This study sought a method for influencing people to anthropomorphize nonhuman agents in video games by making them seem unpredictable. This was inspired by Epley et al.’s (2007) Three-factor theory for anthropomorphism with focus on effectance motivation. It was also inspired by the studies done by Waytz et al. (2010) showing that perceived unpredictability about an agent causes people to anthropomorphize it. To see if perceived unpredictability would cause people to anthropomorphize a nonliving object in a video game, two versions of a game was created, one in which an object with seemingly random behavior was described as unpredictable and one in which the objects behavior was explained beforehand. The data gathered from the participants did not show any statistically significant differences between those that played one version and those that played the other. Meaning that in this case perceived unpredictability didn’t influence people to anthropomorphize a video game object.

A perspectiva evolucionista entende a propensão humana ao risco como estratégia comportamental selecionada para responder a certas dicas ambientais e individuais sobre a disponibilidade de recursos. Dentre as dicas ambientais, a imprevisibilidade é um dos aspectos mais influentes na propensão ao risco. No entanto, não há consenso sobre a importância da imprevisibilidade real do ambiente atual ou de um viés perceptivo sobre a imprevisibilidade, construído ao longo do desenvolvimento. Além disso, é importante considerar o estudo destas relações de forma multidimensional, a fim de se analisar os vários aspectos que influenciam o risco (social, cultural, individual e contextual) e a imprevisibilidade (perceptiva, objetiva e contextual). Esta tese teve como objetivos: (1) comparar diferentes instrumentos/metodologias de mensuração do risco relacionadas a diferentes formas de envolvimento do participante em situação de tomada de decisão; (2) investigar as relações da percepção de imprevisibilidade do ambiente infantil, da percepção de imprevisibilidade do ambiente atual e da imprevisibilidade objetiva do ambiente atual com as taxas de propensão ao risco; e (3) diferenciar grupos sexuais e grupos experimentais de imprevisibilidade contextual imediata manipulada quanto à variação das taxas de propensão ao risco. Esta pesquisa constou de etapa de construção de instrumento de ativação contextual (a partir de grupos focais; n=35), etapa de pré-teste (n=46) e etapa de coleta propriamente dita (n=211). Tanto no pré-teste quanto na coleta de dados foram usados os mesmos instrumentos: além de questionário sociodemográfico e questionário sobre marcos futuros, usamos instrumentos de imprevisibilidade (EIFI, dados objetivos e ativação contextual por meio de vídeos) e de propensão ao risco (EPRE, jogo driving a car e jogo de cartas). A coleta ocorreu individualmente em setting experimental, com grupos amostrais: 120 participantes eram mulheres (m=21,60 anos; dp=2,19) e 91 eram homens (m=21,46 anos; dp=2,0); 74 participantes compuseram o grupo somático, 78 o grupo reprodutivo e 59 o grupo controle. Os resultados apoiaram a hipótese da relação entre a percepção de imprevisibilidade na infância e a propensão ao risco em etapas mais maduras da vida. Entretanto, esta relação é acompanhada de outros fatores diretamente, tal como a expectativa de vida, e indiretamente, tais como a imprevisibilidade objetiva atual, a percepção de imprevisibilidade atual reprodutiva e o lócus de controle externo. Médias de risco foram diferenciadas por características sexuais, enquanto características contextuais diferenciam a estratégia de resposta ao risco, ou seja, sob ativação contextual o indivíduo recorre mais fortemente à percepção de imprevisibilidade infantil para responder à propensão ao risco do que à expectativa de vida. Além disso, este trabalho contribuiu para a construção e desenvolvimento de instrumentos válidos para o estudo da propensão ao risco voltados para população brasileira / According to the Evolutionary Theory, risk-taking is an evolved behavioral strategy to deal with individual and environmental cues about the availability of resources. Among the environmental cues, unpredictability is one of the most influential on risk-taking. However, there is no consensus whether the actual unpredictability of the current environment or a developmentally acquired perceptual bias of the unpredictability is more important. Furthermore, it is important to consider the study of these relationships in a multidimensional way in order to analyze the various aspects that influence risk (social, cultural, individual and contextual) and unpredictability (perceptive, objective and contextual). This project aimed at: (1) comparing different risk-taking instruments/measures related to different forms of participant involvement in decision-making situations; (2) investigating the relationships between perception of unpredictability in the childhood, perception of unpredictability in current life and objective unpredictability with risk-taking; and (3) differentiating gender and experimental groups with handling contextual unpredictability on risk-taking averages. This research included a phase for the development of an activation of unpredictability instrument (from focus groups, n = 35), stage of pre-test (n=46), and stage of data collection (n=211). Both for the pre-test and for data collection the same instruments were used: a sociodemographic questionnaire, a questionnaire of future milestones, instruments of unpredictability (EIFI, objective data and contextual activation through videos), and instruments of risk-taking (EPRE, game driving a car and cards game). Data collection occurred individually in experimental setting with sample groups: 120 participants were women (mean = 21.60 years, sd= 2.19) and 91 were men (m= 21.46 years, sd=2.0); 74 participants in the somatic group, 78 in the reproductive group and 59 in the control group. The results supported the hypothesized relationship between early childhood perception of unpredictability and risk-taking in mature stages of life. However, this relationship is directly accompanied by other factors, such as life expectancy, and indirectly, such as the objective unpredictability, perception of current reproductive unpredictability and external locus of control. Risk-taking means were differentiated by sex, while contextual characteristics differentiated the strategy of risk response, i.e., under contextual activation individuals use more strongly the childhood perception of unpredictability to respond to risk-taking than to life expectancy. Furthermore, this study has contributed to the construction and development of valid instruments for the study of risk-taking in the Brazilian population

A perspectiva evolucionista entende a propensão humana ao risco como estratégia comportamental selecionada para responder a certas dicas ambientais e individuais sobre a disponibilidade de recursos. Dentre as dicas ambientais, a imprevisibilidade é um dos aspectos mais influentes na propensão ao risco. No entanto, não há consenso sobre a importância da imprevisibilidade real do ambiente atual ou de um viés perceptivo sobre a imprevisibilidade, construído ao longo do desenvolvimento. Além disso, é importante considerar o estudo destas relações de forma multidimensional, a fim de se analisar os vários aspectos que influenciam o risco (social, cultural, individual e contextual) e a imprevisibilidade (perceptiva, objetiva e contextual). Esta tese teve como objetivos: (1) comparar diferentes instrumentos/metodologias de mensuração do risco relacionadas a diferentes formas de envolvimento do participante em situação de tomada de decisão; (2) investigar as relações da percepção de imprevisibilidade do ambiente infantil, da percepção de imprevisibilidade do ambiente atual e da imprevisibilidade objetiva do ambiente atual com as taxas de propensão ao risco; e (3) diferenciar grupos sexuais e grupos experimentais de imprevisibilidade contextual imediata manipulada quanto à variação das taxas de propensão ao risco. Esta pesquisa constou de etapa de construção de instrumento de ativação contextual (a partir de grupos focais; n=35), etapa de pré-teste (n=46) e etapa de coleta propriamente dita (n=211). Tanto no pré-teste quanto na coleta de dados foram usados os mesmos instrumentos: além de questionário sociodemográfico e questionário sobre marcos futuros, usamos instrumentos de imprevisibilidade (EIFI, dados objetivos e ativação contextual por meio de vídeos) e de propensão ao risco (EPRE, jogo driving a car e jogo de cartas). A coleta ocorreu individualmente em setting experimental, com grupos amostrais: 120 participantes eram mulheres (m=21,60 anos; dp=2,19) e 91 eram homens (m=21,46 anos; dp=2,0); 74 participantes compuseram o grupo somático, 78 o grupo reprodutivo e 59 o grupo controle. Os resultados apoiaram a hipótese da relação entre a percepção de imprevisibilidade na infância e a propensão ao risco em etapas mais maduras da vida. Entretanto, esta relação é acompanhada de outros fatores diretamente, tal como a expectativa de vida, e indiretamente, tais como a imprevisibilidade objetiva atual, a percepção de imprevisibilidade atual reprodutiva e o lócus de controle externo. Médias de risco foram diferenciadas por características sexuais, enquanto características contextuais diferenciam a estratégia de resposta ao risco, ou seja, sob ativação contextual o indivíduo recorre mais fortemente à percepção de imprevisibilidade infantil para responder à propensão ao risco do que à expectativa de vida. Além disso, este trabalho contribuiu para a construção e desenvolvimento de instrumentos válidos para o estudo da propensão ao risco voltados para população brasileira / According to the Evolutionary Theory, risk-taking is an evolved behavioral strategy to deal with individual and environmental cues about the availability of resources. Among the environmental cues, unpredictability is one of the most influential on risk-taking. However, there is no consensus whether the actual unpredictability of the current environment or a developmentally acquired perceptual bias of the unpredictability is more important. Furthermore, it is important to consider the study of these relationships in a multidimensional way in order to analyze the various aspects that influence risk (social, cultural, individual and contextual) and unpredictability (perceptive, objective and contextual). This project aimed at: (1) comparing different risk-taking instruments/measures related to different forms of participant involvement in decision-making situations; (2) investigating the relationships between perception of unpredictability in the childhood, perception of unpredictability in current life and objective unpredictability with risk-taking; and (3) differentiating gender and experimental groups with handling contextual unpredictability on risk-taking averages. This research included a phase for the development of an activation of unpredictability instrument (from focus groups, n = 35), stage of pre-test (n=46), and stage of data collection (n=211). Both for the pre-test and for data collection the same instruments were used: a sociodemographic questionnaire, a questionnaire of future milestones, instruments of unpredictability (EIFI, objective data and contextual activation through videos), and instruments of risk-taking (EPRE, game driving a car and cards game). Data collection occurred individually in experimental setting with sample groups: 120 participants were women (mean = 21.60 years, sd= 2.19) and 91 were men (m= 21.46 years, sd=2.0); 74 participants in the somatic group, 78 in the reproductive group and 59 in the control group. The results supported the hypothesized relationship between early childhood perception of unpredictability and risk-taking in mature stages of life. However, this relationship is directly accompanied by other factors, such as life expectancy, and indirectly, such as the objective unpredictability, perception of current reproductive unpredictability and external locus of control. Risk-taking means were differentiated by sex, while contextual characteristics differentiated the strategy of risk response, i.e., under contextual activation individuals use more strongly the childhood perception of unpredictability to respond to risk-taking than to life expectancy. Furthermore, this study has contributed to the construction and development of valid instruments for the study of risk-taking in the Brazilian population

It is argued that the future of the workforce will be ‘humans and machines’ but not ‘humans vs machines’ due to the drift from ‘workforce planning’ to ‘work planning’. Advances in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and its sub-fields have enabled the development of a new form of automation that is described as Intelligent Automation. It is the application of AI in ways that can learn, adapt and improve over time to automate tasks that were formally undertaken by a human. The purpose of this study is to develop a conceptual framework on the necessity of agility within the capital budgeting process for Intelligent Automations, as the traditional approaches ignore the effects of new or disruptive technologies like Artificial intelligence. This study provides advice to managers on the strategic fit of traditional capital budgeting models vs. alternatives like beyond budgeting in the context of Intelligent Automations for knowledge work (consulting, education, etc.) and service work (retail, cleaning, etc.). The approach to conduct this study will be mixed methods. From the outcomes of qualitative analysis through semi-structured interviews, the conceptual framework is formulated. This framework is tested using the survey responses data and quantitative methods. From the preliminary analysis of the pilot study conducted with 7 participants at the c-suite level, the consistent themes that are observed in this phenomenon are a) lack of data for planning due to non-linearity in the resource models in projects where AI is applied, b) use or misuse of the discretionary pool funding model and c) lack of adoption to new ways of working due to organizational climate. The two conflicting themes are the disagreements on ethics council, whether internal vs external and the expectations on human skills that cause the burden of change in large firms. A survey instrument is developed for data collection to analyze the conceptual model, which results from the qualitative study and literature review. A random sample of 217 respondents is chosen during the period from Nov 2020 to Mar 2021. A structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis is applied to investigate the research model. The measurement model is first examined for instrument validity, followed by an analysis of the structural model for testing associations hypothesized by the research model. The main findings show that – a) relationship between intelligent automation and agility in capital budgeting is positively significant b) the relationship between intelligent automation and agility in capital budgeting is negatively moderated by demand unpredictability. These findings provide advice to practitioners and decision-makers that one size fits all capital budgeting models are not recommended for projects with increased levels of intelligent automation. The novel contribution to theory is that ‘Demand unpredictability’ is a useful decision input parameter, which can be counter-intuitive at times when managers allocate capital or prioritize projects during capital budgeting cycles. This suggests that firms need to adapt to hybrid strategies by picking the best-fit approach to allocate capital towards Intelligent Automations or AI projects. It is not necessary to have one size fits all approach for capital budgeting. / Business Administration/Strategic Management / Accompanied by three files: 1) SurveyResponseData -Excel file 2) SPSS Data Analysis Output.spv 3) Data Analysis (all data) (2).Rmd

People read for various purposes like learning specific skills, acquiring foreign languages, and enjoying the pure reading experience, etc. This kind of pure enjoyment may credit to many aspects, such as the aesthetics of languages, the beauty of rhyme, and the entertainment of being surprised by what will happen next, the last of which is typically featured in fictional narratives and is also the main topic of this project. In other words, “good” fiction may be better at entertaining readers by baffling and eluding their expectations whereas “normal” narratives may contain more cliches and ready-made sentences that are easy to predict. Therefore, this project examines whether “good” fiction is less predictable than “normal” fiction, the two of which are predefined as canonized and non-canonized.  The predictability can be statistically reflected by the probability of the next words being correctly predicted given the previous content, which is then further measured in the metric of perplexity. Thanks to recent advances in deep learning, language models based on neural networks with billions of parameters can now be trained on terabytes of text to improve their performance in predicting the next unseen texts. Therefore, the generative pre-trained modeling and the text generator are combined to estimate the perplexities of canonized literature and non-canonized literature.  Due to the potential risk that the terabytes of text on which the advanced models have been trained may contain book content within the corpus, two series of models are designed to yield non-biased perplexity results, namely the self-trained models and the generative pre-trained Transformer-2 models. The comparisons of these two groups of results set up the final hierarchy of architecture constituted by five models for further experiments.  Over the process of perplexity estimation, the perplexity variance can also be generated at the same time, which is then used to denote how predictability varies across sequences with a certain length within each piece of literature. Evaluated by the perplexity variance, the literature property of homogeneity can also be examined between these two groups of literature.  The ultimate results from the five models imply that there lie distinctions in both perplexity values and variances between the canonized literature and non-canonized literature. Besides, the canonized literature shows higher perplexity values and variances measured in both median and mean metrics, which denotes that it is less predictable and homogeneous than the non-canonized literature.  Obviously, the perplexity values and variances cannot be used to define the literary quality directly. However, they offer some signals that the metric of perplexity can be insightful in the literary quality analysis using natural language processing techniques.

Coincidence as the animator of the independent Czech art of the 1960s We are currently progressing to viewing coincidence as a phenomenon. While coincidence cannot be explained, it needs to be understood. It may be an important program principle of the universe, where coincidence may give life and matters a different direction, and it is undoubtedly part of all of our creative and resourceful efforts. Therefore, we treasure coincidence and in art, we even intentionally call for it frequently. Naturally, the history of art gives us many examples, where coincidence helped an artist to revive their imagination and strengthened their ability to improvise. Dealing with coincidence and activating coincidence intentionally or unintentionally have always been one of the most tantalising moments of many creative endeavours. It is interesting to observe how the role of coincidence and its impact in art, as well as in a human life intermittently diminishes only to resurface again as if in connection with measuring the powers of the acting individual and the current being. It is exciting to follow the complex movement of coincidence in the wide field of potential meanings and understanding, somewhere between Freedom, Necessity, Fate, Fortune, Higher Power or perhaps Providence, and examine the complexity of...

A presente dissertação tem como tema central a onerosidade excessiva na revisão e extinção dos contratos no direito civil brasileiro. Ela aborda as hipóteses de rompimento do princípio do equilíbrio econômico contratual na fase de execução dos contratos em virtude da superveniência de fatos extraordinários e imprevisíveis que interrompem sua originária relação de equivalência. O presente estudo divide-se em seis grandes partes. Em primeiro lugar, fazem-se necessárias uma introdução e uma descrição da problemática relacionada ao tema. Em seguida, apresenta-se a origem histórica da revisão e da extinção contratual a partir do exame da cláusula rebus sic stantibus. Feito isso, são relatadas as teorias que as fundamentam pela doutrina e pela jurisprudência antes do advento do texto legal expresso que trata da matéria. Concluída essa fase histórica, analisa-se o direito positivo brasileiro vigente, primeiramente, por questões cronológicas, a revisão por onerosidade excessiva no Código de Defesa do Consumidor. Posteriormente, as disposições legais inseridas no Código Civil que possibilitam a revisão e resolução dos contratos por onerosidade excessiva, com uma análise dogmática dos pressupostos positivos e negativos necessários à aplicação dos arts. 317 e 478 do Código Civil. Em seguida, o estudo procura analisar algumas questões pontuais relacionadas à aplicação dos dois artigos, tais como: (i) quem tem legitimidade e interesse para requerer a revisão e resolução dos contratos, de acordo com os arts. 317 e 478 do Código Civil, respectivamente; (ii) qual é o papel do juiz na revisão e resolução dos contratos, de acordo com os arts. 317 e 478 do Código Civil, respectivamente; e (iii) se há concorrência na aplicação desses artigos ou deve ser observado um procedimento sequencial em atenção ao princípio da preservação dos contratos. Finalmente, o trabalho apresenta breve síntese e conclusões. / This dissertation brings at its core the topic of excessive burden on the revision and termination of contracts pursuant to Brazilian Civil Law. Accordingly, this study discusses the hypothesis of breaking the principle of contractual economic balance in the execution phase of contracts, due to the supervenience of extraordinary and unpredictable facts, which interrupts its original equivalence relation. The current study is divided into six major parts. It is necessary at first to consider the introduction and delimitation of the core subject. Ensuingly, the historical origin regarding the revision and termination of contracts is presented, pursuant to the contemplation of the rebus sic stantibus clause. Subsequently, the theories used as grounds are laid down, through Brazilian doctrine and case law, prior to the upcoming of the express legal text dealing with the subject. Upon the conclusion of the historical phase, the Civil Code the current ruling positive law is analyzed, as to explain the concept of excessive burden present in the Consumer Code. Sequentially, the legal dispositions inserted in the Civil Code, which enable the revision and resolution of contracts through excessive burden, bearing a dogmatic analysis of the positive and negative assumptions necessary to the application of articles 317 and 478 of the Civil Code. Certain correlated topics are then also dealt with, complementing the understanding and analysis of the aforementioned articles of the Civil Code, such as: (i) who possesses the legitimacy and interest in requesting the revision and resolution of contracts, pursuant to articles 317 and 478 of the Civil Code, respectively; (ii) what exactly is the role of the judge in the revision and resolution of contracts, according to articles 317 and 478 of the Civil Code, respectively; and (iii) whether said articles in anyway clash in their application or if a sequential procedure directed at the preservation of contracts must be observed. Finally, the study presents a brief summary and conclusions.

Ett samhälle kan sägas bestå av dels ovissa, oförutsägbara och oberäkneliga respektive planerade, beräknade och förutsägbara händelser. I denna studie undersöks hur detta som vi inte vet något om, såsom plötsliga och oförväntade händelser, organiseras socialt. Sverige och en del andra delar av världen kan sägas vara platser där en säkerhetskultur med fokus på att försäkra sig om skydd av olika slag utspelar sig. Jourbranschen är ett område där denna kultur skulle kunna analyseras. Dessa organisationer kan ses som värdefulla informanter utifrån att det ständigt dyker upp oförutsägbara händelser där människor behöver assistans och hjälp av olika slag. Tidigare forskning i ämnet behandlar fenomen som risk, rationalitet, kris, kaos och katastrof. Även meningsskapande fenomenologiska studier av organisationer som arbetar med dessa typer av händelser har gåtts igenom. Denna uppsats teoretiska utgångspunkt har hämtats från konceptet om system och livsvärld, formulerat i Jürgen Habermas verk The Theory of Communicative Action1. I anslutning till detta koncept berörs också den strukturella meso-sociala dimensionen som ett mellanting eller sammanblandning av en övergripande makrostruktur och en närmare mikro-social interaktion. Två jourorganisationer, med något olika verksamhetsområden, har här utgjort det empiriska datamaterialet bestående av semi-strukturerade intervjuer och deltagande observationer för att undersöka hur oförutsägbarhet organiseras socialt. Resultatet visar att jourverksamheter kan förklara en del skillnader i hur oförutsägbarhet hanteras utifrån modellen om system och livsvärld vilket ses som tydligast via digitaliserat arbetsinnehåll på systemnivå och direktkommunikation i en mellanmänsklig verbal kommunikation. 1 Jürgen Habermas, The Theory of Communicative Action. (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1987). / A society handle on one hand uncertain, unpredictable and incalculable events and on the other hand planned, calculated and predictable occasions. In this essay, I will investigate how these events and situations that we do not know anything about are socially organized. Sweden, among other developed countries worldwide, may be an interesting field of a new upcoming discourse of security and safety. New agencies in the form of alarm centres with on-call and on-site services are popping up more often these days. Two of those agencies are analysed in this essay. Earlier research on this theme handle phenomenon such as rationality, crisis, chaos and catastrophes. Also, phenomenological sense-making studies of organizations working with these kinds of events have been gone through. The sociological theoretical framework of system and lifeworld, developed by Jürgen Habermas in his work of Theories of Communicative Action1 is the theoretical outset in this study. With mentioned organizations, at somewhat different domains, I have used the qualitative methodologies of semi-structural interviews and participant observations. Interpersonal verbal communication is here problematized together with technological and digital forms of communication. The result gave that some forms of systematic organized processes, but also reflexive and intuitive forms of action can explain the dichotomy of system and lifeworld in the structural middle level (meso) for investigated organizations. 1 Jürgen Habermas 1987.

O trabalho tem por objetivo à análise jurídica do plano de recuperação e suas consequências práticas, questionando até que ponto o objetivo de um acordo imposto será alcançado, tendo em vista os diferentes interesses em jogo. A primeira parte é dedicada ao exame das disciplinas da recuperação, traçando um histórico evolutivo deste instrumento a partir da concordata. Neste ponto, são apresentadas as teorias quanto a sua natureza jurídica. A segunda parte, por sua vez, aponta breves considerações de como o direito alienígena disciplina a recuperação. Na terceira parte, o trabalho analisa a recuperação como jogo estratégico, pois existem riscos inerentes a sua execução. Isso porque, do ponto de vista econômico, o plano de recuperação, por ser contrato incompleto, impõe riscos, por portar variáveis não previstas, como por exemplo, a mudança de política econômica ou a crise financeira mundial. Assim sendo, o trabalho analisa as possibilidades de renegociação dos termos do plano, bem como as soluções que podem ser usadas quando da incompletude. Neste sentido, analisa os mecanismos da arbitragem, da governança coorporativa e da cláusula hardship, além dos princípios da boa-fé objetiva, função social do contrato, função social da empresa e teoria da imprevisão. Como a recuperação judicial e extrajudicial representam meios de reestruturação que beneficiam a coletividade de interessados: estando de um lado o devedor que pretende obter prazos para o cumprimento de suas obrigações; de outro lado os credores que visualizam uma forma de obter seus créditos, ainda existem outros (credores) que poderão discordar da proposta. Para sanar esta possibilidade (do credor buscar a solução individual de seus interesses em contraposição àqueles coletivos dos credores) a Lei 11.101/05 criou a modalidade impositiva, na qual se impõe aos dissidentes o acordo dos que aderiram voluntariamente. Por este motivo, há divergências quanto a natureza jurídica do plano de recuperação. Neste sentido, a quarta parte do trabalho traz considerações quanto a natureza jurídica dos planos de recuperação judicial e extrajudicial. / The aim of this work is assess the legal analysis of a judicial recovery plan and its practical consequences, questioning to what extent the objective of an agreement will be reached if come into force, given the different interests at stake. The first part deals with the consideration of the disciplines of recovery, tracing the evolutionary history of this instrument from a point of concordata. At this point, theories as to their legal nature are presented. The second part, in turn, brings brief considerations of how the foreign laws discipline the recovery. In the third part, the paper examines the recovery as a strategic game, since there are risks inherent in its execution. From an economic point of view, these risks arise from an incomplete contract carrying unforeseen variables, for instance, the change in the economic policy as well as the world wide financial crisis. So, the paper analyzes the possibilities of renegotiating the terms of the plan, as well as solutions that can be used when the incompleteness. In this sense, analyzing the mechanisms of arbitration, corporate governance and the hardship clause, in addition to the principles of objective good faith, the contract´s social function, the company\'s social function and theory of unpredictability. As the judicial and extrajudicial´s recovery represents means of restructuring, which benefits the collective of the people involved: on one side the debtor who wishes to obtain deadlines for compliance with its obligations, on the other side creditors who see a way to get their credits back, and also there are others (creditors) who may disagree with the proposal. To address this possibility (the creditor seeking the solution of his individual interests as opposed to those collective interests of creditors) Law 11.101/05 created the imposing form, which is imposed on dissidents, the agreement of those who joined voluntarily. For this reason, there are differences of opinion about the legal nature of the recovery plan. In this sense, the fourth part of the work brings the legal considerations in plans and extra-judicial recovery.

<p>Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka om det finns ett samband mellan opredicerbara föräldrar och förekomsten av både interna och externa beteendeproblem hos ungdomar. I studien undersöks interna beteendeproblem såsom låg självkänsla och depression samt de externa beteendeproblemen brottslighet och aggression. Studien baseras på 1018 ungdomar i åldrarna 13- 15 år. Studien utgår från en enkätundersökning där fem olika skalor används för att mäta ungdomarnas självkänsla, depression, brottslighet och aggression samt hur konsekventa deras föräldrar är. Resultaten visar i allt väsentligt att de ungdomar som har både interna och externa beteendeproblem är de som rapporterar högst i opredicerbarhet hos sina föräldrar.</p> / <p>The purpose with this study is to investigate if there is an association between unpredictable parents and the occurrence of both internal and external behavior problems among adolescents. The study considers the internalizing behavior problems low self-esteem and depression and the externalizing behavior problems delinquency and aggression. The study consists of 1018 adolescents in ages between 13 and 15 years old. The study is based on a questionnaire where five scales are used to measure the participating adolescent’s self-esteem, depression, delinquency and aggression and their view on how consistent their parents are. The result shows that those adolescents who have both internalizing and externalizing behavior problems where those who reported highest in unpredictability in their parents.</p>