En optimisation les conditions d’optimalité jouent un rôle primordial pour détecter les solutions optimales et leur étude occupe une place significative dans la recherche actuelle. Afin d’exprimer adéquatement des conditions d’optimalité les chercheurs ont introduit diverses notions de dérivées généralisées non seulement pour des fonctions non lisses, mais aussi pour des fonctions à valeurs ensemblistes, dites applications multivoques ou multifonctions. Cette thèse porte sur l’application des deux nouveaux concepts de dérivées généralisées: les ensembles variationnels de Khanh-Tuan et les approximations de Jourani-Thibault, aux problèmes d’optimisation multiobjectif et aux problèmes d’équilibre vectoriel. L’enjeu principal est d’obtenir des conditions d’optimalité du premier et du second ordre pour les problèmes ayant des données multivoques ou univoques non lisses et pas forcément continues, et des conditions assurant l’unicité des solutions dans les problèmes d’équilibre vectoriel. / Optimality conditions for nonsmooth optimization have become one of the most important topics in the study of optimization-related problems. Various notions of generalized derivatives have been introduced to establish optimality conditions. Besides establishing optimality conditions, generalized derivatives also is an important tool for studying the local uniqueness of solutions. During the last three decades, these topics have been being developed, generalized and applied to many elds of mathematics by many authors all over the world. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the above topics. It consists of ve chapters. In Chapter 1, we develop elements of calculus of variational sets for set-valued mappings, which were recently introduced in Khanh and Tuan (2008). Most of the usual calculus rules, from chain and sum rules to rules for unions, intersections, products and other operations on mappings, are established. As applications we provide a direct employment of sum rules to establishing an explicit formula for a variational set of the solution map to a parametrized variational inequality in terms of variational sets of the data. Furthermore, chain rules and sum or product rules are also used to prove optimality conditions for weak solutions of some vector optimization problems. In Chapter 2, we propose notions of higher-order outer and inner radial derivatives of set-valued maps and obtain main calculus rules. Some direct applications of these rules in proving optimality conditions for particular optimization problems are provided. Then, we establish higher-order optimality necessary conditions and sufficient ones for a general set-valued vector optimization problem with inequality constraints. Chapter 3 is devoted to using first and second-order approximations, which were introduced by Jourani and Thibault (1993) and Allali and Amaroq (1997), as generalized derivatives, to establish both necessary and sufficient optimality conditions for various kinds of solutions to nonsmooth vector equilibrium problems with functional constraints. Our rst-order conditions are shown to be applicable in many cases, where existing ones cannot be applied. The second-order conditions are new. In Chapter 4, we consider nonsmooth multi-objective fractional programming on normed spaces. Using rst and second-order approximations as generalized derivatives, rst and second-order optimality conditions are established. For sufficient conditions no convexity is needed. Our results can be applied even in innite dimensional cases involving innitely discontinuousmaps. In Chapter 5, we establish sufficient conditions for the local uniqueness of solutions to nonsmooth strong and weak vector equilibrium problems. Also by using approximations, our results are valid even in cases where the maps involved in the problems suffer innite discontinuity at the considered point.

Equações diferenciais funcionais em medida podem ser usadas como ferramentas para o estudo de modelos físicos mais próximos da realidade, por exemplo, modelos com fenômeno de \"jump\" e constituem um ramo relativamente novo de equações diferenciais. Embora esse campo tenha se desenvolvido nos últimos anos, a teoria sobre equações diferenciais funcionais em medida é escassa, com algumas classes de equações ainda não pesquisadas. Neste trabalho, vamos explorar as equações diferenciais funcionais neutras em medida com retardo infinito. Usando técnicas conhecidas na literatura, obtemos propriedades qualitativas para sua solução, como existência, unicidade e dependência contínua com relação as condições iniciais. Além disso, estudamos a controlabilidade de um sistema descrito por este tipo de equação. / Measure differential equations is a branch of differential equations area recently discovered that can be used as a tool to study physical models closer to the reality, for example, models with the phenomenon of jump. Although this field has been developed in the recent years, the theory of measure functional differential equations is still scarce, and some classes of these equations have not been described yet. Here, we will explore the neutral measure functional differential equations with infinite delay. Using techniques known in the literature, we obtain qualitative properties of their solutions, such as existence, uniqueness and continuous dependence. In addition, we study controllability for systems described by this type of equation.

The author presents some generalized Burgers' equations for incompressible and isothermal flow of viscous non-Newtonian fluids based on the Cross model, the Carreau model, and the Power-Law model and some simple assumptions on the flows. The author numerically solves the traveling wave equations for the Cross model, the Carreau model, the Power-Law model by using industrial data. The author proves existence and uniqueness of solutions to the traveling wave equations of each of the three models. The author also provides numerical estimates of the shock thickness as well as maximum strain $\varepsilon_{11}$ for each of the fluids.

Hybrid systems with or without stochastic noise and with or without time delay are addressed and the qualitative properties of these systems are investigated. The main contribution of this thesis is distributed in three parts. In Part I, nonlinear stochastic impulsive systems with time delay (SISD) with variable impulses are formulated and some of the fundamental properties of the systems, such as existence of local and global solution, uniqueness, and forward continuation of the solution are established. After that, stability and input-to-state stability (ISS) properties of SISD with fixed impulses are developed, where Razumikhin methodology is used. These results are then carried over to discussed the same qualitative properties of large scale SISD. Applications to automated control systems and control systems with faulty actuators are used to justify the proposed approaches. Part II is devoted to address ISS of stochastic ordinary and delay switched systems. To achieve a variety stability-like results, multiple Lyapunov technique as a tool is applied. Moreover, to organize the switching among the system modes, a newly developed initial-state-dependent dwell-time switching law and Markovian switching are separately employed. Part III deals with systems of differential equations with piecewise constant arguments with and without random noise. These systems are viewed as a special type of hybrid systems. Existence and uniqueness results are first obtained. Then, comparison principles are established which are later applied to develop some stability results of the systems.

Hybrid systems with or without stochastic noise and with or without time delay are addressed and the qualitative properties of these systems are investigated. The main contribution of this thesis is distributed in three parts. In Part I, nonlinear stochastic impulsive systems with time delay (SISD) with variable impulses are formulated and some of the fundamental properties of the systems, such as existence of local and global solution, uniqueness, and forward continuation of the solution are established. After that, stability and input-to-state stability (ISS) properties of SISD with fixed impulses are developed, where Razumikhin methodology is used. These results are then carried over to discussed the same qualitative properties of large scale SISD. Applications to automated control systems and control systems with faulty actuators are used to justify the proposed approaches. Part II is devoted to address ISS of stochastic ordinary and delay switched systems. To achieve a variety stability-like results, multiple Lyapunov technique as a tool is applied. Moreover, to organize the switching among the system modes, a newly developed initial-state-dependent dwell-time switching law and Markovian switching are separately employed. Part III deals with systems of differential equations with piecewise constant arguments with and without random noise. These systems are viewed as a special type of hybrid systems. Existence and uniqueness results are first obtained. Then, comparison principles are established which are later applied to develop some stability results of the systems.

[pt] Esta dissertação tem o objetivo de aplicar os conceitos e ferramentas da Análise Real e Álgebra Linear num estudo sobre a teoria de existência, unicidade e estabilidade de soluções de sistemas de equações diferenciais ordinárias, considerando sistemas gerais parametrizados, lineares e não-lineares. / [en] This dissertation aims to apply the concepts and tools of Real Analysis and Linear Algebra to the theory of existence, uniquiness and stability of solutions of ordinary differential equations systems, considering general parametric, linear and non-linear systems.

[pt] Estudamos duas classes de equações diferenciais parciais, nomeadamente: uma equação de transferência radiativa e uma equação do calor duplamente não-linear. O primeiro modelo envolve uma equação não-local, na presença de um operador de espalhamento. Estuda-se a boa colocação do problema no semi-plano, no regime peaked. Prova-se um lema de averaging, que produz regularidade interior para o problema, além de regularização fracionária para as derivadas temporais da solução. O segundo conjunto de resultados da tese trata de uma equação de Trudinger com graus de não-linearidade distintos. Aproxima-se este problema pela p-equação do calor e importa-se regularidade da última para a primeira. Como consequência, mostra-se um resultado de regularidade melhorada no contexto não homogêneo. / [en] We consider two classes of partial differential equations. Namely: the radiative transfer equation and a doubly nonlinear model. The former concerns a nonlocal problema, driven by a scattering operator. We study the well-posedness of solutions in the peaked regime, for the half-space. A new averaging lemma yields interior regularity for the solutions and improved fractional regularization for the time derivatives. The second model we examine is a Trudinger equation with distinct nonlinearities degrees. Inspired by ideas launched by L. Caffarelli, we resort to approximation methods and prove improved regularity results for the solutions. The strategy is to relate our equation with p-caloric functions.