A procedure for the purification of uricase from porcine liver is described, utilising the technique of bioaffinity chromatography as a major purification step. Bioaffinity support is prepared by coupling of urate to bisoxirane-activated Sepharose 4B. Purified uricase shows a single protein band corresponding to the activity band, when applied to polyacrylamide disc-gel electrophoresis. A single protein band but no activity band is obtained by SDS-acrylamide disc-gel electrophoresis. The enzyme has a pH optimum in the range of 8.9-9.1, with a Vmax of 12.6 U.mg^-1, a Km of 1 X 10^-5M and a molecular weight of 13 x 10⁴. Each enzyme molecule comprises 4 subunits of molecular weight 3 32-34 X 10³ each. Nylon tube is directly activated by alkaline glutaraldehyde solution to generate reactive centres for enzyme immobilisation. The optimal conditions for activation are studied. Purified uricase is immobilised to PEI-glutaraldehyde-nylon tube with about 20% activity retention. The derivatised enzyme has a pH optimum in the range of 9.0-9.2 and a Km of about 4 times that of the soluble enzyme. Immobilised uricase is incorporated into a continuous flow Auto-Analyser for use in the automated analysis of serum urate. For this purpose, the immobilised enzyme shows good storage and operational stability. Linear calibration plots can be obtained for a urate range of 2-20 mg.100ml^-1the method exhibiting a high degree of precision and accuracy. The results obtained also compare favourably with an established method of urate assay which employs soluble uricase.

Les cristaux d'urate monosodique qui précipitent dans les cavités articulaires sont l'agent étiologique de l'arthrite goutteuse. L'interaction directe entre ces cristaux et les neutrophiles humains, les leucocytes les plus abondants de la circulation sanguine, est essentielle pour le déclenchement de la crise de goutte aigüe. Par ailleurs, un élément important de cette pathologie est l'infiltration massive de neutrophiles dans l'articulation touchée, où ils peuvent représenter jusqu'à 95 % des cellules présentes dans le liquide synovial et où ils sont présents dès les étapes précoces de l'inflammation. Les résultats présentés dans ce mémoire montrent que la stimulation de neutrophiles humains avec des cristaux d'UMS mène à l'activation précoce des isoformes classiques des protéines kinases C. Cette activation des protéines kinases C joue un rôle central dans la signalisation en affectant d'une part les protéines tyrosines kinases, particulièrement la kinase Syk, et d'autre part les protéines tyrosines phosphatases, en particulier SHP-1. L'activation des protéines kinases C est nécessaire à la mise en place de plusieurs réponses fonctionnelles des neutrophiles, soit la sécrétion de facteurs chimiotactiques et la dégranulation. En outre, la stimulation de neutrophiles humains par les cristaux d'urate monosodique permet également l'activation de la protéine tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2 pouvant possiblement jouer un rôle positif dans la régulation des éléments de signalisation induits par cette stimulation.

Thèse (Ph. D.)--Université Laval, 2006. / Titre de l'écran-titre (visionné le 28 mars 2007). Bibliogr.

In the isolated rat liver perfused in situ stimulation of the nerve bundles around the portal vein and the hepatic artery caused an increase of urate formation that was inhibited by the α1-blocker prazosine and the xanthine oxidase inhibitor allopurinol. Moreover, nerve stimulation increased glucose and lactate output and decreased perfusion flow. Infusion of noradrenaline had similar effects. Compared to nerve stimulation infusion of glucagon led to a less pronounced increase of urate formation and a twice as large increase in glucose output but a decrease in lactate release without affecting the flow rate. Insulin had no effect on any of the parameters studied.

No description available.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(社会健康医学) / 甲第24537号 / 社医博第129号 / 新制||社医||12(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科社会健康医学系専攻 / (主査)教授 中山 健夫, 教授 近藤 尚己, 教授 山本 洋介 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Public Health / Kyoto University / DFAM

La goutte est une maladie inflammatoire avec dépôt de cristaux d'urate de sodium au niveau de l'articulation. Au cours de ce projet, nous avons démontré que les cristaux en contact avec l'os avaient une interaction fonctionnelle. Cette interaction modifie de façon significative certaines fonctions de formation de l'ostéoblaste telle la production de phosphatase alcaline et l'ostéocalcine, ainsi que la sécrétion de certains éléments impliqués dans la régulation du remodelage tel la PGE2> l'IL-6 et l'IL-8. L'interaction cristaux-ostéoblastes modifie aussi l'adhérence des neutrophiles, premières cellules arrivées au site inflammatoire, aux ostéoblastes.

Le neutrophile humain est impliqué dans la première ligne de défense du corps humain. Pour jouer ce rôle le neutrophile doit se rendre au site inflammatoire et phagocyter les agents microbiens. L'objectif de cette étude est d'étudier les mécanismes impliqués lors de la chimiotaxie des neutrophiles et la phagocytose. Les résultats obtenus permettent d'identifier plusieurs voies de signalisation impliquées dans ces deux réponses majeures du neutrophile et décrivent des différences majeures entre les signaux chimiotactiques qui permettent une spécialisation de la réponse.

Les polymorphonucléaires neutrophiles sont les principales cellules effectrices du système immunitaire inné. Les cristaux d'urate monosodique sont l'agent étiologique de l'arthrite goutteuse. L'interaction directe entre les neutrophiles humains et les cristaux d'UMS est essentielle pour le déclenchement de la crise de goutte aiguë. Le principal objectif de ce projet de recherche est d'identifier les voies de signalisation activées par les cristaux d'UMS et de caractériser leurs fonctions dans les réponses des neutrophiles humains.

A oxidação do ácido úrico (7,9-diidro-1H-purina-2,6,8(3H)-triona) pela mieloperoxidase (MPO) gera o radical de urato que, em presença do radical ânion superóxido combinam para formar o hidroperóxido de urato (HOOU). Considerando os altos níveis de MPO, ácido úrico e superóxido na placa de ateroma espera-se que o ácido úrico seja oxidado a HOOU neste microambiente inflamatório. O HOOU é um oxidante mais forte que o peróxido de hidrogênio e pode oxidar grupos tiólicos de proteínas como a proteína dissulfeto isomerase (PDI). Como consequência à oxidação da PDI, ocorre uma modulação positiva sobre a NADPH oxidase (Nox) com aumento da produção de superóxido por neutrófilos. Sendo assim, a formação do HOOU no leito vascular poderia elucidar os mecanismos moleculares pelos quais o urato colabora para a progressão da aterosclerose em pacientes com hiperuricemia. Para investigar a interação do HOOU com a PDI, padronizou-se a síntese química do HOOU através de um sistema de fotooxidação do tipo I, utilizando urato, riboflavina (fotossensibilizador) e luz UVA. Inicialmente padronizou-se o tipo de irradiação e tempo de reação com o melhor rendimento para a síntese do HOOU. O HOOU formado e seu produto de redução o álcool 5-hidroxiisourato foram separados, identificados e caracterizados através de cromatografia liquida acoplada à espectrometria de massa (LC/MS). Após a purificação, determinou-se o coeficiente de absortividade molar em 308 nm (ε308 = 6537 ± 377 M-1.cm-1) e o tempo de meia-vida, aproximadamente 41 minutos à 22°C do HOOU. O HOOU foi capaz de reagir seletivamente com o aminoácido metionina e com o tripeptídeo glutationa. Além disso, o HOOU não forma adutos estáveis com a glutationa, sendo que toda glutationa consumida foi transformada em glutationa dissulfeto. Quando incubado com a PDI (10 µM), cerca de 70 e 100% do total de HOOU (3 µM) foi consumido após 30 e 120 segundos, respectivamente, enquanto que a PDI (23 µM) teve seus grupos tiólicos oxidados após a incubação com 140 µM HOOU por 30 min a 22°C. O HOOU oxidou os resíduos de cisteína dos dois sítios catalíticos da PDI com uma constante de velocidade da reação de 1,5 ± 0,04 x 103 M-1.s-1, demonstrando uma interação favorável com essa proteína no meio biológico e um possível papel modulatório do HOOU sobre a via PDI-Nox. Interessantemente, o ácido úrico aumentou a produção de superóxido e o consumo de oxigênio de células HL-60 diferenciadas em neutrófilos (dHL-60) e ativadas com acetato de miristato de forbol (PMA). Essa regulação poderia ser mediada através da formação do HOOU durante o \"burst\" oxidativo dos neutrófilos que oxidaria a enzima PDI induzindo um consequente aumento da atividade da Nox. / The oxidation of the uric acid (7,9-dihidro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione) by myeloperoxidase (MPO) generates the urate radical. In inflammatory conditions the superoxide reacts with urate radical to form the urate hydroperoxide (HOOU). Taking into account the high amount of MPO, urate and superoxide in the atheroma plaque, it is likely that HOOU is being formed in this inflammatory environment. The HOOU is a strong oxidizing agent and can react with thiol groups from proteins, like the protein disulfide isomerase (PDI). As a consequence of its oxidation, PDI positively modulates NADPH oxidase (Nox) and increases superoxide production by neutrophils. Therefore, the formation of HOOU in the vascular sheet would contribute to tissue damage and would explain the positive correlation between hyperuricemia and the risk for cardiovascular disease. To investigate the interaction of HOOU with PDI, we performed the chemical synthesis of the compound by the Type I photooxidation, using UVA irradiation and riboflavin as a photosensitizer. Initially, we standardized the irradiation light and the time of the reaction that produced the highest income. The HOOU and its reduced product 5-hydroxiisourate were separate, identified and characterized by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC/MS). We also determine the molar extinction coefficient of HOOU at 308 nm (ε308 = 6537 ± 377 M-1.cm-1). The half-life of the compound was 41 min at 22°C. The HOOU selectively oxidized methionine and glutathione. The reaction of HOOU with glutathione did not form any stable adducts. Thus, all consumed glutathione generated glutathione disulfide. When incubated with PDI (10 µM), 70 and 100% of the total amount of HOOU (3 µM) was consumed within 30 and 120 seconds, respectively. Besides, the PDI (23 µM) had its thiol groups oxidized after incubation with 140 µM HOOU for 30 min at 22°C. The HOOU oxidized the cysteine residues from the catalytical sites of PDI with a second order rate constant of 1.5 ± 0.04 x 103 M-1.s-1. This result suggests a favorable interaction of HOOU with this protein in the biological system, as well as a possible modulatory role of HOOU on the PDI-Nox pathway. Interestingly, urate increased superoxide production and oxygen consumption by neutrophil-like cells (differentiated HL-60 cells). This effect could be mediated by the formation of HOOU during the neutrophil oxidative burst, followed by the oxidation of PDI, a positive regulation of Nox and an increase in superoxide production.