Global ETD Search

1	The development experience of Cultural and Creative Districts-the Case of The Pier-2 Art Center Peng, Yi-Hui 25 July 2011 (has links) Taiwan's government will focus on investment in cultural and creative industries as one of the industries, developed one of the main directions of its development is the development of creative cultural park in this policy, the central and local governments are beginning to operate Cultural and Creative Industry. In Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung City Government Department of Cultural Affairs to use the second channel connecting the third ship of the old quayside warehouse to build the Pier 2 Art Center. Opened nearly a decade, now Pier 2 Art District has become an increasingly diverse field. Pier 2 Art Center from actual observations, the researchers believe that quantitative indicators of the shape the impression is only the creative culture of a small part of the park should take a more open mind, diversity of point of view and to observe the creative and cultural in addition to the economy outside of the park for the inherent meaning and value. Kaohsiung cultural and creative industries cultural and creative districts Pier 2 Art Center reuse of unoccupied space
2	The effects of kelp canopy submersion on the remote sensing of surface-canopy forming kelps Timmer, Brian 05 August 2022 (has links) Kelp forests are highly productive three-dimensional marine ecosystems that provide valuable ecosystem services globally. Along the coast of British Columbia, Macrocystis pyrifera and Nereocystis luetkeana are two key species that form surface-canopies that are vulnerable to both biotic and abiotic drivers; making it imperative to monitor and understand whether these ecosystems are changing in the face of climate change. The monitoring of kelp forests is commonly enhanced by use of remote sensing, which allows researchers to survey large portions of the coast where it would otherwise be difficult to collect data, and to use archived imagery for comparisons of historic and contemporary kelp forest trends. Generally, the remote sensing of kelp surface-canopy relies on differences in the high near-infrared (NIR; 700-1000 nm) signal of kelp and the low NIR signal of water. However, kelp surface-canopy reflectance signals can be affected by submergence under water, caused by oceanographic features like tides and currents, or simply due to differences in the morphology and buoyancy of kelp canopy structures. This submersion may cause uncertainties when estimating the surface-canopy area of kelp beds in remote sensing imagery. This research aims to understand the effects of submersion on the remote sensing of kelp surface-canopy. To address our goal, (i) Nereocystis canopy structures (bulb and blade) were submerged while collecting above-water hyperspectral measurements. The hyperspectral data into the bandwidths of high-resolution multispectral aerial and space-borne sensors and vegetation indices were calculated to understand the kelp detection limits when using shorter red-edge wavelengths (RE; 690-750 nm) instead of the longer NIR wavelengths. The results showed that submerged kelp can be detected deeper in the water column using shorter RE wavelengths compared to the more commonly used NIR wavelengths. Further, (ii) in situ hyperspectral data were also collected for the different surface-canopy structures and compared with UAV imagery, which showed that the buoyancy of the kelp canopy structures at the surface affected the relative magnitude of reflectance in both the RE and NIR and supported the findings of the submersion experiment. The total surface-canopy area derived from classification with both RE and NIR vegetation indices were compared in the UAV imagery, and the RE index detected roughly 18% more kelp than the NIR index, with no differences seen between Macrocystis and Nereocystis, or between high and low tide in beds larger than 150m2. Finally, (iii) to understand how submersion by tides and currents affect the ability to estimate surface-canopy area for both Macrocystis and Nereocystis, surface-canopy area was derived from multispectral unoccupied aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery and compared with in situ tide and current data, which showed that surface-canopy area had a strong negative linear relationship with tidal height at all sites regardless of species. Macrocystis occupied sites where currents were low (<10cm/s) and did not affect the surface-canopy. Therefore, the extent of all Macrocystis beds decreased at a similar rate over their tidal range (22.7 + 2.8%/m). Nereocystis beds occupied a wider range of current speeds (0.0 - 19.0 cm/s), and at sites with high current speeds (> 10 cm/s) increasing current and tidal height decreased surface-canopy area simultaneously, resulting in both a higher and more variable rate of decrease (30.5 + 9.1%/m) with increasing tidal height than Macrocystis. Together, this thesis addressed critical questions related to the effects of kelp submersion on the remote sensing of surface-canopy forming kelps, and we provide recommendation for remote sensors who wish to minimize errors when using remote sensing to map kelp forests. / Graduate Remote sensing Kelp Hyperspectral Multispectral Unoccupied Aerial Vehicle Satellite Nereocystis Macrocystis Submersion Tides Currents
3	Impacts Of Policies After 1980 On Public Buildings: The Sahin, Ozge 01 May 2008 (has links) (PDF) This thesis examines the &ldquo / unoccupied&rdquo / buildings in Ankara, which are not refunctioned due to the social, political, and economic reasons after 1980s. 1980s can be accepted as the breaking point in the social, economic and political history of Turkey. The significant policy of this period is the privatization of the governmental institutions, which includes the institutions of service, production and also finance. The building stock of privatized institutions is sold or assigned to the other institutions, or demolished. The object of the thesis is the unoccupied buildings in Ankara. The thesis particularly focuses on three of these buildings, which are Emlakbank, S&uuml / merbank and TEKEL Buildings in Ulus. The thesis aims to understand the common points how these buildings become unoccupied. The possessions of Emlakbank, S&uuml / merbank and TEKEL were transferred from the public sector (government) to the private sector (business) after 1980s. Their buildings, which were used as the central administration buildings are still unoccupied. Although they are physically present, their non-presence in terms of function can be considered to be creating &ldquo / voids&rdquo / of the city. For each building, related data is collected. The selected buildings and the institutions, they belonged to, are studied through their limited chronologies (their stories) by the help of the newspapers, interviews, laws, codes and regulations. The collected data helps to analyze the objects as a text, which provides evaluation of the total scene (i.e.the city of Ankara). By thoroughly investigating and discussing unoccupied buildings and their reasons of becoming unoccupied, this study makes an alternative reading of the transformation of Ankara. NA Architecture 1-9428
4	Crise, estado e periferia urbana: um estudo sobre o lugar dos excedentes na atualidade Silva, Pricilla Aparecida Ramos da 30 August 2017 (has links) Submitted by Geandra Rodrigues (geandrar@gmail.com) on 2018-04-18T14:57:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 pricillaaparecidaramosdasilva.pdf: 1357730 bytes, checksum: bec628f23697a75937d6745913a2d216 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-04-19T14:16:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 pricillaaparecidaramosdasilva.pdf: 1357730 bytes, checksum: bec628f23697a75937d6745913a2d216 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-19T14:16:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 pricillaaparecidaramosdasilva.pdf: 1357730 bytes, checksum: bec628f23697a75937d6745913a2d216 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-30 / O objeto desse estudo são os moradores da periferia das cidades brasileiras que se organizam para criar alternativas para acessar os meios de vida, tais como renda e moradia, nesses tempos em que a crise estrutural do capital submete contingentes massivos ao desemprego, à desocupação. Nesse sentido, buscamos compreender o estágio atual da crise do capitalismo e os processos destrutivos do seu modo de produção movidos pela ideologia da modernidade. Observamos uma profunda transformação no mundo do trabalho como consequência do desenvolvimento das forças produtivas que expulsa o trabalho humano da produção. Assim, a crise do capital cria uma superpopulação de desempregados que, ao se exceder, já não exerce a função do exército industrial de reserva. Tornam-se desocupados, supérfluos, sujeitos ao descarte e destinados ao lixo nas periferias das cidades sem que o Estado lhes assegure proteção social. / The object of this study is the inhabitants of the periphery of Brazilian cities who organize themselves to create alternatives to access the means of life, such as income and housing, in those times when the structural crisis of capital submits massive contingents to unemployment. In this sense, we seek to understand the current stage of the crisis of capitalism and the destructive processes of its mode of production driven by the ideology of modernity. We see a profound transformation in the world of labor as a consequence of the development of the productive forces that drives out human labor from production. Thus, the crisis of capital creates a superpopulation of the unemployed who, when it exceeds, no longer exercises the function of the reserve industrial army. They become unoccupied, superfluous, subject to discarding as waste in the peripheries of cities without the state guaranteeing them social protection. Crise Periferia urbana Excedentes Desempregados Desocupados Crisis Urban periphery Superfluous Unemployed Unoccupied
5	ASSESSING DIFFERENT MONITORING TECHNIQUES FOR JUVENILE GREEN TURTLES (CHELONIA MYDAS) IN THE BAHAMAS Laura Christine St Andrews (10711260) 27 April 2021 (has links) <div>Sea turtles are integral components of many marine ecosystems. Green turtles (Chelonia mydas) are generally herbivorous, feed primarily on seagrasses, and are endangered in the Caribbean. The species utilizes extensive marine habitats for foraging and migratory routes, and because of its broad distribution, it is difficult to conduct population assessments. Here, I assessed commonly used techniques for monitoring green turtles in the wild. Specifically: (1) biopsy sampling for molecular assays and (2) unoccupied aerial vehicles (UAVs) deployment and boat-based surveys for population monitoring.</div><div><br></div><div>Skin biopsies are collected from sea turtles for a variety of molecular analyses; however, very little information exists on the natural healing rates at the site of the biopsy in the wild. In Chapter 2, I monitored the healing rates of 17 juvenile green turtles in Eleuthera, The Bahamas, for up to 488 d after taking a 6mm biopsy tissue sample. Complete tissue repair and maturation was observed after a year and a half, and there was no evidence of infection at any point during the healing process. While scarring persisted for several months, biopsy sampling had minimal long-term impact.</div><div><br></div><div>UAVs are increasingly being used to monitor marine megafauna. In Chapter 3, I evaluated the efficacy of using UAVs to detect sea turtles when compared to boat-based surveys. During UAV surveys, the UAV was flown along preprogrammed routes in four creek systems. A boat survey was conducted simultaneously on the same path. I used regression analyses for each survey type to assess the effects of environmental variables on turtle detection rates My results indicate that there were no statistically significant difference between the numbers of turtle detected via boat or UAV surveys; however, there were clear differences in the time and potential cost associated with either method.</div> Marine Biology Biological Techniques Ecology not elsewhere classified Unoccupied Aerial System Green Sea Turtle The Bahamas Biopsy sampling
6	Assessing elasmobranch abundance and biodiversity: comparing multiple field techniques (BRUVS, UAVs, eDNA) in the Farasan Banks Richardson, Eloise B. 28 May 2023 (has links) Conservation of elasmobranch populations is often inhibited by a lack of data, particularly in understudied regions like the Red Sea. Survey efforts in this region have been infrequent and often highly localized. Establishing a broad baseline for elasmobranch diversity and abundance along the Saudi Arabian Red Sea coast could inform both conservation efforts and a nascent ecotourism industry. In this thesis, I describe a pilot study comparing biodiversity data from baited remote underwater video stations (BRUVS), unoccupied aerial vehicle surveys (UAVs), and eDNA sequencing at five islands in the Farasan Banks region of the Saudi Arabian Red Sea. Estimates of relative abundance were also compared between the BRUVS and UAVs. Each method identified species missed by the other two, but all three techniques exhibited clear habitat- and taxa-specific biases. I was able to identify key concerns for each approach that need to be addressed before large-scale implementation. If carefully planned and executed well, a full assessment of the Saudi Arabian coastline could establish a true baseline for shallow water elasmobranchs in the eastern Red Sea. Informing best conservation practices and identifying potential ecological attractions in accordance the environmental and economic goals of Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030. conservation sharks rays elasmobranch elasmobranchs eDNA environmental DNA BRUVS baited remote underwater video UAVs UAV unoccupied aerial vehicle Farasan Banks
7	Implementation and Optimization of an Inverse Photoemission Spectroscopy Setup Gina, Ervin 01 January 2012 (has links) Inverse photoemission spectroscopy (IPES) is utilized for determining the unoccupied electron states of materials. It is a complementary technique to the widely used photoemission spectroscopy (PES) as it analyzes what PES cannot, the states above the Fermi energy. This method is essential to investigating the structure of a solid and its states. IPES has a broad range of uses and is only recently being utilized. This thesis describes the setup, calibration and operation of an IPES experiment. The IPES setup consists of an electron gun which emits electrons towards a sample, where photons are released, which are measured in isochromat mode via a photon detector of a set energy bandwidth. By varying the electron energy at the source, a spectrum of the unoccupied density of states can be obtained. Since IPES is not commonly commercially available the design consists of many custom made components. The photon detector operates as a bandpass filter with a mixture of acetone/argon and a CaF2 window setting the cutoff energies. The counter electronics consist of a pre-amplifier, amplifier and analyzer to detect the count rate at each energy level above the Fermi energy. Along with designing the hardware components, a Labview program was written to capture and log the data for further analysis. The software features several operating modes including automated scanning which allows the user to enter the desired scan parameters and the program will scan the sample accordingly. Also implemented in the program is the control of various external components such as the electron gun and high voltage power supply. The new setup was tested for different gas mixtures and an optimum ratio was determined. Subsequently, IPES scans of several sample materials were performed for testing and optimization. A scan of Au was utilized for the determination of the Fermi edge energy and for comparison to literature spectra. The Fermi edge energy was then used in a measurement of indium tin oxide (ITO) determining the conduction band onset. This allowed the determination of the "transfer gap" of ITO. Future experiments will allow further application of IPES on materials and interfaces where characterization of their electronic structure is desired. Conduction Band Minimum Isochromat Mode Photon Detection Transfer Gap Analysis Unoccupied Electron States American Studies Arts and Humanities Electrical and Computer Engineering Materials Science and Engineering
8	Influence de la phénologie foliaire automnale de forêts tempérées sur la segmentation d’espèces d’arbres à partir d’imagerie de drone et d’apprentissage profond Cloutier, Myriam 07 1900 (has links) La télédétection des forêts est devenue de plus en plus accessible grâce à l'utilisation de véhicules aériens inoccupés (UAV) et à l'apprentissage profond, ce qui permet d'obtenir des images répétées à haute résolution et d’observer les changements phénologiques à des échelles spatiales et temporelles plus importantes. Dans les forêts tempérées, à l'automne, la sénescence des feuilles se produit lorsque les feuilles changent de couleur et tombent. Cependant, l'influence de la sénescence foliaire sur la segmentation des espèces d'arbres à l'aide d'un réseau neuronal convolutif (CNN) n'a pas encore été évaluée. Nous avons acquis de l’imagerie haute résolution par UAV au-dessus d’une forêt tempérée au Québec à sept reprises entre mai et octobre 2021. Nous avons segmenté et identifié 23 000 couronnes d'arbres de 14 classes différentes pour entraîner et valider un CNN pour chaque acquisition d'imagerie. La meilleure segmentation (F1-score le plus élevé) était au début de la coloration des feuilles (début septembre) et le F1-score le plus bas au pic de la coloration automnale (début octobre). La chronologie de la sénescence varie considérablement d’une espèce à l’autre et au sein d’une même espèce, ce qui entraîne une grande variabilité du signal télédétecté. Les espèces d'arbres à feuilles caduques et à feuilles persistantes qui présentaient des traits distinctifs et moins variables dans le temps entre les individus ont été mieux classées. Bien que la segmentation des arbres dans une forêt hétérogène demeure un défi, l'imagerie UAV et l'apprentissage profond démontrent un grand potentiel pour la cartographie des espèces d'arbres. Les résultats obtenus dans une forêt tempérée où la couleur des feuilles change fortement pendant la sénescence automnale montrent que la meilleure performance pour la segmentation des espèces d'arbres se produit au début de ce changement de couleur. / Remote sensing of forests has become increasingly accessible with the use of unoccupied aerial vehicles (UAV), along with deep learning, allowing for repeated high-resolution imagery and the capturing of phenological changes at larger spatial and temporal scales. In temperate forests during autumn, leaf senescence occurs when leaves change colour and drop. However, the influence of leaf senescence in temperate forests on tree species segmentation using a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) has not yet been evaluated. Here, we acquired high-resolution UAV imagery over a temperate forest in Quebec, Canada on seven occasions between May and October 2021. We segmented and labelled 23,000 tree crowns from 14 different classes to train and validate a CNN for each imagery acquisition. The CNN-based segmentation showed the highest F1-score (0.72) at the start of leaf colouring in early September and the lowest F1-score (0.61) at peak fall colouring in early October. The timing of the events occurring during senescence, such as leaf colouring and leaf fall, varied substantially between and within species and according to environmental conditions, leading to higher variability in the remotely sensed signal. Deciduous and evergreen tree species that presented distinctive and less temporally-variable traits between individuals were better classified. While tree segmentation in a heterogenous forest remains challenging, UAV imagery and deep learning show high potential in mapping tree species. Our results from a temperate forest with strong leaf colour changes during autumn senescence show that the best performance for tree species segmentation occurs at the onset of this colour change. Forêt tempérée Espèces d’arbres Phénologie foliaire Télédétection Véhicule aérien télépiloté Apprentissage profond Segmentation sémantique Temperate forest Tree species Leaf phenology Remote sensing Unoccupied aerial vehicle Deep learning Semantic segmentation
9	Hur kommuner kan hantera ödehus : En handledning i ödehusarbete / How municipalities can deal with abandoned houses : A strategy in the work with abandoned houses Gaspar, Emilija, Skarenberg, Alice January 2024 (has links) The world population is increasing and so is the housing shortage. 62 percent of Sweden's municipalities report a housing shortage. At the same time about 280 000 buildings in Sweden are abandoned. The purpose of this study is to investigate how municipalities can work to create better conditions to repopulate the abandoned houses in rural areas. This study is based on Uppvidinge municipality, but could also be applied in other municipalities in Sweden. To achieve a good result, both a semi-structured interview study, a literature review and a field study were conducted. The methods were chosen to provide a deeper understanding of the work other municipalities already have done regarding deserted houses. The research resulted in a strategy plan that describes how municipalities can work to identify abandoned houses and make them habitable again. The results showed that the inventory of abandoned houses should focus on communication rather than technical inventory work. In order for municipalities to succeed in the work of repopulating abandoned houses, they need financial support from politics, good communication and cooperation with other actors in the society, but also a passion for rural development. abandoned houses uninhabited houses abandoned house inventory inventory of unoccupied houses housing shortage rural development Uppvidinge municipality ödehus obebodda hus ödehusinventering inventering av obebodda hus bostadsbrist landsbygdsutveckling Uppvidinge kommun Other Civil Engineering Annan samhällsbyggnadsteknik Övrig annan teknik
10	Charge transport and energy levels in organic semiconductors / Ladungstransport und Energieniveaus in organischen Halbleitern Widmer, Johannes 25 November 2014 (has links) (PDF) Organic semiconductors are a new key technology for large-area and flexible thin-film electronics. They are deposited as thin films (sub-nanometer to micrometer) on large-area substrates. The technologically most advanced applications are organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) and organic photovoltaics (OPV). For the improvement of performance and efficiency, correct modeling of the electronic processes in the devices is essential. Reliable characterization and validation of the electronic properties of the materials is simultaneously required for the successful optimization of devices. Furthermore, understanding the relations between material structures and their key characteristics opens the path for innovative material and device design. In this thesis, two material characterization methods are developed, respectively refined and applied: a novel technique for measuring the charge carrier mobility μ and a way to determine the ionization energy IE or the electron affinity EA of an organic semiconductor. For the mobility measurements, a new evaluation approach for space-charge limited current (SCLC) measurements in single carrier devices is developed. It is based on a layer thickness variation of the material under investigation. In the \"potential mapping\" (POEM) approach, the voltage as a function of the device thickness V(d) at a given current density is shown to coincide with the spatial distribution of the electric potential V(x) in the thickest device. On this basis, the mobility is directly obtained as function of the electric field F and the charge carrier density n. The evaluation is model-free, i.e. a model for μ(F, n) to fit the measurement data is not required, and the measurement is independent of a possible injection barrier or potential drop at non-optimal contacts. The obtained μ(F, n) function describes the effective average mobility of free and trapped charge carriers. This approach realistically describes charge transport in energetically disordered materials, where a clear differentiation between trapped and free charges is impossible or arbitrary. The measurement of IE and EA is performed by characterizing solar cells at varying temperature T. In suitably designed devices based on a bulk heterojunction (BHJ), the open-circuit voltage Voc is a linear function of T with negative slope in the whole measured range down to 180K. The extrapolation to temperature zero V0 = Voc(T → 0K) is confirmed to equal the effective gap Egeff, i.e. the difference between the EA of the acceptor and the IE of the donor. The successive variation of different components of the devices and testing their influence on V0 verifies the relation V0 = Egeff. On this basis, the IE or EA of a material can be determined in a BHJ with a material where the complementary value is known. The measurement is applied to a number of material combinations, confirming, refining, and complementing previously reported values from ultraviolet photo electron spectroscopy (UPS) and inverse photo electron spectroscopy (IPES). These measurements are applied to small molecule organic semiconductors, including mixed layers. In blends of zinc-phthalocyanine (ZnPc) and C60, the hole mobility is found to be thermally and field activated, as well as increasing with charge density. Varying the mixing ratio, the hole mobility is found to increase with increasing ZnPc content, while the effective gap stays unchanged. A number of further materials and material blends are characterized with respect to hole and electron mobility and the effective gap, including highly diluted donor blends, which have been little investigated before. In all materials, a pronounced field activation of the mobility is observed. The results enable an improved detailed description of the working principle of organic solar cells and support the future design of highly efficient and optimized devices. / Organische Halbleiter sind eine neue Schlüsseltechnologie für großflächige und flexible Dünnschichtelektronik. Sie werden als dünne Materialschichten (Sub-Nanometer bis Mikrometer) auf großflächige Substrate aufgebracht. Die technologisch am weitesten fortgeschrittenen Anwendungen sind organische Leuchtdioden (OLEDs) und organische Photovoltaik (OPV). Zur weiteren Steigerung von Leistungsfähigkeit und Effizienz ist die genaue Modellierung elektronischer Prozesse in den Bauteilen von grundlegender Bedeutung. Für die erfolgreiche Optimierung von Bauteilen ist eine zuverlässige Charakterisierung und Validierung der elektronischen Materialeigenschaften gleichermaßen erforderlich. Außerdem eröffnet das Verständnis der Zusammenhänge zwischen Materialstruktur und -eigenschaften einen Weg für innovative Material- und Bauteilentwicklung. Im Rahmen dieser Dissertation werden zwei Methoden für die Materialcharakterisierung entwickelt, verfeinert und angewandt: eine neuartige Methode zur Messung der Ladungsträgerbeweglichkeit μ und eine Möglichkeit zur Bestimmung der Ionisierungsenergie IE oder der Elektronenaffinität EA eines organischen Halbleiters. Für die Beweglichkeitsmessungen wird eine neue Auswertungsmethode für raumladungsbegrenzte Ströme (SCLC) in unipolaren Bauteilen entwickelt. Sie basiert auf einer Schichtdickenvariation des zu charakterisierenden Materials. In einem Ansatz zur räumlichen Abbildung des elektrischen Potentials (\"potential mapping\", POEM) wird gezeigt, dass das elektrische Potential als Funktion der Schichtdicke V(d) bei einer gegebenen Stromdichte dem räumlichen Verlauf des elektrischen Potentials V(x) im dicksten Bauteil entspricht. Daraus kann die Beweglichkeit als Funktion des elektrischen Felds F und der Ladungsträgerdichte n berechnet werden. Die Auswertung ist modellfrei, d.h. ein Modell zum Angleichen der Messdaten ist für die Berechnung von μ(F, n) nicht erforderlich. Die Messung ist außerdem unabhängig von einer möglichen Injektionsbarriere oder einer Potentialstufe an nicht-idealen Kontakten. Die gemessene Funktion μ(F, n) beschreibt die effektive durchschnittliche Beweglichkeit aller freien und in Fallenzuständen gefangenen Ladungsträger. Dieser Zugang beschreibt den Ladungstransport in energetisch ungeordneten Materialien realistisch, wo eine klare Unterscheidung zwischen freien und Fallenzuständen nicht möglich oder willkürlich ist. Die Messung von IE und EA wird mithilfe temperaturabhängiger Messungen an Solarzellen durchgeführt. In geeigneten Bauteilen mit einem Mischschicht-Heteroübergang (\"bulk heterojunction\" BHJ) ist die Leerlaufspannung Voc im gesamten Messbereich oberhalb 180K eine linear fallende Funktion der Temperatur T. Es kann bestätigt werden, dass die Extrapolation zum Temperaturnullpunkt V0 = Voc(T → 0K) mit der effektiven Energielücke Egeff , d.h. der Differenz zwischen EA des Akzeptor-Materials und IE des Donator-Materials, übereinstimmt. Die systematische schrittweise Variation einzelner Bestandteile der Solarzellen und die Überprüfung des Einflusses auf V0 bestätigen die Beziehung V0 = Egeff. Damit kann die IE oder EA eines Materials bestimmt werden, indem man es in einem BHJ mit einem Material kombiniert, dessen komplementärer Wert bekannt ist. Messungen per Ultraviolett-Photoelektronenspektroskopie (UPS) und inverser Photoelektronenspektroskopie (IPES) werden damit bestätigt, präzisiert und ergänzt. Die beiden entwickelten Messmethoden werden auf organische Halbleiter aus kleinen Molekülen einschließlich Mischschichten angewandt. In Mischschichten aus Zink-Phthalocyanin (ZnPc) und C60 wird eine Löcherbeweglichkeit gemessen, die sowohl thermisch als auch feld- und ladungsträgerdichteaktiviert ist. Wenn das Mischverhältnis variiert wird, steigt die Löcherbeweglichkeit mit zunehmendem ZnPc-Anteil, während die effektive Energielücke unverändert bleibt. Verschiedene weitere Materialien und Materialmischungen werden hinsichtlich Löcher- und Elektronenbeweglichkeit sowie ihrer Energielücke charakterisiert, einschließlich bisher wenig untersuchter hochverdünnter Donator-Systeme. In allen Materialien wird eine deutliche Feldaktivierung der Beweglichkeit beobachtet. Die Ergebnisse ermöglichen eine verbesserte Beschreibung der detaillierten Funktionsweise organischer Solarzellen und unterstützen die künftige Entwicklung hocheffizienter und optimierter Bauteile. Physik Festkörperphysik Festkörper-Physik Halbleiterphysik Halbleiter-Physik Organische Halbleiter Organische Elektronik Organische Solarzellen Organische Photovoltaik Organische Moleküle Kleine Moleküle Molekulare Elektronik Molekulare Halbleiter Amorphe Halbleiter Ladungstransport Ladungsbeweglichkeit Ladungs-Beweglichkeit Ladungsmobilität Ladungs-Mobilität Ladungsträgerbewegleichkeit Ladungsträger-Beweglichkeit Ladungsträgermobilität Ladungsträger-Mobilität Elektronenbeweglichkeit Elektronen-Beweglichkeit Elektronenmobilität Elektronen-Mobilität Löcherbeweglichkeit Löcher-Beweglichkeit Löchermobilität Löcher-Mobilität Raumladungsbegrenzte Ströme Raumladungsbegrenzter Strom Unipolare Bauteile Unipolares Bauteil Löchertransport Löcher-Transport Löcherleitfähigkeit Löcher-Leitfähigkeit Löcherleitung Elektronentransport Elektronen-Transport Elektronenleitfähigkeit Elektronen-Leitfähigkeit Elektronenleitung Hüpftransport Hüpf-Transport Poole-Frenkel-Transport Feldaktivierung Feld-Aktivierung Dichteaktivierung Dichte-Aktivierung Ladungsdichteaktivierung Ladungsdichte-Aktivierung Ladungsträgerdichteaktivierung Ladungsträgerdichte-Aktivierung Ladungsträger-Dichteaktivierung Ladungsträger-Dichte-Aktivierung Drifttransport Drift-Transport Temperaturaktivierung Temperatur-Aktivierung Ionisationsenergie Ionisations-Energie Ionisationspotential Ionisationspotenzial Ionisations-Potential Ionisations-Potenzial Elektronenaffinität Elektronen-Affinität Leitungsband Leitungs-Band Valenzband Valenz-Band Höchstes besetztes Molekülorbital Höchstes besetztes Molekül-Orbital Niedrigstes unbesetztes Molekülorbital Niedrigstes unbesetztes Molekül-Orbital Transportniveau Transport-Niveau Energieniveaus Energie-Niveaus Donator Akzeptor Donator-Akzeptor Effektive Lücke Effektive Bandlücke Bandlücke Energielücke Effektive Energielücke Mischschichtheteroübergang Mischschicht-Heteroübergang Flacher Heteroübergang Planarer Heteroübergang Dotierung Dotierte Transportschichten Dotierte Transport-Schichten Injektionsbarriere Injektions-Barriere Extraktionsbarriere Extraktions-Barriere Diffusion Ladungsdiffusion Ladungs-Diffusion Ladungsträgerdiffusion Ladungsträger-Diffusion Bandverbiegung Band-Verbiegung Dünnschichtelektronik Dünnschicht-Elektronik Physics Solid State Physics Semiconductor Physics Organic Semiconductors Organic Electronics Organic Solar Cells Organic Photovoltaics Organic Molecules Small Molecules Molecular Electronics Molecular Semiconductors Amorphous Semiconductors Charge Transport Charge Mobility Charge Carrier Mobility Electron Mobility Hole Mobility Space-Charge Limited Current SCLC Single Carrier Devices Hole-Only Devices Hole Conduction Hole Conductivity Hole Transport Electron-Only Devices Electron Conduction Electron Conductivity Electron Transport Hopping Transport Poole-Frenkel Transport Field Activation Density Activation Charge Density Activation Charge Carrier Density Activation Drift Transport Temperature Activation Ionization Energy Ionization Potential Electron Affinity Conduction Band Valence Band Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital HOMO Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital LUMO Transport Level Energy Levels Donor Acceptor Donor-Acceptor Effective Gap Effective Band Gap Band Gap Energy Gap Effective Energy Gap Bulk Heterojunction BHJ Flat Heterojunction FHJ Planar Heterojunction PHJ Doping Doped Transport Layers Injection Barrier Extraction Barrier Diffusion Charge Diffusion Charge Carrier Diffusion Band Bending Thin Film Electronics ddc:530 rvk:UP 3130 Elektronik Polymerelektronik Halbleiterelektronik Festkörperelektronik Physik Angewandte Physik Festkörperphysik Amorpher Halbleiter p-Halbleiter n-Halbleiter Metall-Halbleiter-Kontakt Intrinsischer Halbleiter Dotierter Halbleiter Organischer Halbleiter Halbleiterschicht Ohm-Kontakt Organisches Halbleiterbauelement Fullerene Buckminsterfulleren Hopping-Leitfähigkeit Elektrische Leitfähigkeit Leitfähigkeit Dunkelleitfähigkeit Elektronenleitung Beweglichkeit <Physik> Ladungsträgerbeweglichkeit Elektronenbeweglichkeit Ionisationsenergie Elektronenaffinität

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