A construção de uma rodovia pode interferir na dinâmica urbana, transformando a paisagem em seu entorno, e isto pode ocorrer devido a diversos fatores como instalações de empreendimentos, novas ocupações residenciais, mudanças na dinâmica e na fisionomia das áreas já ocupadas. Neste trabalho, o objetivo do estudo da paisagem urbana ao longo de um eixo viário, que tem como função interligar outras rodovias, é analisar de que forma ocorrem as alterações na paisagem urbana e sua abrangência. O estudo das transformações da paisagem urbana no entorno do eixo viário Rodoanel trecho oeste nos bairros de Perus e Jaraguá na cidade de São Paulo foi trabalhada por meio de levantamento de dados de diversas fontes e utilização de geotecnologias. As geotecnologias unidas às informações provenientes de documentos e trabalhos de campo, auxiliaram na organização, gerenciamento e quantificação dos dados. Os resultados obtidos foram organizados nos mapas temáticos de área construída, área verde densa, gramínea e árvores esparsas, área de solo exposto e galpões. Estes mapas temáticos permitiram uma caracterização de um cenário no entorno do trecho oeste do Rodoanel Mario Covas nos bairros Perus e Jaraguá, com as alterações ocorridas desde o ano de 1994 até 2002, isto é, uma análise temporal. Para alcançar estes resultados foi trabalhado em ambiente SIG dois tipos de classificação digital, a analógica e a automática, sendo o método analógico realizado na imagem IKONOS e também nas fotografias aéreas; e o método automático realizado apenas na imagem de alta resolução IKONOS. Foram comparados os dois métodos e observado que a classificação analógica foi mais adequada para a realização da análise multitemporal por ter sido realizada da mesma forma nas duas fontes, nas fotos aéreas de 1994 e na imagem IKONOS de 2002; e também permitiu uma melhor visualização nos mapas temáticos por considerar áreas maiores que a classificação automática. Com a análise temporal foi possível concluir que, do ano de 1994 ao ano de 2002, a área verde densa aumentou, a área de gramínea e árvores esparsas diminuiu, a área de solo exposto diminuiu, a área construída aumentou e a área de galpões de 1984 a 2002 também aumentou. As imagens aéreas de 1994 e 2002 também foram comparadas com os trabalhos de campo realizados nos anos de 2006, 2007, 2008 e 2009, onde foi possível observar as transformações ocorridas neste período. Nesta análise, os resultados foram divididos em alterações positivas, neutras e negativas, como sugere relatório desenvolvido pela empresa responsável pela construção do trecho oeste do Rodoanel Mario Covas, e de acordo com as observações realizadas em campo e no âmbito bibliográfico. Concluiu-se aproximadamente 48% de alterações consideradas negativas, 41% positivas e 12% neutras na área de estudo. / The construction of a highway may interfere on the urban dynamics and transform the landscape in its surroundings and this might occur due to several factors as installations of new undertakings, new residential constructions, changes on the dynamics and appearance in already occupied areas. In this work, the objective in the study of the urban landscape on the surroundings of a expressway axle, that have the function to link other highways, is to analyze in which way the landscape changes occur and its range. The transformations study of the urban landscape on the surroundings of the Mario Covas Expressway, east part, on the districts of Perus and Jaraguá, was developed through the gathering of data from several sources and the use of geotechnologies. The geotechnologies united to the data from documents and field works, aided the organization, managing and quantification of the data. The results obtained were organized on thematic maps of the built area, dense green area, grass and sparse trees, exposed soil and warehouses. These thematic maps allowed a characterization of the surroundings scenario of the East part of the Mario Covas Expressway on the São Paulo districts of Perus an Jaraguá, with a temporal analysis of the changes that took place from the year of 1994 through 2002. To reach these results two types of digital classification were worked over a GIS environment: the analogic and the automatic, being the analogical method constructed over the IKONOS imagery and also over aerial photographs; and the automatic method constructed exclusively over the IKONOS high resolution imagery. The two methods were compared and observed that the analogic classification was more suited to the multitemporal analysis due to the use of the same methods on both sources, on 1994 aerial imagery and 2002 high resolution imagery; and also allowed a better visualization on the thematic maps for considering larger regions than the automatic classification. With the multitemporal analysis was possible to conclude that, from 1994 through 2002 year, the dense green area increased, the grass and sparse tree area decreased, the exposed soil area decreased, the constructed area increased and warehouses area, from 1984 to 2002 also increased. The aerial images from 1994 and 2002 also were compared with the field work developed on 2006, 2007, 2008 and 2009, where was possible to observe the transformations that took place throughout this period. In this analysis, the results was divided in positive, neutral and negative alterations, as suggests report developed by the responsible company for the construction of the East part of the Mario Covas Expressway and according to the observations carried out on the field and over the bibliography extent. The conclusion is that approximately 48% of the transformations are considered negative, 41% positive and 12% neutral over the study area.

No estudo da história da urbanização de São Paulo foram constatadas grandes transformações nos lotes urbanos. Tomando como referência as plantas da cidade, a iconografia paulistana, além das legislações urbanas recuos, altura, Taxa de Ocupação e Coeficiente de Aproveitamento do lote foi feita uma organização cronológica. Observou-se a paisagem urbana, a volumetria e a implantação dos edifícios no lote, para finalmente fazer a biografia do fragmento analisado: a rua São Bento. / When studying the history of the urbanization of São Paulo great transformations in the urban lots had been evidenced. Taking as reference the urban plants of the city, paulistana iconography, beyond urban laws recoils, height, Tax of Occupation and Coefficient of Exploitation of the lot has been chronological organized. It has been observed the urban landscape, the volumetria and the implantation of the buildings in the lot, finally to produce the biography of a fragment analyzed: the street of São Bento.

The topic of this diploma thesis is the landscape, specifically the urban landscape of Prague's Palmovka and its various dimensions. In a social anthropological and culturally geographical discourse, the landscape is a complex, multidimensional and multi-layered concept that opens up interesting research questions and imaginations. In this discourse, the landscape is not only a summary of the material aspects of the natural environment around us, but it is also a field of political negotiations, power tensions, experiences, representations and generally interactions between itself and man. From this point of view, the author explores the landscape of Palmovka, which is itself a multi-layered and complex in a view of the diversity of urban structures, historical memos, unrealized visions of development and long-term search for unified concept by various actors during political negotiations that would give this inner city landscape a face. This negotiation is also related to observable processes changing both the physical and social dimension of Palmovka based on efforts to regenerate the area. These processes also include the gentrification which means the migration of young and mostly university-educated people to the older parts of the inner city. Therefore, mainly on the basis of field...

[pt] O presente trabalho está inserido no debate acerca da participação social como condição intrínseca para a intervenção urbanística na construção de cidades sustentáveis. Visando colaborar com o planejamento participativo, este trabalho tem como objetivo geral experimentar a eficácia dos mapas mentais como ferramenta de expressão da população local sobre o espaço urbano da favela. A partir de uma pesquisa em torno da Internacional Situacionista, grupo de artistas, pensadores e ativistas europeus que, contrários ao racionalismo urbano da Carta de Atenas, lutavam pela participação ativa de todos os cidadãos nos diversos campos da vida social mediante a experimentação de novas metodologias de apreensão do espaço urbano, busca-se apresentar outras possibilidades de estudar a cidade com base na relação entre a metodologia situacionista e a participação dos habitantes. Em seguida, pretende-se refletir sobre o papel do urbanista no planejamento urbano contemporâneo e algumas teorias dos inicios da pôs-modernidade que busca-ram incluir á população local e compreender mediante observações diretas as diferentes práticas urbanas em oposição a impor teorias de planejamento rígidas e inquestionáveis. Logo, busca-se experimentar a aplicação dos mapas mentais, adotando-se como estudo de caso uma favela em Duque de Caxias para uma análise baseada na experiência de pesquisa participante. Por fim, são alcançadas conclusões em relação à metodologia aplicada em base à eficácia da utilização dos mapas mentais como ferramenta de trabalho em busca de uma construção do espaço urbano a partir da participação ativa dos moradores locais no processo. / [en] Referring to sustainable cities seems to be conceivable in a model or paradigm which recognizes the importance of including in our practices a continuous reflection of the different impacts in life conditions of all the inhabitants of our territory. If urban planner s aim is projecting spaces that transform positively how people experience the question is how it could be possible to comprehend inhabitants perception and how this could affect their participation as active citizens. In the actual world in which neoliberalism ethic of an intense individualism, which wants everything for it and can transform in a socialization model of human personality (Harvey, 2014, p.47) ideals of urban identity, citizenship and belonging turn into a more difficult way to feed into. This work inscribes under the debate about social participation development and presents this topic as an inherent condition for sustainability cities. In Brazil, since the guidelines which express social function of urban propriety in the urban plan of 1988, the approval of the Estatuto da cidade in 2001 and the inscription in the law of several participation instrument mechanisms, the space has been open for the local population to participate in the urban development at different scales. The general objective of this work is to explore mental maps as an opportunity to inhabitants express themselves in order to understand the different perceptions in a city and the connection with the geographical environment as a way of comprehending it s linking with urban participation. Connected with this general objective, in each chapter the following goals were established.

Cities are facing environmental crises like never before, with problems of excess water runoff, degraded water quality, air pollution, and energy use reaching critical levels. The development of urban areas and the built environment is the primary cause of these problems and the built environment needs to be a part of the solution. This design thesis project produces a prototype design for the Urban EcoHousing development on a city block in Alexandria, Virginia. Design goals for the project connect the "Ecological Services of the Urban Landscape" to the "Rights of the Urban EcoHousing Resident" to create livable green spaces that can serve ecological functions and give the residents spaces to use. A comparison study with a conventional housing development at the same location illustrates that ecohousing can meet the requirements of the conventional development while providing superior results for the residents and the environment. / Master of Landscape Architecture

published_or_final_version / Architecture / Master / Master of Landscape Architecture

published_or_final_version / Architecture / Master / Master of Landscape Architecture

Ce mémoire s’inscrit dans le domaine de l’architecture du paysage et du design urbain. La recherche se construit autour d’un questionnement sur le sens pouvant être attribué au parc La Fontaine par ses usagers en tant que cadre de vie urbain montréalais. Ce parc est un lieu emblématique de la ville par le caractère historique de son aménagement. Il est aussi un lieu populaire par sa situation géographique centrale au sein de l’arrondissement du Plateau-Mont-Royal. Par l’analyse de ce parc, nous cherchons à porter un regard sur la manière dont se construit l’expérience d’un parc urbain dans les particularités de son aménagement, de son contexte social et culturel. Notre étude semble pertinente dans la mesure où cet espace n’a jamais été abordé selon l’analyse de l’expérience paysagère. Notre réflexion se construit à partir d’un modèle socioculturel soutenu par une revue de littérature en architecture de paysage. Les travaux menés à la Chaire en paysage et environnement de l’Université de Montréal ont particulièrement été sollicités. Ce modèle considère le paysage comme une qualification sociale et culturelle d’un territoire. Il engage l’analyse vers des perspectives pluridimensionnelle, expérientielle et polysensorielle, tout en considérant le caractère formel (attributs physiques) du paysage. Nous avons également joint à ce cadre théorique les recherches menées en design et en anthropologie des sens. Ces axes de recherche éclairent les notions de l’expérience esthétique et sensorielle particulièrement en regard de la compréhension du vécu d’un espace ordinaire et quotidien. Selon ce cadre conceptuel, notre recherche fait appel à une approche compréhensive. Ainsi, nous abordons l’expérience du parc par un modèle d’analyse mettant l’emphase sur les usages, l’interprétation et la représentation de l’aménagement du parc La Fontaine. La méthodologie s’appuie sur une démarche de recherche qualitative. Elle se fonde sur une observation non participante des usagers du parc, sur des entretiens semi-dirigés et sur une étude physico-spatiale du lieu. Ce mémoire a pour finalité de conduire une première lecture du parc La Fontaine en abordant les dimensions composant le vécu de ses usagers. Nous espérons pouvoir contribuer à notre échelle à l’avancée des connaissances de cet espace du point de vue expérientiel et de la perspective paysagère sur la compréhension des parcs urbains. / This thesis involves the fields of landscaping architecture and urban design. The research questions the meaning that can be attributed to the La Fontaine park by its users within the framework of urban life in Montreal. This park is a symbolic place in this city by its historic character. It is also a popular location due to its central geographical placement within the district of the Plateau-Mont-Royal. We attempt to explain the way the experience of an urban park relates to the peculiarities of its design, as well as to its social and cultural context, such as that represented by the city of Montreal. Our study seems relevant as this space was never approached with respect to the experience of its landscape. Our reflection builds on a socio-cultural model supported by a literature review in landscaping architecture. In particular, the works led by the Chair in landscaping and Environment of Montreal University were referenced. The employed model considers the landscape a social and cultural qualification of a territory. The analysis is thus directed towards a multi-dimensional reading of everyday experience, all while considering the landscape in its formal qualifications (physical attributes). We have also accompanied this theoretical support by research in design and in anthropology of the senses. These research areas help clarify the role of aesthetic and sensory experiences in the everyday lives of people. According to this conceptual framework, our research develops a comprehensive approach. We thus treat the experience of the landscape with an analytical model emphasizing the use, the interpretation and the representation of the La Fontaine Park landscape. Methodologically, the study uses a qualitative approach compiling a spatial and experiential analysis of the landscape. The study therefore builds on an in situ investigation through non-participatory observation, semi-directed interviews and a physical analysis of the space. This research may offer a first reading of the dimensions at play in the everyday experience of the La Fontaine Park by its users. We hope to contribute to the advancement of the knowledge of this space from an experiential perspective and of the research in urban park design.

In an interdisciplinary study requiring the synergistic association of historical evidence and chemical and biochemical analyses, this thesis investigates the properties and characteristics of historically modified soils known as anthrosols. These soils, developed through the anthropogenic addition of high volumes of organic-rich municipal waste materials to land, including human and animal waste, as part of the waste management practices in medieval urban communities in Scotland at St Andrews, Roxburgh and Elgin, offer an insight to the state and dynamics of these organic material. Soil is one of the most sensitive environmental domains to transformation. These transformations are visible from the alterations to the physical and chemical properties of soil. Anthropogenic activities may leave behind signatures in the soil in the form of artefacts, ecofacts, elemental enrichment or depletion, enhancement in soil magnetic properties and organic matter content. In the historical dimension of this study, the observable features and measurable properties of soil profiles are exploited to reveal past organisation and functions of cultural landscapes by carefully studying the stratigraphic units of soil profile, and examining the association of each unit with settlement artefacts and soil properties. Through comparison with historical records of past events on the respective study sites, the relationship between the soils record of past human activities is observed through physical, chemical and biochemical properties. The historical record is used to assess if such evidence can be used reliably to develop the account of site use for the medieval burghs of Scotland. In the environmental aspect, investigation focuses on the physical and chemical conditions of these soils in terms of their carbon content, composition, residence time estimates and their role in global C cycle and terrestrial carbon budgeting. Past investigations of anthopogenically-deepened soils have been interpreted with respect to historical site use, however, the environmental implications of the resultant accumulated organic material or residue have not previously been considered in much detail. A particular novelty of this aspect of the project is that it is an in-depth examination of anthropogenic soils with known histories extending into the medieval period. This time-depth allows a new understanding of the processes and products of decomposition of known organic materials that were added to soil. The biophysicochemical data obtained from these soils such as their extant organic carbon content and variability with depth, the composition of the various carbon species that together constitute soil organic matter, and biological community and activity (microorganisms and enzymes) provides critical information on the relative recalcitrance, state of decomposition, and the mechanism of stabilisation of these materials in the soil.

In each of my paintings I try to create an individual micro-universe made up of elements that resonate between the familiar and the unknown. I carve up space and hybridize disparate elements, in an effort to excavate objects and spaces from our collective unconscious. By employing different perspectives, I try to encourage an experiential view of the landscape, like the one that exists for the viewer in the physical world, where sightlines are constantly shifting. These landscapes become a rhythmic labyrinth to enter and travel through, wherein the viewer experiences his or her own personal associations. In this thesis, I will explore the painted landscape in Western and Eastern traditions and discuss different types of landscapes as they relate to my paintings and my personal commentary on the landscape. I will also examine my painting process and my personal approach to fundamental elements including perspective, line, and color.