On 18 November 2010, the Court of Justice of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) held that legal reforms adopted by Senegal in 2007 to incorporate international crimes into the national Penal Code to enable its domestic courts to prosecute Hissene Habre for, among others, crimes against humanity committed in Chad twenty years before, violated the principle of legality, specifically the principle against non-retroactivity of criminal law. The court held that such crimes could be prosecuted only by a hybrid tribunal with the jurisdiction to try Habre for the international crimes based on general principles of law common to the community of nations. Some scholars opined that the ECOWAS decision was wrong, stating that the crimes in question were criminalised already under international law and that Senegal‟s legal reforms simply served jurisdictional purposes. Given that, as a core component of the principle of legality, the role of non-retroactivity is to prohibit the creation of new crimes and their application to past conduct, the opinions of such scholars may hold true. / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2011. / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/ / nf2012 / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

This thesis examines the climatic trends of rainfall and temperature in Uganda using historical data. And because climate is an important aspect in water resources management and livelihoods formation, an attempt to explain how the interaction impacts on the two is made in the context of climate variability and change. The assumption is that climate change/variability has had an effect on water resources management and the way individual, households and society at large form livelihoods in Uganda. The rationale for the investigation is the number of climate and livelihood related studies that have been undertaken for Uganda over recent years, which have not focused specifically on the water resources management and livelihood formation. The study is grounded by reviewing the theoretical perspectives of climate science which underpin the concepts of climate change, climate variability and impacts on livelihoods in the world, tropics, Africa, east Africa and Uganda in that order. A cross sectional research design based on selected case studies from sub-counties located in the main sub-basins across the country is used. Both qualitative and quantitative data analysis techniques are applied independently or in combination on climatic data from Uganda‟s Department of Meteorology, data generated from field interviews and landsat images. The data sets are analysed using MS EXCEL, SPSS, MATLAB, ANCLIM, TREND TOOL, GIS and ENVI 4.8 to establish climatic trends and deduce evidence of change and variability. The impact on livelihood formation is investigated through the assets available to the households using the DFID framework. The study therefore has investigated the characteristics of climate in Uganda especially by following up on the responses that arose from the field study. Through their own observations, respondents noticed changes in temperature and rainfall. Temperature variables like diurnal temperature range, maximum and minimum temperatures and rainfall (monthly, seasonal, annual) have been investigated, to establish whether these observations were impacting on livelihood formations and water resources which are central in the wellbeing of individual households. Results show decadal variability of rainfall with marked seasonal cycles, temporal variability of drought patterns is detected; variations in annual rainfall are low with no significant trends observed in the main drainage sub-basins. Significant trends occur in October, November, December and January. A noticeable decrease in the annual total rainfall was observed mostly in north-western and south-western sub-basins. Rainfall trend in the second normal of June-July-August (JJA) is decreasing in all the main drainage sub-basins; highest rainfall was recorded in April, while January, June and July have the lowest rainfall. Spatial analysis results show that stations close to Lake Victoria recorded high amounts of rainfall. Average annual coefficient of variability was 19% signifying low variability. Rainfall distribution is bi-modal with maximums experienced in March- April- May and September- October- November seasons of the year. PCI values show a moderate to seasonal rainfall distribution. FNW Nsubuga – University of Pretoria Page 11 Spectral analyses of the time components reveal the existence of a major period around 3, 6 and 10 years. Intra-annual temperature show reduced variability over recent decades, which is not statistically significant. Maximum temperatures are more variable compared to minimum temperatures in Uganda. An increasing trend in hot days, hot nights, warm nights and warm spells are also detected. At seven of the stations, annual temperature range and diurnal temperature range trends are negative. The finding that intra-annual and intra-monthly variance is declining suggests that fewer anomalously extreme temperature episodes occur. The gap between maximum and minimum extremes is reducing, which supports the observation that minimum temperatures are on the increase. At a micro-level analysis using Namulonge as a case study, total rainfall in March-May season decreased, while maximum temperatures increased between April and September, with statistically significant trends at 5% confidence level. The Mann-Kendall test revealed that the number of wet days reduced significantly. Temperatures are warmer and rainfall higher in the first climate normal compared to the recent 30 years. Direct rainfall, which is the most important source of water for water resources, recently, is experiencing variability, which is threatening the distribution of water resources in Uganda. The characteristics, availability, demand and importance of present day water resources in Uganda as well as the various issues, and challenges pertaining to management of water resources of the country are established. The present analysis reveals that surface-water area fluctuation is linked to rainfall variability. In particular, Lake Kyoga basin lakes experienced an increase in surface-water area in 2010 compared to 1986. This work has important implications to water resources management and people whose livelihoods depend on natural resources especially in this era of climate change. Evidence from the field survey validates what data analysis reveals from historical data. Respondents from the field study are aware of climate change, had noticed some changes in climatic variables and were adapting by changing lifestyle and diversifying to activities that are less prone to weather. Livelihoods in Uganda have evolved based on the availability of opportunity afforded by the natural resources base including water resources. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Geography, Geoinformatics and Meteorology / unrestricted

Magister Scientiae (Physiotherapy) - MSc(Physio) / Clinical education is considered a cornerstone of the healthcare professionals’ education including physiotherapists. Clinical education involves translation of theoretical knowledge into practical skills, facilitated by clinical educators whose roles vary from place to place. The clinical educators’ roles have a number of facilitators as well as barriers and these have been minimally evaluated globally and locally, including Uganda. Therefore, the aim of the study was to explore and describe the perception of the physiotherapists regarding their role as clinical educators and to identify the barriers to and facilitators for physiotherapy clinical education at the national and regional referral hospitals in Uganda. / 2022

Diese Ausgabe präsentiert 6 Artikel, die sich mit der linguistischen und kulturellen Diversität in der Republik Uganda befassen. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit gilt der Frage, wie sich Sprache, Sprachvielfalt und Multilingualismus in öffentlichen und kulturellen Bereichen des täglichen Lebens widerspiegeln. Die Artikel basieren auf Daten und Erfahrungen, die im März 2003 in Uganda gesammelt wurden.

Anthropogenic (human caused) climate change is a major global issue because of the effects of climate change, which include increased frequency of drought, floods, erratic and/or insufficient rainfall, waterborne diseases; as well as related consequences such as water shortages, forest fires and loss of biodiversity. It is therefore imperative that there be a global effort to mitigate climate change in order to limit these potentially disastrous effects. Deforestation and forest degradation, principally in the tropics, cause approximately 12 percent of anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Therefore, one method to mitigate climate change is to address reducing GHG emissions from deforestation and forest degradation. "Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation, conservation, sustainable management of forests, and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries," also known as REDD+, is, at its core, a financial incentives based strategy that aims to compensate national governments, sub-national actors, private project developers and/or local communities, in return for demonstrable reductions in carbon emissions from deforestation and forest degradation and enhancements of terrestrial carbon stocks. REDD+ also focuses on building capacity for developing countries to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation and invest in low-carbon paths to sustainable development. Uganda is one of the developing countries that has shown enthusiasm for REDD+ and has actively engaged in REDD+ readiness activities. However, REDD+ readiness activities are costly due to various institutional capacity requirements that may pose a significant challenge to Uganda. The question posed by the study is whether Uganda's involvement in REDD+ is likely to result in net economic benefits for the country. The study aims to determine whether, in the absence of direct evidence of the success of the REDD+ mechanism in any country, Uganda's economic benefits from REDD+ are still expected to exceed the costs of implementation. Social benefits are an additional incentive however, even a combination of both economic and social benefits may not be reason enough for a country to become a REDD+ country, especially if alternative land uses are more lucrative or costs are too high. The methodology used is largely qualitative and theoretical, except for the economic analysis which is quantitative. The outcome of the study is that while there is insufficient evidence to suggest that Uganda will not benefit overall from being involved with REDD+, the feasibility study of the potential REDD+ project in the Murchison-Semkili landscape showed that, at least in that project area, the economic benefits were unlikely to cover both the implementation and opportunity costs in the long term. This does raise a legitimate concern that REDD+ might not result in net economic benefits for Uganda. Even though the economic benefits of Uganda's involvement in REDD+ are uncertain, the mechanism is still expected to result in social benefits, such as improved livelihoods in terms of service delivery; increased efficiency and accountability of government and governmental institutions; and increased public consultation and participation. There are, however, risks to Uganda's successful implementation of REDD+ such as unspecified donor funding, which may not be forthcoming, and the lack of clarity surrounding global compliance carbon markets. Uganda still has much to do in order to build the required institutional capacity for REDD+ to be successful, especially with regard to increasing the effectiveness of the institutions that manage the country's forests. Uganda also needs to reduce some of the drivers of deforestation in the country through programmes that target poverty alleviation and improve agricultural practices. In terms of REDD+ specifically, Uganda needs to complete the development of a National REDD+ Strategy, secure adequate funding for the mechanism, and accelerate the development of REDD+ pilot activities, which are currently in the planning phase. Further research is needed on determining the total value of Uganda's forests, taking into account economic, environmental and social considerations. Research is also needed on the impact successful REDD+ pilot activities have had in other comparable countries.

This thesis focuses explicitly on the use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) as a strategy for delivering effective management of educational services in a cross-section of educational institutions, inclusive of universities. University of Uganda (UNU)1 , in Uganda, is taken as a case study where ICT was introduced with the primary aim of improving effectiveness in the delivery of educational services. ICT has become a tool of great importance in today’s business in all spheres of life globally. From commerce to aeronautics, medicine to education, the daily use of ICT is vital to the success of the business. In the area of higher education management, ICT use is of central significance as universities of the contemporary world cannot afford to ignore the role of that ICT plays in the running of their institutions as a business and, as such, need to ensure they are not left behind by the developments. Therefore, as a matter of necessity, the universities are required to embrace ICT adoption in teaching/learning and administrative activities. This study discusses the concept of ICT, perceptions of stakeholders in the effectiveness of ICT adoption, educational services management and ICT and strategies for effective ICT use in educational services management. / Educational Management and Leadership / D. Ed. (Education Management)

BACKGROUND: The Wise Mama (WM) study was a randomized trial to assess the effectiveness of real-time electronic drug monitoring (EDM) on antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT) for newly diagnosed, ART-naive HIV+ pregnant women in Uganda. Intervention mothers received real-time ART reminders via EDM technology and control mothers received standard of care. All infants born to women in the WM study were to receive standard PMTCT care: 6 weeks of nevirapine (NVP) ART prophylaxis following birth and HIV DNA testing at 6 weeks of life. OBJECTIVE: To test whether infants born to intervention mothers would have improved adherence to infant PMTCT guidelines. Methods: Information on delivery, infant NVP prophylaxis, and timing to first infant HIV test were abstracted from medical registers. Descriptive statistics and differences in 1) infant prophylaxis administration, and 2) time to infant HIV testing were generated and analyzed. RESULTS: Of the 121 WM women eligible for WIN, 97 consented and enrolled (80%). There were no differences in receipt of 6-week NVP supply (86.7% of control infants, 82.0% of intervention infants, p=0.53). Infants delivered at non-study health facilities were less likely to receive any NVP prophylaxis. There was no difference in mean days to infant's first HIV test (control 51.9, intervention 51.3, p=0.86). CONCLUSION: There were no significant differences in infant adherence to PMTCT guidelines between intervention and control groups, though all infants could have had improved access to NVP prophylaxis and decreased time to first HIV test. / 2019-02-28T00:00:00Z

The promotion of Kiswahili is one of the main goals of the policies of the East African Community. However, only a limited amount of research has been conducted on the perception and application of the language outside of the traditionally Kiswahili-speaking countries of Tanzania and Kenya. Especially in Uganda, the third largest country of the region, there is a lack of understanding for the role of the language in public communication. This article presents data on the use of Kiswahili in everyday communication and discusses the language attitudes and language ideologies of the people in Northern Uganda’s largest city. It shows that, despite generally positive attitudes towards the language, there is little to no use for it in public communication. The results of the study, combined with perceived negative attitudes from other parts of the country towards the implemented policies, question the effectiveness of the proposed measures for promoting Kiswahili within the present parameters of the specific context’s language ecologies, as well as the country in general.

A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. April 2018 / The critical role of entrepreneurial learning in sustainable development has been discussed extensively in recent literature. However, little is known about the effect(s) of entrepreneurial learning on economic sustainability of microenterprises. This research seeks to answer the question of “How entrepreneurial learning facilitates the economic sustainability of microenterprises?” The study draws from social learning theory and intersectionality studies to contribute towards understanding the complexity of entrepreneurial learning and economic sustainability, focusing in particular on women with disabilities. The study contributes to literature on entrepreneurial learning by examining the rarely-researched social conditions of learning characteristic of entrepreneurial environments in emerging economies. Furthermore, unlike previous studies that adopted either a gender-or disability-only approach in explaining the entrepreneurial experiences of women with disabilities, this study considers the combined influence of gender and disability as interlocking social identities. A qualitative case study approach based on four mini-cases was adopted. These mini-cases included 36 semi-structured interviews with women entrepreneurs with disabilities operating established microenterprises in Uganda. Semi-structured interviews were also conducted with seven key informants from two national disability associations in Uganda. These interviews acted as a pilot to obtain advice on how to conduct research in a sensitive and appropriate manner that would not further marginalise women with disabilities. Data from both the key informants and these women were analysed using thematic content analysis. Findings indicate that the intersecting social identities of gender and disability of women entrepreneurs with disabilities have both favourable and unfavourable outcomes for their entrepreneurial learning and economic sustainability. These consequences have a lasting and varying impact on these women’s actions, affecting their tendencies to adapt and ingeniously imitate entrepreneurial behaviours in uncertain and resource-constrained learning environments. Furthermore, for this group, learning influences economic sustainability through the acquisition of entrepreneurial capabilities that nurture ingenious imitation practices such as self-determination, self-restraint, and social embeddedness. By contrast, the capabilities emphasised in social learning theory literature are not generally rooted in individuals’ abilities to acclimatise and overcome their limitations, and only emerge from social interactions under stable learning conditions. Results also suggest that the socio-economic context influences how economic sustainability of an enterprise is conceptualised. Women with disabilities operating microenterprises in resource-constrained contexts perceive economic sustainability as a mutually-inclusive triadic relationship between enterprise growth, sufficient livelihood, and empowerment. The key contribution of this study is that the researcher introduces the metaphor “adaptive observational learning” to explain a new form of entrepreneurial learning that occurs in social settings, particularly for women with disabilities. It involves individuals acquiring new knowledge by observing, adapting, creatively imitating, and replicating the actions of others in a way that is well suited to their abilities, and enables them to overcome their impairment limitations. The study further questions the narrow conceptions of describing economic sustainability solely as financial viability and growth; and argues for the need to include social components when classifying economically sustainable enterprises in impoverished contexts. / MT 2018

The Impact of Language Diversity on the Right to Fair Trial in International Criminal Proceedings is a study that explores the influence of the dynamic factor of language on fair trial at the international level and during domestic prosecution of international crimes. Chapter 5 constitutes a case study of the International Crimes Division of the High Court of Uganda, a contemporary specialised ‗court‘ emerging within the framework of the statute of the International Criminal Court, by virtue of the principle of complementarity. By way of empirical research, interviewing and jurisprudential analysis, It is sought to assess the implications of conducting a trial in more than one language, on due process. This thesis reveals that the language debate is as old as international criminal justice, but due to misrepresentation of the status of language fair trial rights in international law, the debate has not yielded concrete reforms. Language is the core foundation for justice. It is the means through which the rights of the accused are realised. Linguistic complexities such as misunderstandings, failures in translation and cultural distance among participants in international criminal trials affect courtroom communication, the presentation and the perception of the evidence hence challenging the foundations of trial fairness. In conclusion, language fair trial rights are priority rights situated in the minimum guarantees of fair criminal trial; the obligation of the court to ensure fair trial or accord the accused person a fair hearing comprises the duty to guarantee linguistic rights. This thesis also entails recommendations on how to address the phenomenon.