Esta pesquisa interdisciplinar centrada no segmento da fotografia de acervo de intelectual apresenta o estudo de caso de 84 imagens feitas pelo fotógrafo amador Ulysses Freyre de alguns prédios e ruas das cidades de Olinda e do Recife entre 1923 e 1925. Ulysses fotografou durante passeios de bicicleta aos domingos ao lado do irmão, o sociólogo Gilberto Freyre. Objetiva-se traçar os dois usos dados por Gilberto às fotos de Ulysses: de base aos desenhos de Manoel Bandeira para o \"Livro do Nordeste\", organizado pelo sociólogo em 1925 para o centenário do Diário de Pernambuco; e como parte da concepção de inventário de edificações da arquitetura civil que serviu à Inspetoria de Monumentos Estaduais em 1928 em Pernambuco. Vale-se do campo acerca do circuito fotográfico nestas cidades, que estavam sob reformas urbanas no início do século XX, a fim de situar e revelar a fotografia de Ulysses como artefato de memória propulsor do embrionário projeto político-intelectual de Gilberto neste período. As fotos estão no acervo da Fundação Gilberto Freyre, em Recife, Pernambuco. / This interdisciplinary research focused on the segment of the photographic collection of intellectual presents a case study of 84 images taken by amateur photographer Ulysses Freyre about some buildings and streets of the cities of Olinda and Recife from 1923 to 1925. Ulysses took the photos during trips bicycle on Sundays with his brother, the sociologist Gilberto Freyre. The objective is to trace two uses of their photographs: as a basis for drawings by Manoel Bandeira for the \"Livro do Nordeste\", organized by the sociologist in 1925 on the centenary of the Diario de Pernambuco newspaper and as part of a project of inventory of the civil architecture. These photographs were used by the Historic Superintendence of Monuments in 1928 in Pernambuco. These studies are related to the field of the photographic circuit at these cities in urban transformation in the early twentieth century in order locating and disclosing the Ulysses\' photos as artifact of memory to the political-intellectual embryonic project of Gilberto in the period. The photos are in the collection of Gilberto Freyre Foundation, in Recife, Pernambuco.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / James Joyce’s Ulysses is a work of art that engendered scandal in every stage of its production, dissemination, and reception. The work is now hailed as the prose monument of modernism, a twentieth-century masterpiece, and revolutionary in its stylistic technique, its foregrounding of language and psychological drama, and its ambiguity. Ulysses is, in truth, a simple tale, about a lifetime of one day, in a world of one place, in the lives of one people, played out on a stage of pages. The telling of the tale is far from simple—it is among the greatest literary artifacts of our cultural heritage. But the text of Ulysses continues to be entangled in the tension of its status as both a literary artifact, created by an artist, and a cultural artifact, influenced by the aspects of its currency. Among the many questions the novel begs is, who controls the meaning of a work of literary art? This thesis begins to answer that question. Chapter 1 surveys available materials and outlines four waves in the history of textual scholarship of Ulysses. This chapter reads like the prose version of a library catalogue. Sorry, it is a symptom of academese. Chapter 2 outlines the history of censorship and suppression of Ulysses. Chapter 3 gives a historical context to legalizing the work and discusses the implications of the ban upon the development and reliability of the text. Chapter 4 outlines the second scandal of Ulysses, at the close of the twentieth century, now commonly referred to as the Joyce Wars. Chapter 5 discusses the influences upon Gabler’s editorial method and the resultant text. Together, these chapters tell the story of the book's creation and life in print.

This study is a detailed textual examination of the word "parallax" in Ulysses. It distinguishes three levels of meaning for the word in the novel. In the first level, parallax functions as a character motif, a detail, first appearing in and conforming to the realistic surface of Bloom's inner monologue, whose meaning is what it tells of his crucial problems of identity. In the second, parallax functions as an integral part of the symbolic complex, lying outside of Bloom's perceptions, surrounding the emblem of crossed keys, symbol of, among other things, paternity and homerule, two major narrative themes. The third level involves parallax as a symbol informing the novel's overriding theme of the writing of Ulysses itself and of the relationship between the novel's representative life and artistic design.

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Ce travail de thèse est une contribution à l’étude de la comédie dorienne du Vème siècle av. J.-C. à travers l’analyse des textes de son représentant majeur, Epicharme de Syracuse. Les fragments authentiques qu’on peut attribuer à un drame spécifique sont examinés et chaque texte est suivi d’un commentaire détaillé de ses particularités linguistiques, dramaturgiques et de contenu. Le but de la recherche a été savoir comme Epicharme s’inscrivait dans le panorama culturel sicilien où il vécut, d’étudier son utilisation de la variation linguistique et de rechercher les spécificités de ses drames.Pour répondre à ces questions, il a fallu adopter une approche interdisciplinaire car il n’est pas possible d’aborder l’ensemble de ces thématiques dans la seule littérature grecque du Vème siècle. Une contribution essentielle à ce travail vient des études d’histoire de la langue grecque et de la dialectologie, qui ont permis de définir les particularités linguistiques du dialecte dorien de Syracuse et de souligner d’éventuelles différences présentes dans les textes du comédien. Dans le commentaire, en effet, la confrontation est continue entre la forme linguistique adoptée par Epicharme et la forme correspondante en dialecte ionien-attique. S’avère également importante la contribution de la sociolinguistique, une théorie qui donne son importance à l’influence exercée sur la langue par ceux qui la parlent. L’étude des textes d’Epicharme examine, en même temps, s’il existe des éléments linguistiques permettant de caractériser un personnage selon son statut social, sa provenance et son genre sexuel. Les résultats obtenus de l’étude linguistique et textuelle sont considérables.Epicharme met en scène des sujets mythologiques, historiques et des situations de la vie quotidienne, en mélangeant de la parodie et du travestissement. Surtout deux personnages, Héraclès et Ulysse, apparaissent souvent dans les drames d’Epicharme, où ils deviennent les protagonistes d’un certain nombre d’événements. Par ailleurs, la quantité et la longueur des listes et des catalogues dans les fragments d’Epicharme est également importante car ils répondent à des objectifs comiques. Il est probable, en outre que, au moins dans certains drames, un choeur comique était prévu, même s’il est difficile de déterminer combien de personnes le composaient et quelle était sa fonction. Du point de vue linguistique, les textes du comédien sont composés en dialecte dorien de Syracuse, bien que certaines expressions spécifiques d’autres dialectes apparaissent quelquefois. En outre, les fragments semblent parfois témoigner d’une variation synchronique en acte dans la langue parlée. En conclusion, la production comique d’Epicharme montre un notable caractère régional, qui découle que ce soit de son choix d’écrire en dialecte dorien comme des nombreuses références aux produits traditionnels et aux histoires locales. Toutefois, la langue et les arguments du poète sont largement influencés par l’environnement culturel et politique de la Sicile du V siècle av.-J.Ch. et montrent les relations entre le comédien de Syracuse et les auteurs contemporains, dont le plus important est Eschyle. / This thesis is a contribution to the study of the Dorian comedy of the 5th century BC. J. - C. through the analysis of the texts of its major representative, Epicharme of Syracuse. The authentic fragments that can be attributed to a specific drama are examined and each text is followed by a detailed commentary on its linguistic, dramaturgical and content features. The aim of the research was to know how Epicharme was part of the Sicilian cultural panorama where he lived, to study his use of linguistic variation and to search for the specificities of his dramas.To answer these questions, it was necessary to adopt an interdisciplinary approach because it is not possible to tackle all these themes in the only Greek literature of the fifth century. An essential contribution to this work comes from studies of the history of the Greek language and dialectology, which made it possible to define the linguistic peculiarities of the Dorian dialect of Syracuse and to highlight any differences present in the actor's texts. In the commentary, in fact, the confrontation is present between the linguistic form adopted by Epicharme and the corresponding form in the Ionian-Attic dialect. Equally important is the contribution of sociolinguistics, a theory that gives importance to the influence exerted on the language by those who speak it. The study of Epicharme's texts examines, at the same time, whether there are linguistic elements making it possible to characterize a character according to his social status, his origin and his sexual gender. The results obtained from the linguistic and textual study are considerable. Epicharme portrays mythological, historical and everyday situations, mixing parody and travesty. Especially two characters, Heracles and Ulysses, often appear in the dramas of Epicharme, where they become the protagonists of a number of events. Moreover, the quantity and length of lists and catalogs in Epicharme's fragments is also important because they serve comic purposes. It is likely that, at least in some dramas, a comic choir was planned, although it is difficult to determine how many people composed it and what its function was. From the linguistic point of view, the comedian's texts are composed in Syracuse's Dorian dialect, although some specific expressions of other dialects sometimes appear. In addition, the fragments sometimes seem to testify to a synchronic variation in action in the spoken language. In conclusion, the comic production of Epicharme shows a notable regional character, which follows that it is his choice to write in Dorian dialect as many references to traditional products and local stories. However, the language and arguments of the poet are largely influenced by the cultural and political environment of Sicily in the fifth century BC. and show the relations between the comedian of Syracuse and the contemporary authors, the most important of which is Aeschylus.

Abstract The "Defective" Generation: Disability in Modernist Literature aims to provide an analysis of how Anglo-American authors in the early twentieth century conceived of, utilized, and portrayed disability in their fiction. Building on the existing scholarship in the field of Disability Studies, I argue that modernists revise the tradition of representation to make disabilities a generational trait rather than a sign of individual deviance. In novel after novel, multiple characters exhibit some form of illness or impairment, which appears as both cause and effect of the instabilities and traumas of modernity. Like many of their predecessors, then, these authors portray diverse health conditions as "defects" rather than natural variations in the human body, and most draw little distinction between the types of "disorders" they represent. This perspective, however, becomes particularly destructive in the era leading up to the Holocaust, when eugenical attitudes would lead to the murder or sterilization of over a million people with disabilities. Modernists also continue to exploit disability's potential for metaphor and sometimes evoke traditional stereotypes. Unlike traditional representations, however, these works do not resolve what the authors perceive as the "problem" of disability by curing or eliminating it; instead, they portray characters struggling to lead fulfilling lives despite feeling limited by their health. Working against the public's conception of disability as solely a medical condition, many of these authors further depict the social forces that turn a perceived "difference" into a "disability." The project is arranged into four chapters. In the first, "Idiots and Other Degenerates: Disability at the Dawn of Modernism," I use Joseph Conrad's novel The Secret Agent to illustrate how disability becomes characteristic of a generation, primarily through the influence of degeneration theory. Mocking the popular conception of a society divided into the "fit" and "unfit," Conrad creates a circle of characters who judge others to be degenerate while ignoring their own similar traits. From that beginning, I move in chapter 2, "Modernist Style: The Inward Turn and Portrayals of Mental Illness," to an analysis of the effects of stylistic experimentation on depictions of disability in both Virginia Woolf's Mrs. Dalloway and F. Scott Fitzgerald's Tender is the Night. The authors' use of multiple points of view in these works leads to a representation of both an individual's experience of psychosis and the stigma that can accompany such illness, and, like Conrad, both writers elide the differences between the seemingly able-bodied characters and those they deem disabled. These authors also offer a contrast in perceptions. Whereas Woolf treats shell shock and emotional instability largely as the unavoidable effects of World War I, Fitzgerald links both schizophrenia and alcoholism to decadent behavior, thus aligning himself with the public's perception of illness as a matter of intent. Moving from style to theme, in chapter 3, "Impaired Relationships: Physical Injury and the Pursuit of Romance," I explore the ways in which authors depict physical impairments as obstacles to personal relationships. Through a comparison of Ernest Hemingway's The Sun Also Rises and the "Nausicaa" chapter of James Joyce's Ulysses, I discuss the intersection of gender identity, disability, and romance. I argue against the critical consensus that Jake Barnes feels emasculated by his injury and that Gerty MacDowell is "doomed" to spinsterhood because she limps, contending that both authors allow their characters to maintain a sense of masculinity or femininity consistent with the hegemonic ideals of their time. While Hemingway presents Jake's wound as a physical disability that prevents his having the relationship he desires, Joyce uses Gerty's limp to mark her as an imperfect beauty in preference to an array of idealized iconic images, and in her encounter with Leopold Bloom grants her the sexual attention that she desires. In my final chapter, "African American Modernism and a Deadly Game of Blind Man's Buff," I shift focus from mainstream to African American modernism with an analysis of Richard Wright's Native Son,, addressing the author's use of folklore in relation to the metaphor of blindness. Posing the literally blind Mrs. Dalton as a revenant of the American colonists who ignored the humanity of those they enslaved and as a symbol of continuing oppression, Wright develops Bigger Thomas as both a trickster who exploits the "blindness" of others and a badman who rebels against it. My conclusion then addresses the use of disability metaphors, the attitudes those metaphors expose, and the authors' apparent agreement with or challenges to contemporary perceptions of disability. Although critics have previously analyzed specific works or certain aspects of disability representations during this era, this project seeks a more comprehensive discussion of disability in modernist fiction than currently exists. My hope is that it will enhance our understanding of both the period's literature and the harmful attitudes that existed at the time, which the work of Disability Studies has endeavored to overturn.

This thesis offers a syncretic, synoptic account of Palamedes from the Trojan War. It delineates three interpretive modes: (1) that Palamedes was present all along; (2) that later poets inserted him into the Trojan narrative, either as an archetypal intellectual figure, or as Odysseus’s double; (3) that Palamedes was present only as Odysseus’s imaginary Doppelgänger. The thesis accounts for Palamedes’s scarce attention in classical texts by way of Lacanian and—via Otto Rank—Freudian psychoanalytic theory, as well as by Slavoj Žižek’s adoption of the “vanishing mediator.” After tracing a potential textual genealogy from Palamedes to Malory’s Palomydes, the thesis concludes with a reading of Palamedes’s implied presence in Inferno 26.

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