South African courts face a challenge in the application of intra and extra-texual aids in constitutional interpretation. Given that the 1993 and 1996 Constitutions have brought about a new era in the exercise of human rights, the challenge that the courts face is to strike a balance between individual and communitarian values. I have argued that the African concept of ubuntu which was included in the 1993 Constitution and impliedly included in the 1996 Constitution should be applied as a constitutional value and interpretive aid. This argument is fortified by the 1996 Constitution's frequent reference to human dignity, which is accorded full meaning by ubzmtu.mtu. This concept is further examined with a vie-..v to linking it vvith African jurisprudence which is characterised by the exercise of individual human rights within the context of a group. In conclusion proposals on the way forward in the application of ubuntu are / Law / LL.M.

<p>At the Department of Technology and Built environment at the University of Gävle there was an interest to study GNU Radio, which is an "open source radio project. The project is based on that most of the radio signal processing is made in an ordinary PC. The idea behind this degree project was that in a laptop there are several radio transmitters/receivers that takes space, generates heat and transmit in varied frequency band etcetera.</p><p> </p><p>All these radio transmitters/receivers could be replaced with a Software Defined Radio system. It means that one common, general radio hardware is used to different communications such as: WLAN, Bluetooth, GPRS, 3G etcetera. The waveform is generated in the software, which makes the system very flexible. To transmit and receive radio signals a USB-based hardware is required, for example from Ettus Research LLC.</p><p> </p><p>During this degree project two PC:s was used for the signal processing and the signal transferring. The operating system that was used on the computers, were the Linux based Ubuntu 8.04. To generate the signals, to modulate/demodulate the signals and to get the communication on the sound cards in/out-port working, the different packages in the GNU Radio software was used and for programming the high level language, Python, was used.</p><p> </p><p>In this degree project a lot of experiments where made, for example a sine wave was generated in computer 1 and the signal was amplitude modulated and transferred to computer 2, through the sound card. In computer 2 the signal was demodulated and filtrated, before it was saved to the hard drive. When the signal was saved on computer 2, it could be sent out on the sound card and be studied on an oscilloscope. This transfer between the computers was made with a stereo cable, but also with a radio link equipment on the University of Gävle.</p><p> </p><p>The result of this degree project was satisfying, because the signal was possible to modulate, transfer, demodulate and save. In the wire transfer a lot of noise was generated on to the signal, mostly because of the sound cards. When the wireless transfer was made it appeared more noise, because of the quality of the receiver, the transmitter and the antennas.</p><p> </p><p>This work can be developed to more advanced systems.</p> / <p>Vid Högskolan i Gävle på institutionen för Teknik och Byggd miljö (ITB) fanns ett intresse att undersöka GNU Radio, som är ett open source radio-projekt. Projektet bygger på att den största delen av radiosignalbehandlingen sker i en vanlig PC. Idén som låg till grund för detta examensarbete var att det i en laptop finns ett stort antal radiosändar- och mottagarkretsar som tar plats, genererar värme och sänder på olika frekvensband med mera.</p><p> </p><p>Alla dessa radiosändar- och mottagarkretsar skulle kunna ersättas med ett Software Defined Radio-system. Vilket innebär att en gemensam, generell radiohårdvara används för olika kommunikationer som: WLAN, Bluetooth, GPRS, 3G med flera. Vågformerna genereras i mjukvaran, vilket gör systemet mycket flexibelt. För att kunna ta emot och sända radiosignaler behövs en hårdvara. Denna hårdvara har bland annat Ettus Research LLC tagit fram, med USB-anslutning.</p><p> </p><p>Under examensarbetet har två stycken PC använts för behandling av signaler, samt överföring mellan dessa. Operativsystemet som användes på datorerna var det Linuxbaserade Ubuntu 8.04. För att generera signaler, modulation/demodulation av dessa signaler samt för att få kommunikation med ljudkortets in-/utgång att fungera, användes de olika paketen i mjukvaran GNU Radio och för programmering användes högnivåspråket Python.</p><p> </p><p>I detta examensarbete utfördes ett flertal experiment, bland annat genererades en sinussignal i dator 1 och signalen amplitudmodulerades och överfördes till dator 2 via ljudkortet. På dator 2 demodulerades denna signal och filtrerades, innan den sparades på hårddisken. Signalen kunde sedan skickas ut på ljudkortet och studeras med ett oscilloskop. Överföringen mellan datorerna gjordes med en stereokabel, men också med en radiolänkutrustning som fanns på Högskolan i Gävle.</p><p> </p><p>Resultatet var tillfredställande då signalen kunde moduleras, överföras samt demoduleras och sparas. I den trådbundna överföringen uppstod mycket brus i signalen, till största delen berodde detta på ljudkorten. När den trådlösa överföringen gjordes uppstod mera brus, vilket berodde på kvalitén hos mottagare, sändare och antennerna.</p><p> </p><p>Detta arbete kan utvecklas till mer avancerade system.</p>

At the Department of Technology and Built environment at the University of Gävle there was an interest to study GNU Radio, which is an "open source radio project. The project is based on that most of the radio signal processing is made in an ordinary PC. The idea behind this degree project was that in a laptop there are several radio transmitters/receivers that takes space, generates heat and transmit in varied frequency band etcetera.   All these radio transmitters/receivers could be replaced with a Software Defined Radio system. It means that one common, general radio hardware is used to different communications such as: WLAN, Bluetooth, GPRS, 3G etcetera. The waveform is generated in the software, which makes the system very flexible. To transmit and receive radio signals a USB-based hardware is required, for example from Ettus Research LLC.   During this degree project two PC:s was used for the signal processing and the signal transferring. The operating system that was used on the computers, were the Linux based Ubuntu 8.04. To generate the signals, to modulate/demodulate the signals and to get the communication on the sound cards in/out-port working, the different packages in the GNU Radio software was used and for programming the high level language, Python, was used.   In this degree project a lot of experiments where made, for example a sine wave was generated in computer 1 and the signal was amplitude modulated and transferred to computer 2, through the sound card. In computer 2 the signal was demodulated and filtrated, before it was saved to the hard drive. When the signal was saved on computer 2, it could be sent out on the sound card and be studied on an oscilloscope. This transfer between the computers was made with a stereo cable, but also with a radio link equipment on the University of Gävle.   The result of this degree project was satisfying, because the signal was possible to modulate, transfer, demodulate and save. In the wire transfer a lot of noise was generated on to the signal, mostly because of the sound cards. When the wireless transfer was made it appeared more noise, because of the quality of the receiver, the transmitter and the antennas.   This work can be developed to more advanced systems. / Vid Högskolan i Gävle på institutionen för Teknik och Byggd miljö (ITB) fanns ett intresse att undersöka GNU Radio, som är ett open source radio-projekt. Projektet bygger på att den största delen av radiosignalbehandlingen sker i en vanlig PC. Idén som låg till grund för detta examensarbete var att det i en laptop finns ett stort antal radiosändar- och mottagarkretsar som tar plats, genererar värme och sänder på olika frekvensband med mera.   Alla dessa radiosändar- och mottagarkretsar skulle kunna ersättas med ett Software Defined Radio-system. Vilket innebär att en gemensam, generell radiohårdvara används för olika kommunikationer som: WLAN, Bluetooth, GPRS, 3G med flera. Vågformerna genereras i mjukvaran, vilket gör systemet mycket flexibelt. För att kunna ta emot och sända radiosignaler behövs en hårdvara. Denna hårdvara har bland annat Ettus Research LLC tagit fram, med USB-anslutning.   Under examensarbetet har två stycken PC använts för behandling av signaler, samt överföring mellan dessa. Operativsystemet som användes på datorerna var det Linuxbaserade Ubuntu 8.04. För att generera signaler, modulation/demodulation av dessa signaler samt för att få kommunikation med ljudkortets in-/utgång att fungera, användes de olika paketen i mjukvaran GNU Radio och för programmering användes högnivåspråket Python.   I detta examensarbete utfördes ett flertal experiment, bland annat genererades en sinussignal i dator 1 och signalen amplitudmodulerades och överfördes till dator 2 via ljudkortet. På dator 2 demodulerades denna signal och filtrerades, innan den sparades på hårddisken. Signalen kunde sedan skickas ut på ljudkortet och studeras med ett oscilloskop. Överföringen mellan datorerna gjordes med en stereokabel, men också med en radiolänkutrustning som fanns på Högskolan i Gävle.   Resultatet var tillfredställande då signalen kunde moduleras, överföras samt demoduleras och sparas. I den trådbundna överföringen uppstod mycket brus i signalen, till största delen berodde detta på ljudkorten. När den trådlösa överföringen gjordes uppstod mera brus, vilket berodde på kvalitén hos mottagare, sändare och antennerna.   Detta arbete kan utvecklas till mer avancerade system.

Denna rapport innehåller en studie över ett operativsystems påverkan på lastbalanserarenHAproxy. Studien utfördes i en experimentmiljö med fyra virtuella testklienter, en lastbalanseraresamt tre webbservernoder kopplade till lastbalanseraren. Operativsystemet varhuvudpunkten i studien där belastningen på dess hårdvara, svarstiden, antalet anslutningarsamt det maximala antalet anslutninger per sekund undersöktes. De operativsystem somtestades var Ubuntu 10.04, CentOS 6.5, FreeBSD 9.1 och OpenBSD 5.5. Resultaten fråntesterna visar att hårdvaran och svarstiden är näst intill identisk på samtliga operativsystemmed undantag för OpenBSD där förutsättningarna för att genomföra hårdvarutesternainte kunde uppnås. FreeBSD var det operativsystem som klarade av att hantera flestantal anslutningar tillsammans med CentOS. Ubuntu visade sig vara mer begränsat ochOpenBSD var mycket begränsat. FreeBSD klarade även av högst antal anslutningar persekund, följt av Ubuntu, CentOS och slutligen OpenBSD som visade sig vara det sämstpresterande. / This report contains a study over an operating system’s impact on the load balancerHAproxy. The study was performed in an experimental environment with four virtualclients for testing, one load balancer and three web server nodes connected to the loadbalancer. The operating system was the main point in the study where the load on theload balancer’s hardware, the response time, the amount of connections and the maximumamount of connections per second were examined. The operating systems whichwere tested was Ubuntu 10.04, CentOS 6.5, FreeBSD 9.1 and OpenBSD 5.5. The resultsfrom the tests shows that the load on the hardware and the response time are almost identicalon all operating systems with the exception of OpenBSD where the conditions to beable to run the hardware tests could not be achieved. FreeBSD was the operating systemthat was able to manage the highest amount of connections along with CentOS. Ubuntuturned out to be more limited and OpenBSD was very limited. FreeBSD also managedthe highest amount of connections per second, followed by Ubuntu, CentOS and finallyOpenBSD which turned out to be the worst performer.

Package management in Linux systems is a popular way to install and update software and the de facto standard on Ubuntu, Debian, Fedora, RedHat, CentOS and OpenSUSE. The software provided in the repositories can however differ when it comes to fixing vulnerabilities since package maintainers in some cases must implement some specific changes to the source used to build the software to make it compatible with the Linux system it is intended to be executed on. The Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE) standard provides a way to compare how fixes for vulnerabilities is handled on each Linux system where this work is aimed to examine if there exists different patterns when it comes to the time in days it took for a fix to emerge in the changelog for the software. This data is collected by using scripts in Linux to iterate through the National Vulnerability Database (NVD) which contains CVE entries, the severity score in terms of the impact of the vulnerability and references to which systems that the vulnerability affects. The dates are collected by using another script that iterates through the changelog of all available packages and saves the earliest date when the fix was issued. The results show that there is not enough statistical significance to reliably determine if a difference existed between the Linux distributions except when comparing OpenSUSE with Ubuntu, Debian and Fedora where significance was found which suggests that further study is needed. The comparison showed that Ubuntu, Debian and Fedora was slightly better than RedHat on average regarding the time windows between when a CVE was published to when a fix was mentioned in the changelog and OpenSUSE was slower than all other Linux distributions. / Att använda pakethanterare i Linux system är ett populärt sätt att installera och uppdatera mjukvara och är det främsta sättet som används av Ubuntu, Debian, Fedora, RedHat, CentOS och OpenSUSE. Mjukvaran som finns i Linux repositories kan dock skilja sig när det gäller att fixa sårbarheter eftersom package maintainers som är ansvariga för att bygga paketen ibland måste implementera specifika ändringar i källkoden för att mjukvaran skall vara kompatibel med den Linux distribution som den ämnad att köras på. Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE) standarden möjliggör att kunna jämföra hur en fix för sårbarheter i mjukvaran hanteras på varje Linux distribution där detta arbete ämnar att undersöka om det finns olika mönster när det gäller hur många dagar det tog för en fix att hittas i ändringsloggen för mjukvaran.     Den data som kommer användas samlas in genom att använda script i Linux som itererar genom National Vulnerability Database (NVD) som innehåller CVE poster, en poäng som innebär vilken allvarlighetsgrad sårbarheten har och referenser till systemen som sårbarheten påverkar. Datumen samlas in med ett annat script som itererar genom alla ändringsloggar för alla tillgängliga paket och sparar det tidigaste datumet då en matchande fix hittades. Resultatet visar att det inte finns tillräckligt med statistisk signifikans för att tillförlitligt fastställa om en skillnad existerade mellan Linux distributionerna förutom när OpenSUSE jämfördes med Ubuntu, Debian och Fedora där signifikans hittades vilket tyder på ett behov av ytterligare studier inom ämnet. Jämförelsen visade att Ubuntu, Debian och Fedora var lite bättre än RedHat i genomsnitt när det gäller tidsfönstret mellan när en CVE publicerades till när en fix nämndes i ändringsloggen och sist kom OpenSUSE som var långsammare än alla andra Linux distributioner.

South African courts face a challenge in the application of intra and extra-texual aids in constitutional interpretation. Given that the 1993 and 1996 Constitutions have brought about a new era in the exercise of human rights, the challenge that the courts face is to strike a balance between individual and communitarian values. I have argued that the African concept of ubuntu which was included in the 1993 Constitution and impliedly included in the 1996 Constitution should be applied as a constitutional value and interpretive aid. This argument is fortified by the 1996 Constitution's frequent reference to human dignity, which is accorded full meaning by ubzmtu.mtu. This concept is further examined with a vie-..v to linking it vvith African jurisprudence which is characterised by the exercise of individual human rights within the context of a group. In conclusion proposals on the way forward in the application of ubuntu are / Law / LL.M.

[pt] A tese teve como objetivo investigar a possibilidade de identificação de aspectos culturais comuns no continente africano como um todo, bem como de algumas continuidades culturais na diáspora negra, a despeito das reelaborações, conexões e deformações que tenham sofrido ao longo do tempo e do espaço. Para tanto, partiu da verificação da existência de duas zonas de maior afinidade linguística no continente africano. De um lado, a da grande família níger-congo, dentro da qual o grupo bantu é um sub-grupo, situando-se expressivamente na área meridional ou subsaariana. De outro, o grupo dos povos de línguas afro-asiáticas, que teriam migrado e se espalhado de leste a oeste, a partir da Bacia do Nilo até a região do Rio Senegal, revelando parentesco cultural entre as línguas egípcia antiga e línguas da África Ocidental. Com essa divisão inicial do continente em duas grandes áreas de afinidade linguística e partindo do pressuposto de que a classificação das línguas fornece uma base para que sejam feitas análises sobre a história cultural dos grupos, foi possível identificar duas maneiras principais de compreender a sociedade, correspondendo a filosofia Maat à área setentrional e a filosofia Ubuntu à meridional. A tese se concentrou, portanto, no estudo dessas duas filosofias, Maat e Ubuntu, a fim de identificar correspondências entre elas, e no intuito de verificar convergências culturais, tanto na área meridional, como na área setentrional da África. Também buscou analisar alguns exemplos de continuidades culturais na diáspora negra, para compreender se é possível aumentar o sentimento de solidariedade entre africanos e afrodescendentes da diáspora com base em tais continuidades, discutindo, ainda, alguns direcionamentos possíveis para a luta antirracista. / [fr] La thèse s approche du but en recherche de la possibilité d identifier les aspects culturels communs dans le continent africain, en général, et aussi quelques successivités culturelles dans la diaspore noire, malgré les reconstructions, connexions et deformités qu elles ont pu avoir souffert le long du temps et de l espace. Pour autant, la recherche est partie de la vérification de l existence de deux zones de plus grande affinité linguistique dans le continent africain. D un coté, la grande famille Niger Congo, dans laquelle le groupe bantu est un sous groupe, que se situent particulièrement dans l orbite méridional ou sous - saharien. D autre coté, le groupe des peuples de langues afro-asiatiques, qui auraient migré et s étendu de l est à l ouest à partir du Nilo jusqu a la région de la rivière du Sénégal et ont montré qui avaient parenté culturel parmi les langues égyptiennes anciennes et les langues de l Afrique occidentale. Avec cette division du continent en deux grandes parties d affinité linguistique et en partant de l hypothèse que la classification de langues fourni une base pour que les analyses soient faites sur l histoire culturelle des groupes, étant possible d’identifier deux façons principales pour comprendre la société que correspondent à la philosophie Maat sur le coté septentrional et la philosophie Ubuntu du coté méridional. La thèse s est focalisé, ainsi, dans l étude de ces deux philosophies, Maat e Ubuntu, afin d identifier l équivalence parmi elles, prévoir, et vérifier convergences culturelles, tantôt du coté méridional come du coté septentrional de l Afrique. La thèse a cherché aussi quelques exemples de poursuite culturelle dans la diaspore noire, pour comprendre si c est possible d augmenter le sentiment de solidarité parmi les africains et les afro-descendents de la diaspore basé dans cettes poursuites, parlant encore, de quelques directionnements probables pour la lute antiraciste.

The original purpose of this study was to answer the following research question: How do women and girls navigate the HIV/AIDS situation in Mozambique? I used constructivist grounded theory, combined with the African philosophy of Ubuntu, as the approach to guide this study. I sensitized myself theoretically with the critical feminist theory of intersectionality to ensure I recognized important data during my collection process. Because grounded theory studies are developed inductively from a corpus of data, and evolve as data collection takes place, I discovered that participants’ concerns went beyond HIV/AIDS and involved a bundle of oppressions. Therefore the problem that participants faced, at a broad conceptual level, was gender oppression. As a result, my study shifted slightly in that I aimed to understand how women and girls managed their lives in relation to gender oppression, how they become socialized into a context that systematically makes room for social and political dominance over them, how they cope with the manifestations of dominance, and how, if ever, they control the situational and characteristic realities of gender oppression. Consequently, I developed a grounded theory about how women and girls manage gender oppression in Mozambique. The basic social process in this theory is called Putting On and Taking Off the Capulana, which can be understood as how women and girls become socialized into gender oppression in Mozambique and how they inch their way out. The four main categories that comprise this theory include: (a) Putting On the Capulana, (b) Turning a Blind Eye, (c) Playing the Game, and (d) Taking Off the Capulana. Second level processes under Putting On the Capulana, for example, include processes such as Adapting to Patriarchy and Living with Violence, which demonstrate how women and girls navigate a context saturated in oppressions. Third level processes, such as being robbed of sexual self-determination and accepting inferiority, explain the consequences of these processes that women and girls are forced to live through. This is a theory, grounded in the data and privileging the voices of women and girls in Mozambique, that is reflective of a constructivist feminist approach and Ubuntu philosophy. I argue that this study provides a nuanced understanding of the complexity of gender oppression in Mozambique, which can assist in developing relevant and meaningful policy. / Graduate / 0569 / 0573 / 0733 / lntomm@uvic.ca

Education in conflict settings is a new field of inquiry and there is a paucity of research about this topic as regards the education of children with disabilities. This qualitative study set out to gain insight into how children with disabilities are educated in the conflict setting of Uganda and how it could be improved. This study used a critical, constructivist and grounded research style to generate data. It was critical because its aims and questions focused on addressing the injustices experienced by children with disabilities. It was constructivist as both the participants and myself co-constructed knowledge. It also had some grounded theory features such as emergence and iteration in its methods and tools. For instance, it had three distinct but interrelated stages. The first stage involved an exploratory study which used online methods to gather data from 27 participants who had lived or worked in Uganda. The second stage was an experiential study in two sites in Uganda which used observation and interview methods to collect data from 35 participants. The third and final stage synthesised significant codes and memos constructed from the exploratory and experiential stages into a theory of education. There were four main findings in this study. First, it revealed the nature and extent of the challenges faced by all children living in conflict settings: forced displacement, dehumanisation, rampant poverty and weakened leadership. Second, it discovered that disabled people experienced rejection in their communities and invisibility in the provision of services such as education. Whilst these practices prevailed in non-conflict situations, they were intensified in conflict settings and were counter to the African beliefs on what it meant to be human and live in a community. Third, education in Uganda was likened to disabled people and considered 'creeping' or 'crippled' because of demotivated teachers, disengaged parents, ailing infrastructure and decreasing quality. Fourth and last, participants had visions of educational change which involved modifying it and transforming it into an education that develops conscience in children, reinforces hope and widens opportunities. This research made the following original contributions: generating original data, conceptualising Africanised interviews, and constructing a theory of Africanising education. According to my knowledge I could claim originality to this study in that by 2012, no other study had generated original data on the interfaces between education, disability and conflict in Northern Uganda using a critical, constructivist, and grounded research style. In addition, this research style led to the emergence of Africanised interviews: interviews embedded in the customs and practices of the African people. Importantly, this study led to the construction of a theory which contained critical knowledge on how Africanisation could be thought of and brought about in the setting. Africanisation was understood as the process of using African philosophies such as 'ubuntu' and communalism to transform the 'creeping' education system, reform the colonial curriculum, renew teacher professionalism, mend communities, and re-humanise the relationships between disabled and non-disabled people. Africanisation also entailed decolonising scholarship and this involved quoting African scholars and exposing their philosophies which had been marginalised by Western scholars.

ABSTRACT The profound and extensive nature of difficulties in Zimbabwean current affairs raises a moral dilemma for South Africa: should it intervene in some way, or respect Zimbabwean sovereignty? Is there a plausible ‘middle ground’ theory to resolves this dilemma? This paper argues that there may well be. It further argues that such a ‘middle ground’ account is consistent with at least one version of ubuntu, an indigenous sub-Saharan African philosophy. What does ubuntu have to say about the right (or perhaps even the obligation) of the South African government to have intervened in Zimbabwean affairs? Does it vindicate South Africa for its failure to intervene? This project, whilst not providing a decisive answer to the question of whether intervention in Zimbabwe by South Africa is legitimate on this African world-view, provides one possible approach to evaluating the dilemma from an ubuntu-informed perspective.