertaken and to describe the impoverishment risks displaced households faced.This will contribute to the improvement of the program and other similar programs in the future as it is implemented with short, medium and long term plans. Thus it will indicate more constructive ways of implementing the displacement process that reduces risks by informing concerned agencies of more sustainable ways to configure and implement their work.Academically, the research will test the feasibility of the risk variables described by the IRR model to an inner area of urban context.Therefore, the research will answer the following questions: What impoverishment risks do the households face due to displacement and resettlement to the temporary and condominium houses? What coping mechanisms do households employ to adapt to the new circumstances? Was there access to information? Was the displacement and resettlement process participatory? The research noted that the displaced residents are exposed to impoverishment risks of homelessness, marginalization, lack of services, health hazard and economic impacts.The construction of the Condo house is of a much better standard than the temporary shelters.As a result the transfer of households to the Condo house has relieved them from the risks they had faced at the temporary shelter. However, the design of the Condo building, omission of basic facilities like a customary kitchen and the adopted communal neighborhood regulations imposes new type of risks such as the discontinuation of informal business and unsuitability to daily and cultural practices. The discontinuation of informal business both at the temporary shelter and later at the Condo house severely affected household income generation potential of poor households. These households are afraid that they may end up homeless as they are unable to pay the much more expensive house rental fee.The research concludes the impoverishment risks that displaced households faced could be mitigated by making the displacement and resettlement process participatory, transparent and by coordinating the activities of the implementing agencies. Moreover, this can be achieved by curbing the “demolish and relocate” approach used in the displacement and resettlement process to “relocate and demolish”. This will help to avoid housing the displaced in temporary shelters and associated governance shortcomings from the process which occurred due to the “demolish and relocate” approach.

The ventilation system is in itself a huge necessity in our everyday life as it provides sufficient amount of fresh air to our indoor climate, while it simultaneously circulates the residing air pollutants out of the building. Although, for this to be made possible, large amounts of energy is required to be consumed, which in turn leads to an increased energy cost. The knowledge to minimize the use of energy occurs in many different scopes of practices throughout our society. Many people however, avoid such measures due to the high initial costs which are presented, but also because they haven't enough awareness of how they should rectify the problem. The Study is mainly based on researching previously performed measures of system upgrades in the ventilation industry regarding ventilation systems with heat recovery, while understanding the different elements that influences the choice to either upgrade or renovate the already existing system. The implementation of thesis happened through information gathering, a literature study and a qualitative research, which in this case were interviews. The literature study consisted of scientific reports, evaluations and a couple of digital sources which were relevant to the subject we were focusing on. The interviews on the other hand were conducted with experienced officials and employees in the ventilation industry, with the purpose of having a better understanding behind the reason of a system being upgraded. The final results of the study indicated that the most common reason why a costumer/property owner sought an upgrade or renovation of the ventilation system was mainly because of contamination in the heat exchanger, which in return increased the energy consumption while at the same time impaired the indoor climate. / Ventilationssystemet är en nödvändighet i vår vardag, då det ska tillföra god inomhusluft samtidigt som den cirkulerar bort luftföroreningarna som finns inuti byggnaden. Men för att detta ska möjliggöras förbrukas stora mängder energi, som i sin tur leder till en ökad energikostnad. Kunskapen för att minimera energianvändningen förekommer i många varierande verksamhetsområden. Däremot är det många som undviker sådana åtgärder på grund av de höga initialkostnaderna men även eftersom de inte har kännedom kring hur dom ska åtgärda problemet. Studien är främst baserad på att ta reda på tidigare utförda åtgärder av systemuppgradering i ventilationsbranschen med inriktning inom ventilationssystem med värmeåtervinning, och genom det begripa vilka faktorer som påverkar valet till att man vill uppgradera eller renovera sitt befintliga system. Genomförandet av arbetet grundades på faktainsamling, litteraturstudie och en kvalitativ forskning i form av intervjuer. Den inhämtade litteraturen bestod av vetenskapliga rapporter, teknikupphandlingar, utvärderingar och digitala källor som var relevanta kring ämnesområdet. Intervjuerna utfördes med erfarna tjänstemän inom branschen, i syfte med att innehava en djupare förståelse kring systemuppgradering av ventilationssystem och anledningen till detta. Slutresultat av undersökningen tydde på att den mest förekommande anledningen till att en kund/fastighetsägare sökte en uppgradering eller renovering av sitt ventilationssystem med värmeåtervinning var på grund av nedsmutsning i värmeväxlaren, vilket försämrade inomhusklimatet och ökade energiförbrukningen.

When making decisions, consumers often do not follow principles of normative economic theories but those of behavioral ones. Framing effect – one of the most robust phenomena in behavioral research – has been found to influence consumers’ choices and judgment in purchase decisions. In price promotion practices, however, it is not well understood whether framing a product replacement purchase as a trade-in or an upgrade affects consumers’ purchase decision making process. This dissertation research aims to explore the trade-upgrade framing effect on product replacement purchase decisions and to examine the mechanisms through which such effect manifests itself. The results have demonstrated that consumers prefer a price promotion framed as upgrade to a financially equivalent one framed as trade-in, especially when the upgrade promotion is presented after the trade-in one. Furthermore, the framing effect and order effect are mediated by affect and influenced by cognitive focus, semantic cues, and systematic processing. The theoretical and practical implications are discussed at the end. / Business Administration/Marketing

Les désintégrations charmées rares interviennent principalement via des courants neutres changeant la saveur (FCNC). Le Modèle Standard (SM) n'autorise les courants qu'au niveau des boucles. Dans les désintégrations du charme, les FCNC sont sujets à une très efficace suppression de GIM. Des processus très rares sont donc à considérer. Ils sont d'excellents outils pour la recherche Nouvelle Physique (NP) au-delà du SM. Les particules de NP pourraient devenir détectables en écartant des observables telles que des rapports de branchement et des asymétries CP et angulaires prévisions de le SM. Le sujet principal de cette thèse est la mesure du rapport de branchement D0->K-π+ρ/ω(->µ+µ-). Il sera précieux en particulier en tant que mode de normalisation lors de l'étude de toutes les désintégrations D0 -> h-h’+ µ+µ- : D0 -> K-π+µ+µ-, D0 -> π+π-µ+µ-, D0 -> K+K-µ+µ- et D0 -> K+π-µ+µ-. En utilisant 2/fb de données collectées par LHCb en 2012, nous mesurons: B(D0 -> K-π+ ρ/ω (->µ+µ-)) = (4.37± 0.12(stat.) ±0.53(syst.)) ×10^-6. C'est la toute première mesure de ce mode. Nous avons également étudié la sensibilité qu'attendra LHCb dans les modes D0 -> h-h’+ µ+µ- pour la mesure de rapport des branchements totaux et partiels, et pour celle d'asymétries, avec les échantillons de données qui seront collectés d'ici 10 ans. Par ailleurs, nous avons déterminé les incertitudes systématiques touchant les recherches de désintégrations à trois corps, D+(s) -> π+µ+µ- et D+(s) -> π-µ+µ+, effectués par LHCb dans les données recueillies en 2011 (1/fb). Enfin, les tests effectués sue les prototypes des cartes d'électronique embarquée qui assureront la lecture des calorimètres de l'expérience le LHCb mise à jour sont présenté dans cette thèse. / Rare charm decays proceed mostly through the c -> u Flavor Changing Neutral Current (FCNC), which is possible only at loop level in the Standard Model (SM). In charmed decays, FCNCs are subject to a very efficient GIM suppression, leading to very rare processes. Consequently, rare charm decays are good tools to probe to New Physics (NP) beyond the SM. NP particles could become detectable by causing observables such as branching ratios and CP or angular asymmetries to deviate from the SM predictions. The main subject of this thesis is the measurement of the branching ratio of the D0 -> K-π+ ρ/ω (->µ+µ-) mode. It will be precious in the future, in particular as a normalization mode in the study of all: D0 -> h-h’+ µ+µ- decays D0 -> K-π+µ+µ-, D0 -> π+π-µ+µ-, D0 -> K+K-µ+µ- and D0 -> K+π-µ+µ-. Using 2/fb of 2012 LHCb data we find: B(D0 -> K-π+ ρ/ω (->µ+µ-)) = (4.37± 0.12(stat.) ±0.53(syst.)) ×10^-6. This is the first measurement of this mode. We also determined sensitivities to total and partial branching fractions and asymmetries in D0 -> h-h’+ µ+µ- decays with future LHCb datasets. In addition, the systematic uncertainties affecting the searches for the 3-body decays, D+(s) -> π+µ+µ- and D+(s) -> π-µ+µ+, carried out by LHCb based on the data collected in 2011 (1/fb). Finally, the results of the tests of front-end electronic board for the Upgrade of LHCb are presented.

Le mélange des quarks est décrit dans le modèle standard de la physique des particules par le mécanisme de Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM). À ce jour, l'angle gamma du triangle d'unitarité est un des paramètres de ce mécanisme mesuré avec la moins bonne précision. La mesure de cet angle sert de référence pour le modèle standard, puisqu'elle peut être réalisée sans contribution significative de nouvelle physique. La précision actuelle de la meilleure mesure directe de gamma est d'environ 10°, alors que les ajustements globaux des paramètres CKM, potentiellement sujets à une contribution de nouvelle physique, déterminent cet angle à quelques degrés près. Par conséquent, une mesure directe précise de cette quantité est nécessaire pour contraindre d'avantage le triangle d'unitarité de la matrice CKM et ainsi tester la cohérence de ce modèle. Cette thèse présente une mesure de gamma par une analyse de Dalitz du canal B0->DK*0, avec une désintégration du méson D en K0Spipi. Elle est basée sur les 3 fb⁻¹ de données enregistrés par LHCb pendant le Run I du LHC, à une énergie de collision proton-proton dans le centre de masse de 7 et 8 TeV. Ce canal est sensible à gamma par l'interférence entre les transitions b->u et b->c. La mesure des observables de violation de CP réalisée est x- = -0.09 ^{+0.13}_{-0.13} ± 0.09 ± 0.01 , x+ = -0.10 ^{+0.27}_{-0.26} ± 0.06 ± 0.01 , y- = 0.23 ^{+0.15}_{-0.16} ± 0.04 ± 0.01 , y+ = -0.74 ^{+0.23}_{-0.26} ± 0.07 ± 0.01 , où le première incertitude est statistique, la deuxième est l'incertitude systématique expérimentale et la troisième est l'incertitude systématique venant du modèle de Dalitz. Une interprétation fréquentiste de ces observables donne rB0 = 0.39 ± 0.13 , deltaB0 = ( 186^{+24}_{-23} )° , gamma = ( 77^{+23}_{-24})° , où rB0 est le module du rapport des amplitudes des désintégrations supprimées et favorisées et deltaB0 la différence de phase forte entre ces deux désintégrations. Par ailleurs, un travail sur l'optimisation de la reconstruction des photons pour la mise à niveau du détecteur LHCb est aussi présenté. Lors du Run III du LHC, la luminosité instantanée reçue par LHCb sera augmentée d'un facteur cinq, générant un plus grand recouvrement entre les cascades se développant dans le calorimètre électromagnétique. L'étude montre que l'effet de ce recouvrement entre les gerbes est limité en réduisant la taille des clusters utilisés pour la détection des photons, tout en évitant une diminution significative de l'énergie reconstruite. Avec des corrections adaptées, la nouvelle reconstruction développée améliore la résolution en masse de 7 à 12%, suivant la région du calorimètre considérée. / Quark mixing is described in the standard model of particle physics with the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa mecanism. The angle gamma of the unitarity triangle is one of the parameters of this mecanism that is still determined with a large uncertainty. It can be measured without significant contribution of new physics, making it a standard model key measurement. The current precision of the best direct measurement of gamma is approximately 10°, whereas the global fits of the CKM parameters determine this angle up to a few degrees. Therefore precise measurement of this quantity is needed to further constrain the Unitarity Triangle of the CKM matrix, and check the consistency of the theory. This thesis reports a measurement of gamma with a Dalitz analysis of the B0->DK*0 channel where the D meson decays into K0Spipi, based on the 3 fb⁻¹ of proton-proton collision data collected by LHCb during the LHC Run I, at the centre-of-mass energy of 7 and 8 TeV. This channel is sensitive to gamma through the interference between the b->u and b->c transitions. The CP violation observables are measured to be x- = -0.09 ^{+0.13}_{-0.13} ± 0.09 ± 0.01 , x+ = -0.10 ^{+0.27}_{-0.26} ± 0.06 ± 0.01 , y- = 0.23 ^{+0.15}_{-0.16} ± 0.04 ± 0.01 , y+ = -0.74 ^{+0.23}_{-0.26} ± 0.07 ± 0.01 , where the first uncertainty is statistical, the second is the experimental systematic uncertainty and the third is the systematic uncertainty due to the Dalitz model. A frequentist interpretation of these observables leads to rB0 = 0.39±0.13 , deltaB0 = ( 186^{+24}_{-23} )°, gamma = ( 77^{+23}_{-24} )° , where rB0 is the magnitude of the ratio between the suppressed and favoured decays and deltaB0 the strong phase difference between these two decays. In addition, the work performed on the optimisation of the photon reconstruction for the upgraded LHCb detector is reported. During LHC Run III, the LHCb instantaneous luminosity will be increased by a factor five, implying a larger shower overlap in the electromagnetic calorimeter. The study shows that reducing the cluster size used in the photon reconstruction limits the effect of the overlap between the showers, without inducing a significant energy leakage. With some dedicated corrections, the new cluster reconstruction improves the Bs->Phi gamma mass resolution by 7 to 12%, depending on the calorimeter region.